Abnormal Psychology Final Exam

Which diagnostic distinction for mood disorders has the most predictive validity in terms of treatment response? a. Depressive disorders versus bipolar disorders b. Major depressive disorder versus persistent depressive disorder c. Exogenous versus endogenous depression d. Major depressive disorder versus premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a. Depressive disorders versus bipolar disorders

Understanding abnormal behavior within the context of normal development" is the definition of: a) Developmental psychopathology b) Neurodevelopmental disorder c) Adjustment disorder d) Psychosocial development

a. Developmental psychopathology

One straightforward difference between cognitive-behavior therapy & humanistic therapy is: a. Humanistic therapist are empathic; cognitive-behavior therapists are not b. Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists c. Cognitive-behavior therapists are not interested in emotion; emotion is the primary focus of humanistic therapy d. Humanistic therapists offer more interpretations than cognitive-behavior therapists

b Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists

The so-called recovered memory movement assumed that victims of child sexual abuse routinely suffered from: a. Dissociative fugue b. Dissociative amnesia c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Depersonalization/derealization disorder

b. Dissociative amnesia

What can a caretaker do to prevent the intellectual disabilities associated with PKU? a) use behavior modification in early stimulation programs b) obtain an intrauterine blood transfusions c) put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet d) get vaccinated against the illness prior to becoming pregnant

c. put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Homosexuality once was listed in the DSM as a mental disorder, but it was removed in the 1970s b. Hypersexual disorder was considered for inclusion in DSM-5 but was not included in the final version c. Sexual masochism is listed as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but only is a disorder if it causes significant personal distress or impairment in functioning d. All of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following was NEVER a formal ground for the insanity defense? a) The inability to distinguish right from wrong b) Experiencing an "irresistible impulse," an inability to control your actions c) The behavior was a product of a mental illness (the "product test") d) All of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in U.S. history

d. All of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in U.S. history

An operational definition is: a) A theoretical idea about an internal state or how someone thinks or feels b) An everyday, working belief about psychological motivations and emotions c) A temporary belief that is situation specific not an enduring trait d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

d. An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. Many normal people report experiencing intrusive, unacceptable thoughts on occasion. b. The content of obsessions typically involves social unacceptable themes like sex, violence, or contamination c. Obsessive-compulsive disorders are no longer classified as anxiety disorders in DSM-5 d. Anti-anxiety drugs are the most common and effective medication for OCD

d. Anti-anxiety drugs are the most common and effective mediation for OCD

In contrast to the legal system's philosophy, how does (must) psychological science view human behavior? a) as basically good, without need for legal control b) as a product of free will c) as influenced by intrapsychic factors more than social or legal ones d) as determined by biological, psychological, and social forces

d. as determined by biological, psychological, and social forces

Which of the following characterizes a man with gender dysphoria? a) is depressed because of his sexual identity b) holds a delusional belief that he is a woman c) is sexually aroused by dressing as a woman d) believes that, in spite of his anatomy, he is really a woman

d. believes that, in spite of his anatomy, he is really a woman

Professors turn test averages into letter grades. Some set stricter cutoffs; some are more lenient. This is analogous to what important point(s) about the diagnosis of mental disorders: a. Mental disorders are qualitatively different from normal behavior b. Abnormal behavior differs from normal behavior only by a matter of degree c. The cutoff for diagnosing a mental disorder can be rather arbitrary d. All of the above e. B and C only

(B and C only)

While deciding custody according the "children's best interests" principle sounds appealing, the legal standard has the problem that... a) "Best" is poorly defined b) The standard values children's rights more highly than parents' authority c) The standard values parents' authority more highly than the state's duty to protect d) It has been ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court

a. "Best' is poorly defined

The insanity defense is raised in about what percentage of criminal trials? a) 1% b) 10% c) 25% d) 50%

a. 1%

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing SLOPE OF THE REGRESSION LINES (the straight lines) across quartiles of genetic risk for substance abuse provide evidence for: a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

a. A gene-environemnt interaction

The relationship between stress and well-being appears to be U-shaped. This means: a. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem b. Stress causes problems with well-being, but illness also causes stress c. Stress accumulates like toxins in a U-shaped vessel and this causes illness d. Some people are impervious to stress; others are highly sensitive to stress

a. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem

A learning disability is defined by: a) Achievement that is substantially below ability b) A perceptual problem where letters are reversed c) Neurological testing d) The Continuous Performance Test

a. Achievement that is substantially below ability

Some experts argue that multiple personalities are produced by iatrogenesis. The means that multiple personalities are caused by: a. Treatment b. Self-hypnosis c. Misinterpretation of the bible d. Unknown, individualized causes

a. Treatment

Which of the following is a key difference between anorexia and bulimia? a) Anorexia is a source of pride; bulimia is a source of shame. b) Anorexia never involves binging and purging; bulimia is defined by binging and purging. c) Anorexia is strongly influenced by perceived body shape; bulimia is minimally influenced by perceived body shape d) Anorexia is most common among higher SES groups; bulimia is equally common among all SES groups

a. Anorexia is a source of pride; bulimia is a source of shame

Susan is a 19 year old with a body mass index (BMI) of 17. She is obsessed with eating healthy and terrified that she will gain weight if she breaks her eating rituals. She insists that she looks "pretty good," but would look better if she could drop a couple of more pounds. She describes eating two cookies as a "binge." The best diagnosis for Susan is: a) Anorexia nervosa b) Bulimia nervosa c) Obsessive-compulsive disorder d) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a. Anorexia nervosa

Avoidance can be negatively reinforcing. This is a particular problem for: a. Anxiety disorders b. Conversion disorders c. Multiple personality disorders d. Depressive disorders

a. Anxiety disorders

One key element of cognitive behavior therapy with bulimia is to normalize eating patterns, so eating involves less dietary restraint. Why is this thought to be important? a) Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint b) More normal eating in public reduces the risk of secretive, private binges c) Dietary restraint attracts attention, and people with bulimia get positively reinforced for not eating d) Normalizing eating contributes to the placebo effect of cognitive behavior therapy

a. Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint

Why does DSM-5 group pica (chewing nonnutritive substances, a problem typically found among very young children with intellectual disabilities) together with anorexia (typically found among high achieving young adult women)? a. Both problems involve eating/feeding b. Both problems are thought to stem from excessive serotonin reuptake c. Both problems are thought to stem from difficulties in breast feeding d. Both problems respond best to cognitive-behavior therapy treatments

a. Both problems involve eating/feeding

DSM-5 takes a _______approach to classification, treating disorders as if they are_____from normal behavior. a. Categorical; qualitatively b. Categorical; quantitatively c. Dimensional; qualitatively d. Dimensional; quantitatively

a. Categorical; qualitatively

There are to different ways of classifying intellectual disabilities, one based on____ and the other based on ____. a) Cause; IQ b) IQ; adaptive behavior c) Known biological cause; cultural familial intellectual disability d) Behavior in school; behavior at home

a. Cause; IQ

Research on the cause of mental disorders almost always must use the_____ because_______ . a. Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically b. Experiment; this is the most highly controlled research method. c. Case study; it is essential to take an idiographic approach to causality d. Meta-analytic method; scientists must aggregate results across studies

a. Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically

The powerful urge to use a drug and spending a great deal of time planning and acquiring it defines: a) Craving b) Tolerance c) Withdrawal d) Addiction

a. Craving

Which comorbid problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa and often is an important focus of treatment? a) Depression b) Anxiety c) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d) Histrionic personality disorder

a. Depression

Depression is a syndrome. This means: a. Depression involves a cluster of symptoms, not just sad mood b. Depression is a DSM-5 diagnosis c. Depression is a medical disease, not just a psychological one d. All of the above e. A and B only

a. Depression involves a cluster of symptoms, not just sad mood

Which of the following relates to the concept of the reliability of a diagnosis? a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient b. A diagnosis reflects biological reality, not some social construction; the diagnosis "carves nature at its joints" c. The diagnosis accurately leads to a better treatment d. The diagnosis has a clear, theoretical definition, for example, "neurosis"

a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient

The two broad, philosophical grounds for civil commitment are the state's _______ and it's_______ . a) Duty to protect its citizens (parens patriae); police power b) Duty to substitute judgment for youth and impaired people (parens patriae); paternalistic duty c) Paternalistic duty; constitutional authority d) Constitutional authority; police power

a. Duty to protect its citizens (parens patriae); police power

"Reverse anorexia" and the "Adonis complex" are sometimes used to describe what problem in males? a) Excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity b) Negative attitudes toward thin women c) Obsessive exercise that actually harms the body d) Narcissism based on one's physical appearance

a. Excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity

Your text offered this quote from an advocate of ______. "Freedom to be insane is an illusory freedom, a cruel hoax perpetrated on those who cannot think clearly by those who will not think clearly." a) Greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill b) Greater libertarianism in treating the mentally ill c) The abolition of the insanity defense d) The expansion of the insanity defense

a. Greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill

George Franklin was convicted of the murder that occurred over 20 years earlier. His conviction was later overturned. What aspect of this case is of interest to psychologists? a. His daughter's "recovered memories" were the basis for Franklin's conviction. b. One of Franklin's multiple personalities eventually emerged and confessed to a crime committed by an "alter". c. Franklin committed the crime during a dissociative fugue that lasted for two decades. d. Franklin claimed he committed the murder as a result of a hypnotic induction that he never emerged from.

a. HIs daughter's "recovered memories" were the basis of Franklin's conviction

In his blog (extra reading assignment), Allen Frances (who directed the DSM-IV) criticized DSM-5 primarily for: a. Including too many "fads" in its list of diagnoses b. Emphasizing reliability over validity, since the public is ultimately concerned with the value of a diagnosis c. Dropping key diagnoses from DSM-IV, especially hebephiliia, sex addiction, and psychosis risk d. Being a pawn of Big Pharma

a. Including to many "fads" in its list of diagnoses

In lecture, I suggested that psychological pain was a fascinating concept deserving of research. Which of the following findings or ideas did I NOT raise about psychological pain? a) Just a traumatic stress causes actual damage to the brain, painful emotional experience cause actual physical damage to the body b) The same regions involved in the processing of physical pain appear to be involved in the processing of emotional pain c) The concept may explain why we respond to reject with anger and often an effort to "hurt back," just like we scream at a chair and perhaps kick it again after stubbing our toe d) Just as patients often seek pain relief when consulting a physician, people seeking therapy may be seeking relief from emotional pain, a potentially important but undocumented benefit of psychotherapy

a. Just a traumatic stress causes actual damage to the brain, painful emotional experience cause actual physical damage to the body

Intellectual disabilities (formerly mental retardation) are some of the best diagnosed and understood mental disorders. Still, the terms for the disorder often are changed, as old terms come to carry a stigma. Which concept best describes this phenomenon? a. Labeling theory b. Learning theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d. The biopsychosocial model

a. Labeling theory

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the nonshared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance.

I conduct a study where I randomly assign 100 people with depression either to work with Albert Ellis doing Rational Emotive Therapy or Carl Rogers doing Humanistic Therapy. Half of the people drop out of the Ellis group, while everyone completes therapy in the Rogers group (a statistically significant difference). But when I compare people who completed Ellis with those who completed Rogers, the Ellis completers are less depressed (also statistically significant). What can I conclude? a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy b. Rational Emotive Therapy is more effective for depression than Humanistic Therapy c. Either Rational Emotive Therapy or Ellis as a therapist is more effective for depression than either Carl Rogers or Humanistic Therapy (you can't separate the therapy from the therapist) d. None of the above

a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy

Every symptom of this DSM-5 diagnosis includes the descriptor "enduring pattern." a) Personality disorder b) Anorexia nervosa c) Substance use disorders d) Paraphilic disorder

a. Personality disorder

Many years ago, I became violently ill after eating a BLT sandwich in a diner with a friend. It was a coincidence; I got the flu. But I still get nausea when I think of eating a BLT. But I don't bet upset about eating at diners or eating with friends. This strong association of BLT and nausea is an example of: a. Preparedness b. Introceptive exposure c. Panic d. Compulsion

a. Preparedness

The total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time." a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Disease burden d. Epidemiology

a. Prevalence

Who is most likely to treat somatic symptom disorder? (Hint: This is why DSM-5 created this grouping.) a. Primary care physicians b. Psychiatrists c. Clinical psychologists d. "New Age" holistic health care providers

a. Primary care physicians

A researcher who seeks to identify early markers of schizophrenia in the hopes of preventing the disorder before it begins is most interested in the ____of the disorder. a) Prodomal phase b) Disorganized phase c) Schizoaffective phase d) Residual phase

a. Prodomal phase

I'm really mad at you, but I can't admit this to myself. So instead I think you're really mad at me. This is an example of: a. Projection b. Sublimation c. Displacement d. Reaction formation

a. Projection

According to epidemiological surveys, which of the following traumatic events is associated with the highest probability of the victim developing a post-traumatic stress disorder? a. Rape b. Natural disaster c. Serious car crash d. Being mugged

a. Rape

The fact that______often are identified following the diagnosis of conversion disorders makes clear the problems involved in ______ . a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion b. Deliberate attempts at malingering; the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis c. Mood disorders; treating mental illness in medical settings d. Traumatic childhood experiences; relying on retrospective reports

a. Real physical illness; diagnosis by exclusion

The textbook indicated which of the following about psychotherapy and placebo effects? a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work b. Placebos (sugar pills) and placebo effects only occur for medications, so there is no need to worry about placebo effects in psychotherapy c. Placebo effects only "trick" people into feeling better. Real psychotherapy has nothing to do with placebo effects. d. Psychotherapy appears to be mostly a placebo. There is no reason to expect researchers to uncover "active ingredients" that are effective in treating different disorders.

a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work

"The square root of the average squared distance from the mean in a distribution of scores" is the definition of: a) Standard deviation b) Central tendency c) Variance d) Scatter

a. Standard deviation

In lecture, I suggested that an entirely new way to classify anxiety disorders might involve an evolutionary approach, for example, freeze-flight-fight-fright. What organization currently is also searching for an entirely new way of classifying and studying mental disorders? a. The National Institute for Mental Health b. The DSM c. The American Medical Association d. The American Psychological Association

a. The National Institute for Mental Health

DARE, Scared Straight, recovered memory therapy, and facilitated communication are treatments that all share: a. The potential to do harm b. The potential to prevent problems from developing in the first place c. Initial skepticism about their effectiveness until research proved they worked d. They were treatments developed based on psychodynamic principles

a. The potential to do harm

A basic problem with defining stress in terms of an event (e.g., losing your job) is that: a. The same event has been shown to cause different levels of life change for different people. b. This definition of stress runs the risk of circular reasoning (a tautology). c. People experience life changes all the time, but we cannot be sure that this is the cause of their stress. d. Measurement is unreliable.

a. The same event has been shown to cause different levels of life change for different people.

The "objects from Emery's desk drawer" demonstration was intended to illustrate: a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes b. Classification is an arbitrary creation of the human mind c. In the end, how you decide to classify things, including Pluto, comes down to politics d. In the end, there is one and only one way to classify things

a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes

The diagnosis of many mental disorders has low levels of reliability. This means that: a. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder b. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about what caused a mental disorder c. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about the best way to treat a disorder d. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about what diagnoses belong in the DSM-5

a. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder

According to the results of the National Health and Social Life Survey (and Figure 12-4), who is the least likely individual to be responsible for forced sex? a) a stranger b) an acquaintance c) someone the victim knows well d) someone with whom the victim was in love

a. a stranger

According to Erik Erikson, the resolution of the identity crisis typically occurs during_____; contemporary views suggest that the identity crisis actually________ . a) adolescence; may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s b) adolescence; occurred at a much later age during Erikson's time c) the late teens or early 20s; may be foregone today due to economic pressure to succeed early in life d) the late teens or early 20s; is resolved during middle adolescence, the most critical age for establishing roles such as a "jock," "popular," "druggie" etc.

a. adolescence; may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20's

Which condition is comorbid with classic autism in the majority of cases? a) an intellectual disability b) a genetic disorder c) fragile X syndrome d) savant abilities

a. an intellectual disability

How should we characterize separation anxiety in a 1-year-old child? a) as a normal fear b) as a sign that the mother (or father) is dependent on the child, not vice versa c) as a needed DSM-5 diagnostic category that takes development into account d) as a risk factor for the development of generalized anxiety disorder

a. as a normal fear

Case studies can be useful for ____ hypotheses, but case studies cannot be used to ______ hypothesis. a. generating; test b. operationalizing; define c. forming null; test null d. psychoanalytic; explore cognitive-behavioral

a. generating; test

The need for admiration, grandiosity, lack of empathy, and an exaggerated sense of self-importance describe: a) narcissistic personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) antisocial personality disorder d) borderline personality disorder

a. narcissistic personality disorder

What symptom distinguishes fugue from the other dissociative disorders? a. purposeful, unplanned travel b. malingering c. identity confusion d. inability to remember details of the past

a. purposeful, unplanned travel

What was one of the changes in laws governing insanity that occurred after the Hinckley case (the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan)? a) the burden of proof was shifted from the prosecution to the defense b) the standard of proof was changed to "beyond a reasonable doubt" from "preponderance of the evidence" c) mental health professionals were given greater latitude to determine insanity d) the "product test" was given greater weight in determining insanity

a. the burden of proof was shifted from the prosecution to the defense

In the case of Buck v. Bell, concerned with eugenics, the United States Supreme Court: a) upheld Virginia's forced sterilization laws b) ruled that sterilization can be mandated in cases of "substituted judgment" c) decided that forced sterilization was permissible only in cases where an intellectual disability has a known biological cause d) finally overturned Virginia's forced sterilization laws

a. upheld Virginia's forced sterilization laws

If the cutoff for an intellectual disability is two standard deviations below the mean and IQ scores are normally distributed, this means that what percentage of the population falls below this IQ cutoff? a) 1 percent b) 2-3 percent c) almost 5 percent d) 15 percent an unacceptably high number which is why the cutoff is now 3 SDs below the mean

b. 2-3 percent

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing SKEW OF THE DISTRIBUTION GRAPHS (the curved lines showing more people further to the right in each successive graph) across quartiles of genetic risk provide evidence for: a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

b. A gene-environment correlation

I routinely advise undergraduates to take a couple of years off before starting grad school in order to make sure they really want to pursue their chosen career, take a break from schooling, and just live a little. My advice is similar to Erikson's concept of: a) Identity diffusion b) A moratorium c) A life-cycle transition d) Psychosocial development

b. A moratorium

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Psychology has no accepted definition of "normal," which makes it tricky to define "abnormal" b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion c. In the former Soviet Union, some political dissidents were said to have a mental disorder d. All of the above are true

b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on the subjective criterion

You prescribe antidepressants to one of your patients who calls two days later to rave about their benefits in lifting his obsessions. You suspect this is a placebo effect, because a. Antidepressants are for depression. Duh! b. Antidepressants generally take 4 to 6 weeks before producing psychological benefits. c. Obsessions are not known to be helped by any medication. d. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are notoriously susceptible to placebo effects.

b. Antidepressants generally take 4 to 6 weeks before producing psychological benefits

The personality disorder that is closest to being a synonym for psychopathy is: a) Paranoid personality disorder b) Antisocial personality disorder c) Schizoid personality disorder d) Borderline personality disorder

b. Antisocial personality disorder

Feelings of extreme elation that are out of proportion to reality are a symptom of a. Dissociative disorder b. Bipolar disorder c. Fugue d. Agoraphobia

b. Bipolar disorder

Freud and Erikson's theories emphasize what essential feature that is overlooked by most other views of the cause of normal and abnormal behavior? a. Both highlight biological drives b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages c. Both emphasize that most of our impulses are unconscious d. Both identify the key role of cultural and historical values

b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages

Expert witnesses: a) Must be appointed by the judge, not hired by one side or the other b) Can testify to opinion not just fact c) Almost always agree with one another d) Can reliably answer legal questions

b. Can testify to opinion not just fact

Compared to the DSM-IV definition of autistic disorder, the DSM-5 definition of autism spectrum disorder is like: a) The unreliable diagnosis of personality disorders becoming reliable b) Changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85 c) Treating ADHD as qualitatively different from normal attentional problems d) Distinguishing schizophrenia from schizoaffective disorder

b. Changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85

What evidence would make K (or any parent), whose husband J suffered from schizophrenia, worry about the well-being of their children? a) Children who are reared by a parent with schizophrenia are at twice the risk of developing the disorder b) Children who have a biological parent with schizophrenia are about 15 times more likely to suffer from the disorder c) Parents who suffer from schizophrenia are 5 times more likely to abuse their children d) All of the above e) None of the above

b. Children who have a biological parent with schizophrenia are about 15 times more likely to suffer from the disorder

In DSM-5, an adjustment disorder is: a) A common type of childhood externalizing disorder b) Clinically significant symptoms in response to stress that are not severe enough to be diagnosed as a mental disorder c) In an appendix of "diagnoses requiring further study" d) There is no such thing as an adjustment disorder in DSM-5; it was dropped after DSM-IV

b. Clinically significant symptoms in response to stress that are not severe enough to be diagnosed as a mental disorder

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

b. Cognitive-behavioral

Knowing _____________ is not only essential for assessing potential psychological disorders of childhood but also for judging adult behavior within the context of adult development. a) The difference between externalizing and internalizing b) Developmental norms c) Temperament d) Social clocks

b. Developmental norms

"The disruption in normally integrated processes in memory, consciousness, memory, or perception" is the definition of: a. The unconscious b. Dissociation c. Amnesia d. Fugue

b. Dissociation

I shared results from my own studies: Mediation had far more positive benefits for families than the litigation of child custody disputes. But rural courts with few resources might not experience the same level of benefits from mediation. In terms os psychology outcomes research, this is an issue of: a. Statistical significance versus clinical significance b. Efficacy versus effectiveness c. Blind versus double-blind study d. All of the above e. None of the above

b. Efficacy versus effectiveness

What term best captures the concept that the same disorder can have multiple causes? a. Etiology b. Equifinality c. Reductionism d. Systems theory

b. Equifinality

Using your new language from Psych 3410, you tell your girlfriend. "You're all _____ (sex and aggression)!" Turns out she's taking psych too. She retorts, "You're all ____(guilt)!" a. Id; ego b. Id; superego c. Ego; id d. Ego; superego

b. Id; superego

Gambling disorder is _____ in DSM-5. a) Listed in an appendix of "conditions for further study" b) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on substance related disorders c) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on paraphilic disorders d) Not included

b. Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on substance related disorders

The prevalence of depression among older adults is: a) Higher than among younger adults b) Lower than among younger adults c) The same as among younger adults d) All of the above (duh!)

b. Lower than among younger adults

You attend a lecture where an eminent authority shows all kinds of cool brain images showing differences between the brains of trauma victims and people not subjected to trauma. He says, "Trauma causes brain damage." Using your critical thinking, you ask him if he's aware of twin studies showing that a. MZ twins who both have been exposed to the trauma of combat show damage to different areas of the brain b. MZ co-twins of people suffering from PTSD also show supposed "damage" to certain brain structures even though they haven't experienced PTSD c. DZ twins and MZ twins are equally likely to experience trauma and have similar fMRI results following trauma exposure d. Studies of MZ twins exposed to trauma at different times shows that the brain can heal given sufficient time following trauma

b. MZ co-twins of people suffering from PTSD also show supposed "damage" to certain brain structures even though they haven't experienced PTSD

Compared to major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is: a. Highly genetic b. More chronic and less severe c. More common among men than women d. All of the above e. A and B only

b. More chronic and less severe

One theory (that you will soon learn about) is that anxiety is maintained by avoidance. You get anxious about doing something, avoid it, and avoidance lowers your anxiety. In operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d. Response cost

b. Negative reinforcement

Communication between neurons occurs when ____ are released from the ____ of one neuron into the ______ and received at the receptors of another neuron. a. Neurotransmitters; nucleus; dendrites b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse c. Neuromodulators; dendrites; synapse d. Neuromodulators; nucleus; dendrites

b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse

The highest rate of suicide in the U.S. is found among: a. Younger black men b. Older white men c. Younger white women d. Older black women

b. Older white men

The serenity prayer ("God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference") is a plea for the wisdom to know when to use ______ vs. ______ . a. Pessimism; acceptance b. Problem focused coping; emotion focused coping c. Repression; optimism d. Secular coping; religious coping

b. Problem focused coping; emotion focused copi

"Your depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain." What "ism" is this statement an example of? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

b. Reductionism

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Signaled stressors cause more anxiety than unsignaled stressors because of the worry they produce. b. Repression is associated with increased psychophysiological reactions to stress. c. Coping that involves appealing to a higher power leads to passive acceptance rather than active efforts at change. d. Being in control of a stressor increases anxiety due to the added sense of responsibility

b. Repression is associated with increased psychophysiological reactions to stress

In DSM-5, conversion disorders are classified as a type of: a. Dissociative disorder b. Somatic symptom disorder c. Anxiety disorder d. PTSD

b. Somatic symptom disorder

Why is it important to distinguish between statistical significance and clinical importance in treatment outcome studies? a. Clinical importance is based on subjective judgment, not statistical procedures. b. Statistical significance may reflect relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment. c. Statistical significance can be determined only in a true experiment. d. Clinical importance involves case studies, whereas statistical significance involves empirical research.

b. Statistical significance may reflect relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment

1. Cortisol, the "stress hormone," functions like: a. Anti-anxiety medication b. Steroids c. Amphetamines d. Pain Relievers

b. Steroids

As we saw from my quick self-test in class, in evaluating drinking problems the two leading measures of alcohol difficulties both rely heavily on: a) The average number of drinks you consume per day b) Suggestions that you or others already think you have a problem c) Indications of increased tolerance and withdrawal symptoms d) Admission of using drinking to relieve unhappy moods or relationship problems

b. Suggestions that you or others already think you have a problem

The website of the American Psychological Association (wrongly) states "comparisons of different forms of psychotherapy most often result in relatively nonsignificant difference." The conclusion is an example of: a. The allegiance effect b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict" c. The placebo effect d. The "Barnum Effect"

b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict"

__________ is especially important to recognize in psychotherapy outcome research because it is impossible to conduct ________. a. The gene-environment correlation; research that manipulates human genes b. The allegiance effect; double blind studies c. The difference between cause and correlation; true experiments d. Meta-analysis; clinically significant research

b. The allegiance effect; double blind studies

When rats are forced to swim in cold water from which they cannot escape: a. The animals that give up and appear "depressed" have depleted serotonin as a result of the experience. b. The animals do not appear "depressed" because of their high level of physical activity. c. The animals appear "depressed," but only if there is an opportunity to escape that they fail to detect. d. The animals appear "depressed," but only if they previously had a chemical imbalance in the brain.

b. The animals that give up and appear "depressed" have depleted serotonin as a result of the experience.

Evolutionary theories argue that men and women should differ in their mating strategies (sexuality) because of differences in parental investment. Parental investment refers to: a) The different value that men and women place in being a father versus a mother b) The different amount of time men and women contribute biologically toward producing offspring c) The different biological and social costs of rearing children, especially the disproportionate effort that parents put into raising boys versus girls d) The difference in offspring's bonding with mothers versus fathers, which, in turn, make men less committed to their partner than women

b. The different amount of time men and women contribute biologically toward producing offspring

Rett's syndrome is no longer considered to be a part of the autism spectrum in DSM-5 because: a) The motor symptoms of the syndrome are now viewed as due to neurological problems, not a perseveration of sameness b) The gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability c) The new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria excluded Rett's, which was defined by all the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder except without impairments in communication or intelligence d) Andreas Rett, who claimed to have identified a new form of autism, was found to have fabricated his research results in order to further his academic career

b. The gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability

Here is a bullet point from one class slide: "One hope is that a single, specific cause will be discovered for more refined diagnoses." This refers to: a. The DSM-6 will classify disorders according to their cause. b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause. c. The biological paradigm, specifically the "medical model," has been very successful in identifying causes of mental disorders d. Unlike normal psychological experience, mental disorders are located in the brain and improved brain imaging techniques are showing us precisely where.

b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression", "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of survey results about sexual problems such as erectile failure, trouble with lubrication, premature ejaculation, or trouble reaching orgasm? a) These problems are rare in the general population, occurring among less than 1% of people, and a sign of sexual dysfunction b) These problems are quite common, occasionally occurring among 10-20% or more of the population c) These problems are quite common in sexual relationships between strangers but not in relationships between committed partners d) These problems are typically a symptom of deeper emotional or relationship difficulties

b. These problems are quite common, occasionally occurring among 10-20% or more of the population

Why am I studying twins in my research on the link between marriage/marital status and depression? a. To control for the genetic aspects of depression b. To control for genetic and shared environmental selection into marriage c. To control for gene-environment interactions in causing depression and marrriage d. To control for the effects of an unhappy marriage on depression

b. To control for genetic and shared environmental selection into marriage

Does the diagnosis tell me anything about the cause, course, or best treatment of this disorder? This question is a concern about: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Coverage d. Thresholds

b. Validity

In addition to an IQ test, which of the following instruments might be critical to making a diagnosis of an intellectual disability? a) Scholastic Aptitude Test b) Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales c) Rorschach Inkblot Test d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

b. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales

In what way does the heat sensitive picture of earth from space (found in Chapter 4) teach us to appreciate basic limitations in brain imagining techniques? a. The image reminds us of the importance of appreciating different levels of analysis b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution c. The image reminds us that we need to take a systems approach in all sciences d. While fascinating, the image reminds us of the importance of theory and research; after all, we once thought the world was flat

b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution

Inhibited sexual arousal disorder in women is most similar to which disorder in men? a) Dyspareunia b) erectile dysfunction c) premature ejaculation d) hyperactive sexual dysfunction

b. erectile dysfunction

Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a) flat affect b) hallucinations c) lack of insight d) creativity

b. hallucinations

In the detailed case history of schizophrenia (J & K), I mentioned that J would call me at home. The fact that I could "talk him down" so that he could understand that his delusions were not real but a part of his disease showed: a) How people with schizophrenia can, with a little guidance, come to see that their delusions are illogical b) That J had at least some insight into his illness c) How a patient's use of hallucinogens can exacerbate their delusional symptoms d) All of the above e) A and B only

b. that J had at least some insight into his illness

Why did I bring up the distinction between exogenous and endogenous depression in lecture? a. To illustrate the underinclusiveness of the DSM. b. To illustrate limitations with current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably. c. To show how some diagnoses have demonstrated etiological validity. d. Because this diagnosis is sure to appear in DSM-6.

b. to illustrate limitations with current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably

In approximately what year did the population of people in mental hospitals in the United States reach its peak? a) 1900 b) 1930 c) 1950 d) 1990

c. 1950

An advance psychiatric directive is: a) A procedure that must be followed as a part of civil commitment proceedings b) A professional responsibility to warn the potential victims of violence that they may be in danger c) A legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic d) A type of informed consent required before beginning potentially dangerous psychiatric treatments

c. A legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic

The JAMA article by Fournier et al. (2010) on antidepressant medication (ADM) concluded that: a. ADM is no different from placebo b. ADM is no different from placebo in cases of severe depression c. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression d. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo across all levels of the severity of depression

c. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression

Which of the following grouping of drugs is NOT accurate? a) Psychomotor stimulants include amphetamines and cocaine b) Sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics include barbiturates and benzodiazepines c) Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, and PCP d) Opiates include opium, morphine, and heroin

c. Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, and PCP

Teenagers often engage in rule violations, so it is essential to distinguish between ____________ and __________ antisocial behavior. a) externalized; internalized b) manipulative; rebellious c) adolescent-limited; life-course-persistent d) intentional; unintentional

c. adolescent-limited; life-course-persistent

Assertive Community Treatment for schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses involves: a) Aggressively hospitalizing patients who cannot care for themselves in addition to those who are dangerous to themselves or others b) A civil commitment procedure where a court orders patients to receive outpatient therapy and enabling hospitalization if they fail to comply with orders c) Actively engaging outpatients, including assertive efforts like home visits, to insure compliance with treatment such as taking medication d) Actively identifying community resources, for example, group homes, to ensure that services are available for the mentally ill in the least restrictive alternative setting

c. Actively engaging outpatients, including assertive efforts like home visits, to insure compliance with treatment such as taking medication

Around the same time that the emotional Jenny McCarthy video that we watched was made, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offered this statement, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." This contrast in tone illustrates an important idea: a. Even the federal government can be corrupt, or at least in denial b. Science can be unfeeling. We need advocates to humanize the suffering caused by mental illness c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones d. Case studies are valuable in addition to correlational studies and experiments

c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones

In lecture, I gave a case study of a young man who thought that, like basketball player Hank Gathers, he was about to have a massive heart attack based on an undiagnosed heart condition. His fears caused him to panic. This case was an example of a. Beck's idea of magnification b. A somatic symptom disorder c. Catastrophic misinterpretation d. Beck's idea of overgeneralization

c. Catastropihc misinterpretation

DSM-5 classifies mental disorders on the basis of: a. Hypothesized causes b. Most effective treatments c. Description (symptoms) d. Theory rather than research

c. Description (symptoms)

The "five factor" model or "big five" refers to the five: a) Major drugs of abuse b) Most common sexual dysfunctions (in men and women) c) Dimensions of normal personality d) Culture of thinness belief that even small clothing sizes are too large

c. Dimensions of normal personality

On the radio this weekend, I heard someone arguing that human consciousness may exist apart from activity in the human brain. (This is true. the speaker was trying to explain near death experiences.) This speaker best represents which of the following "isms"? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

c. Dualism

The key to the treatment of anxiety is_____ but ____. a. Taking anti-anxiety medication as prescribed; many people do not take their medication b. Uncovering the deeper source of anxiety; the treatment is expensive and slow moving c. Exposure to the source of anxiety; exposure can be difficult to achieve d. Antidepressant medication; the FDA approves antidepressants only for depression treatment

c. Exposure to the source of anxiety; exposure can be difficult to achieve

Which of the following is NOT true of grief (as discussed in lecture)? a. People grieve differently in response to irrevocable and revocable losses. b. Grief is one example where a state similar to depression is precipitated by an environmental event. c. Grieving is a creation of the human psyche. d. Grief is difficult to study, because it unfolds over time and can differ from person to person.

c. Grieving is a creation of the human psyche

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) The literal meaning of "schizophrenia" is "split mind." b) The 2nd generation, "atypical" antipsychotics were thought to offer hope for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. c) Lower social class is a cause of schizophrenia not a consequence of the illness. d) Diagnostically, schizophrenia can be confused with psychotic affective disorders (e.g., psychotic depression).

c. Lower social class is a cause of schizophrenia not a consequence of the illness.

According to your text, perhaps the two keys to successful adjustment to later life are: a) Resolving the late adult identity crisis, accepting the inevitability of death b) Getting good treatment for anxiety and depression, living in a nursing home c) Maintaining good physical health, maintaining close relationships with family and friends d) Reminiscing about the past, planning on rejoining loved ones in the future

c. Maintaining good physical health, maintaining close relationships with family and friends

Mental disorders appear to be polygenic. This means that: a. Scientists surely will identify the gene responsible for various disorders one day b. The same gene contributes to multiple disorders, so identifying candidate genes should help to cure multiple disorders c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes d. All of the above e. B and C only

c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes

The New York Times video (required) argued that the McMartin Preschool case showed that: a. Ritualistic child sexual abuse is far more common than we want to imagine b. With the aid of puppet therapists, children can be accurate eye witnesses c. Media excess can create public hysteria even in the absence of hard evidence d. Successful prosecution can clean up long-hidden abuses

c. Media excess can create public hysteria even in the absence of hard evidence

Which of the following is NOT a libertarian position in relation to mental health and the law? a) Assisted suicide should be legal b) Committed mental patients should have the right to refuse treatment c) Mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves d) The insanity defense should be abolished

c. Mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves

Endorphins are endogenous neuropeptides that are closely related chemically to a) Alcohol b) Cocaine c) Morphine d) Nicotine

c. Morphine

Most people are resilient in the face of trauma. This means: a. Despite their PTSD, most people find ways to cope with the demands of their life b. Most people recover from their PTSD without treatment c. Most people "bounce back" from the distress of trauma and do not develop PTSD d. Most people experience no distress when confronted with trauma

c. Most people "bounce back" from the distress of trauma and do not develop PTSD

In the assigned outside reading, Watts et al. (2013) argued that narcissism had a "bright side." This bright side is: a) Called "vulnerable narcissism" - vulnerable because empathy for others tempers the narcissism b) The narcissist doesn't think they have a problem - the personality pattern is ego syntonic c) Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas d) Narcissists tend to be quite intelligent, thus some of the excess confidence is well placed

c. Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas

Which of the following is NOT an eating and feeding disorder listed in DSM-5? a) Binge eating disorder b) Rumination disorder c) Obesity d) None of the above are DSM-5 eating and feeding disorders e) B and C only

c. Obesity

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. People exposed to the same trauma are equally likely to develop PTSD b. Dissociation during trauma is an adaptive defense mechanism that predicts a decreased likelihood of future PTSD c. People who are more anxious and easily upset before a trauma are more likely to develop PTSD after a trauma d. The experience of all trauma is random, a matter of bad luck (or good luck)

c. People who are more anxious and easily upset before a trauma are more likely to develop PTSD after a trauma

A common technique of sex therapy is sensate focus which involves: a) Intense stimulation of the sexual organs prior to intercourse b) Concentrating on achieving orgasm oneself, not on your partner c) Practicing enjoying nonsexual physical contact with your partner d) Enjoying your partner with every sense except touch (sight, smell, hearing, even taste)

c. Practicing enjoying nonsexual physical contact with your partner

What happens if a person is found incompetent to stand trial? a) The charges are dismissed. b) The person is found "not guilty by reason of insanity." c) Proceedings are postponed until the person is competent. d) The person is found not guilty by reason of incompetence.

c. Proceedings are postponed until the person is competent

Which of the following is NOT true about medications used in the treatment of mental disorders? a. Effective psychoactive medications offer only symptom relief b. Psychoactive medications often need to be taken for a very long time c. Psychiatrist prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications d. Psychoactive medications often have unpleasant side effects, and this can affect use e. All of the above

c. Psychiatrist prescribe the majority of psychoactive medications

What research area focuses specifically on how psychological stress influences the immune system? a. Infectious disease b. Psychophysiology c. Psychoneuroimmunology d. Behavioral medicine

c. Psychoneuroimmunology

Your text includes a cartoon of a doe dumping a buck for another buck with really big antlers. She says, "It's not you. It's natural selection." Great break up line, but big deer antlers really are a result of . a) Inclusive fitness b) Sexual selection, specifically intersexual competition c) Sexual selection, specifically intrasexual competition d) The coevolution of males and females

c. Sexual selection, specifically intrasexual competition

Detoxification involves: a) Treating family members to help them to stop enabling their loved one's abuse b) A life-threatening reaction to binge drinking c) The gradual process of removing a drug when a patient has become dependent on it d) Exposing yourself to more and more of a drug until you overcome its initial, negative effects

c. The gradual process of removing a drug when a patient has become dependent on it

What do research results tell us about the effectiveness of psychological treatments for sexual offenders? a) Most offenders can be helped. b) Only the offenders who admit their guilt can be helped. c) The results have been discouraging. d) Psychological treatment works best when combined with medications.

c. The results have been discouraging

In the debate between "lumpers" and "splitters" about anxiety disorders, the splitters argue that a. People with anxiety disorders are split off (dissociate) from reality. b. People with anxiety disorders may show physiological, behavioral, or cognitive symptoms but do not need to exhibit all three. c. There are several separate and distinct anxiety disorders. d. Pathological anxiety is qualitatively different from normal anxiety.

c. There are several separate and distinct anxiety disorders

The ADH and ALDH genes, which are found disproportionately among Asians, have been shown to have what effect on alcoholism? a) They increase the risk for alcoholism b) Paradoxically, they only increase the risk for alcoholism among non-Asians, evidence for a gene-environment interaction c) They protect against the development of alcoholism by causing an adverse reaction to alcohol consumption d) They were once thought to protect against the development of alcoholism, but scientists now recognize that this mistaken conclusion was due to gene-environment correlation (Asian culture does not condone excessive alcohol consumption)

c. They protect against the development of alcoholism by causing an adverse reaction to alcohol consumption

What is the best no treatment control group in psychotherapy outcome research? a. No treatment. Duh! b. A sugar pill c. This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on d. Trick question! You don't need a no treatment control group in a treatment study

c. This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on

The key difference between avoidant and schizoid personality disorders is a) Avoidant personality disorder has closer etiological ties to mood disorders than schizoid personality disorder does. b) Those with schizoid personality disorder tend to become extremely dependent on others; those with avoidant personality disorder manage to maintain their independence. c) Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of disapproval. d) Those with avoidant personality disorder suffer from self-induced social isolation; those with schizoid personality disorder are isolated by others reactions to them.

c. Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of disapproval.

I urged you to appreciate both "common factors" and "active ingredients" in different psychotherapies. This means: a. A combination of medication and therapy often is most effective b. Sugar pills work, meaning they contain both placebos and active ingredients c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective d. Of course, the different therapy paradigms have different ideas about psychotherapy but they all involve some form of a "talking cure"

c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective

The humanistic paradigm assumes that normal and abnormal behavior are a matter of free will. In contrast, all three other major paradigms assume: a. Insanity is a limitation on free will b. Normal behavior is a matter of free will but abnormal behavior is not c. Both normal and abnormal behavior are determined by potentially knowable factors d. Free will can be measured using the biopsychosocial model

c. both normal and abnormal behavior are determined b y potentially knowable factors

Attempts to predict violence are especially likely to result in what type of error? a) high true positive rates. b) high true negative rates. c) high false positive rates. d) high false negative rates.

c. high false positive rates

Why are braining imaging procedures not widely used for the diagnosis of mental disorders? a. The procedures are currently too expensive to be used in routine clinical work and instead are only used to diagnose mental disorders in research studies b. Brain imaging is routinely used by psychiatrists in making diagnoses, but other mental health professionals (who far outnumber psychiatrists) are not trained in using the technique c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders d. In fact, braining imaging procedures became the diagnostic standard with the publication of DSM-5

c. there is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders

Hyperactive sexual drive disorder: a) is included in DSM-5 under sexual dysfunctions b) is included in DSM-5 under paraphilic disorders c) is included in DSM-5 under sexual addictions d) is not included in DSM-5

d. is not included in DSM-5

Girls who reach menarche at a younger age attract boys who are older and more interested in their physical appearance/sexuality compared to girls who reach menarche at an older age. Age at menarche is strongly influenced by genes. This is an example of: a. Polygenic attraction b. Genetic predestination c. A gene-environment interaction d. A gene-environment correlation

d. A gene-environment correlation

In a few years, you'll see headlines like, "autism spectrum disorders have far better outcome than previously thought." Because you took this class, I hope you will remember to attribute this to: a) Current advances in our knowledge of the cause of the disorder b) Current advances in our knowledge of the psychological treatment of the disorder c) Current advances in our knowledge of the biological treatment of the disorder d) A much broader definition of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases e) A and B only

d. A much broader definition of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases

Researchers question assertions that dissociative identity disorder is far more common than assumed because: a. Most cases are diagnosed by a handful of ardent advocates b. The diagnosis grew rapidly following the popularity of the book and movie, Sybil c. Dissociative disorders are rarely diagnosed outside of the U.S. and Canada d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Scientists are now convinced that vaccines do not cause autism, but it is important to revisit this controversy because: a. People are desperate for answers to mental disorders, and this makes them susceptible to false promises b. Bad information is readily available and easily spread, especially in the Internet Age c. You need to understand that the burden of proof falls on the proponent of any hypothesis. You need to prove that your idea is true - I don't need to prove that you are wrong d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

When people hear, "It's genetic," we tend to think there's a gene for the condition. I suggested, however, that this conclusion is wrong headed when it comes to psychological disorders. Something can be genetic and still: a. Involve quantitative differences. You can be a "little bit" depressed, ADHD, eating disordered etc b. Be affected by genes indirectly. We don't necessarily have a gene "for" a given disorder. Genes may contribute indirectly to risk by influencing personality, body type, appearance, age at menstruation, etc. c. Be influenced by the environment. As with PKU, the environment can influence whether or not a genetic predisposition is expressed. d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above

Which of the following analogies between science and the law is accurate? a. The burden of proof lies on the proponent of a hypothesis (as it does on the prosecution: you are innocent until proven guilty) b. You never prove the null hypothesis, you just fail to reject it (as you never prove innocence but instead may be found "not guilty") c. False "proof" is viewed as a worse error than the failure to prove something that is, in fact, true (it is better to let 10 guilty people go free than to imprison one innocent person) d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following could be a compensatory behavior that is a part of bulimia nervosa? a) Self-induced vomiting b) Intensive exercise c) Rigid fasting d) All of the above e) Trick question. Bulimia nervosa does not include compensatory behavior

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a problem with diagnosing personality disorders? a) The diagnosis of most personality disorders is quite unreliable b) The line dividing abnormal from normal personality is not clear c) The symptoms are typically ego syntonic, thus self-report is suspect because people often do not view their symptoms as problems d) All of the above e) A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an established, evidence-based treatment for depression? a. Antidepressant medication b. Cognitive behavior therapy c. Interpersonal therapy d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is true about the results of the Collaborative Research Program for the treatment of depression (discussed in lecture)? a. A substantial placebo effect was found b. Antidepressant medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal therapy all outperformed placebo c. Antidepressant medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal therapy all had substantial relapse rates d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

According to your text, which of the following is an accurate conclusion about the treatment of alcoholism and substance use disorders? a) Short-term improvements are common, but so is relapse b) While there is no evidence that one treatment is clearly most effective, alcoholics anonymous (AA) and similar peer treatments seem to help achieve abstinence c) People who reduce consumption typically improve in their health and life functioning too d) All of the above are accurate e) A and C only

d. All of the above are accurate

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? a. Personality inventory; MMPI b. Projective test; Rorschach inkblot c. Brain imaging; MRI d. All of the above are correct pairings

d. All of the above are correct pairings

Which of the following is a right held by mental patients committed to a mental hospital? a) The right to treatment b) The right to treatment in the least restrictive environment c) The right to refuse treatment, at least in some circumstances d) All of the above are rights of committed patients e) None of the above; involuntary commitment means patients lose their rights. Duh!

d. All of the above are rights of committed patients

According to your text, which of the following is true of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia? a) Patients need to take medication for prolonged periods of time, often for life b) Relapse is common as patients often stop taking medication c) Serious, sometimes irreversible side effects can result from the prolonged use of medication d) All of the above are true e) A and C only

d. All of the above are true

I find that people in unhappy close relationships are more likely to be depressed. I conclude that troubled relationships cause depression. Which of the follow is true about my conclusion? a. My conclusion might be right b. Depression might cause unhappy relationships c. Bad living circumstances might cause both depression and troubled relationships d. All of the above true e. B and C only

d. All of the above are true

What medication has a "black box" warning for adolescents and why? a) Psychostimulants, they have the potential to be abused by adolescents b) Antianxiety medications, they have the potential to become addictive, particularly when used by adolescents c) Antipsychotic medications, they have been overused in the treatment of bipolar disorder among adolescents d) Antidepressants, they may increase suicidal thinking among adolescents

d. Antidepressants, they may increase suicidal thinking among adolescents

The most effective, evidence-based treatment for autism is: a) Antidepressant medication b) Antipsychotic medication c) Electroconvulsive therapy (even though it is rarely used) d) Applied behavior analysis (intensive behavior therapy)

d. Applied behavior analysis (intensive behavior therapy)

Historically, the term "hysteria" included the disorders ______. The problem was once thought to only occur among_____, as indicated by the Greek derivation of the term. a. Multiple personality and dissociative amnesia; the easily hypnotized b. Hysterical disorders (e.g., hysterical blindness) and psychosomatic illnesses; adolescents c. Depression and anxiety; people with a dramatic personality style d. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

d. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

How do conversion disorders differ from what used to be called "psychosomatic disorders"? a. Conversion disorders are not "all in your head". b. Psychosomatic disorders make no sense neurologically. c. Conversion disorders are unrelated to psychological stress. d. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

d. Conversion disorders have no known underlying organic impairment

How does DSM-5 define an addiction? a) Based on the number of symptoms a patient meets for diagnosis b) Based on the presence of craving and withdrawal c) Based on a list of psychological factors d) DSM-5 does not distinguish addiction from other substance use problems

d. DSM-5 does not distinguish addiction from other substance use problems

In lecture and in the textbook, I referred to "classic" autism. Why? a) DSM-5 distinguishes between classic and atypical cases of autism spectrum disorder b) Historical (classic) definitions of autism spectrum disorder focused on quantitative differences and did not carry the stigma associated with contemporary views of autism c) Classic cases of autism do not have comorbid intellectual disabilities d) Definitions of the disorder have expanded so rapidly that it is necessary to refer to the past, narrower (classic) diagnosis

d. Definitions of the disorder have expanded so rapidly that it is necessary to refer to the past, narrower (classic) diagnosis

Nonsuicidal self-injury involves: a. Threats to commit suicide that are purely manipulative in nature b. Compulsive participation in reckless "extreme" sports, leading to frequent self-harm c. Efforts to kill the psychological self, but not the physical self d. Deliberate self-harm that may help regulate intense, negative emotion`

d. Deliberate self-harm that may help regulate intense, negative emotion

Which of the following statements is true? a) Drinking coffee lowers blood alcohol level b) Caffeine dependence is included in DSM-5 as a substance use disorder c) Hallucinogens produce only auditory hallucinations d) High doses of cocaine or amphetamines can produce psychosis, at least temporarily

d. High doses of cocaine or amphetamines can produce psychosis, at least temporarily

Acute Stress Disorder was included in the DSM because: a. The symptoms of this problem clearly differ from those of post-traumatic stress disorder b. Most people who have been exposed to trauma seek out mental health care shortly afterwards c. Acute stress disorder actually is more enduring than post-traumatic stress disorder d. It was hoped that early intervention would prevent the development of post-traumatic stress disorder

d. It was hoped that early intervention would prevent the development of post-traumatic stress disorder

_____ is akin to "working the refs" in pursuit of answers. ______ is like official review. a. Psychology; biology b. Paradigms; the biopsychosocial model c. Social science; natural science d. Law and politics; science

d. Law and politics; science

"Stephanie" the former grad student who was sexually assaulted in the case in Chapter 7 allowed me to share her story to educate others. Which of the following best characterizes her willingness to allow me to put her case in the text? a. Prolonged exposure therapy b. Imagery rehearsal therapy c. Emotional processing d. Meaning making

d. Meaning making

According to your text and lecture, which of the following is the most widely accepted evolutionary account of schizophrenia? a) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on creative genius b) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on working memory c) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on normal, adaptive skepticism or defensiveness d) Schizophrenia is difficult to explain in evolutionary terms, as the symptoms seem to have no adaptive purpose

d. Schizophrenia is difficult to explain in evolutionary terms, as the symptoms seem to have no adaptive purpose

Mental health professionals here at UVa are trained to offer critical incident stress debriefing in the event that students should experience widespread trauma. Based on evidence from your text, this intervention should: a. Dramatically lower cases of ASD and PTSD. b. Resolve ASD more rapidly and therefore prevent new cases of PTSD. c. Reduce cases of ASD but only slightly lower cases of PTSD. d. Show no benefit for either ASD or PTSD, and perhaps produce harmful effects.

d. Show no benefit for either ASD or PTSD< and perhaps produce harmful effects

A dimensional model for classifying personality disorders was considered but the traditional system was maintained because the dimensional model was: a) Less reliable that the traditional system b) More reliable but less valid than the traditional system c) Overinclusive, including many normal personality problems as disorders d) Simply too complicated

d. Simply too complicated

Borderline personality disorder refers to: a) Someone who almost meets DSM criteria for a personality disorder b) Someone who is close to being psychotic c) Someone who combines elements of different personality disorders d) Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

d. Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

One of your required extra readings was an essay called, "I had Asperger's Syndrome. Briefly." In this essay, the author argued: a) That DSM-5 made a big mistake in dropping the Asperger's diagnosis b) That this milder form of autism is much easier to treat and should be used to increase hope of treating more serious cases c) That the age limit of 18 on the diagnosis is ridiculous. It should be diagnosed at any age not just among children. d) That it can be damaging to label quirky kids as having a mental disorder

d. That it can be damaging to label quirky kids as having a mental disorder

In lecture, I suggested that future classification systems might include diagnoses like "fight or flight" disorder. I raised this possibility to suggest: a. Current mental disorders include problems with excessive anxiety and sadness but not excessive anger b. Catchy phrases like "fight or flight" are easy to remember and advocate for, illustrating how politics comes into the process of creating the DSM c. The statistical model of classification must consider that extremes at both ends of a distribution often are abnormal, for example, mania or depression, fight or flight d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

Our class discussion about the overemphasis placed on women's appearance, especially thinness, and what a father can do to encourage positive self-esteem and health in his daughter's bears closest resemblance to: a) The expressive writing component of eating disorder prevention programs b) The healthy eating component of eating disorder prevention programs c) The assessment only component of eating disorder prevention programs d) The dissonance component of eating disorder prevention programs

d. The dissonance component of eating disorder prevention programs

Assisted suicide is: a) A bizarre suicide pact that several groups of adolescents have made b) A slogan used by those campaigning against prescribing psychostimulants to children (who later are at risk of drug addiction and overdose, as a result) c) A controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults d) The hotly debated procedure (now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient to commit suicide

d. The hotly debated procedure (now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient to commit suicide

What is the current consensus regarding the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder? a) The two disorders are essentially the same. b) ADHD tends to resolve itself with time; Oppositional defiant disorder is more often a lifelong problem. c) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often is an outgrowth of oppositional-defiant disorder. d) The two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

d. The two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

How does the DSM-5 classify childhood disorders? a) They are coded as neurodevelopmental disorders b) They are divided into internalizing and externalizing disorders. c) They are classified as Psychological Disorders of Childhood d) There is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions of various disorders are now grouped with the related adult diagnoses

d. There is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions of various disorders are now grouped with the related adult diagnoses

What is the theoretical basis for defining a mental disorder in DSM-5? a. The problem is a harmful dysfunction b. The problem causes personal distress c. The problem is not culturally sanctioned d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-t is an agreed upon list

An important problem with the so-called anti-anxiety medications is that a. They are equally effective in treating depression b. They are highly addictive c. They take at least a month before producing any clinical benefits d. They do not alleviate anxiety

d. They are highly addictive

The competitive, hostile, urgent, achievement striving personality style that has been linked with risk for heart diseases is known as: a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Antisocial personality disorder c. Pessimistic bias d. Type A behavior pattern

d. Type A behavior pattern

In 2010, Teresa Lewis was executed in Virginia for being a "mastermind" in a plot to kill her husband. (Co-conspirators committed the actual murder.) Her tested IQ was 72. Based on a 2014 U.S. Supreme Court Ruling in Hall v. Florida, her case may have reached a different outcome today because the Supreme Court ruled: a) The death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment for someone with an intellectual disability b) Because of the potential for manipulation, the death penalty can only be applied if a defendant with a borderline IQ directly commits a murder c) The new DSM-5 criteria would now be used for defining intellectual disability, and Lewis would be found intellectually disabled using DSM-5 d) When someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff of 70 cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

d. When someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff of 70 cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

You are a social worker responsible for investigating allegations of severe child abuse. What type of error are you most afraid of making - one that might make a devastating newspaper headline? a) a true positive b) a true negative c) a false positive d) a false negative

d. a false negative

The family life cycle refers to the a) family genealogy b) motivation to leave a legacy by having children and perpetuating the family lineage c) framework that some therapists use in helping families grieve the pain of divorce d) developmental course of changing family relationships

d. developmental course of changing family relationships

A dramatic style, excessive emotionality, attention seeking, inappropriate sexual seductiveness characterize: a) narcissistic personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) antisocial personality disorder d) histrionic personality disorder

d. histrionic personality disorder

The percentage of patients who commit acts of violence is highest among patients with which type of disorder? a) schizophrenia b) major depression c) bipolar disorder d) substance abuse/dependence

d. substance abuse/dependence

The New York Times video (required) on the treatment of Sybil, the famous case of multiple personality disorder, noted that her therapist: a. Used hypnotic drugs while searching for hidden personalities b. Searched for and suggested memories of childhood trauma c. Admitted to exaggeration once public hysteria about multiple personalities grew d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A & B only

The extended case history of schizophrenia (J & K) illustrated how: a) Helpful improvements in functioning can be achieved with proper medication and coordinated therapeutic support b) The expression of anger (high expressed emotion), while understandable, can exacerbate symptoms c) For some psychological problems, the therapy relationship is unimportant - medication and treatment technology are the keys to success d) All of the above e) A and B only

e. A and B only

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the conclusion that the image of women in popular culture plays a role in the development of eating disorders? a) The disorders are more common in professions in which appearance is highly valued such as models, dancers, and actresses b) The prevalence of eating disorders has increased in recent decades as, in industrialized societies, the image of the ideal woman has grown thinner c) Girls who are exposed more to the popular media have more body dissatisfaction d) The disorders are particularly common among adolescents and young women, ages at which females are more susceptible to media influences e) All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a concern about the diagnosis and/or treatment of psychological disorders of childhood? a) Parents and children often disagree about the nature (or existence) of a child's psychological problem b) Parents, teachers, and other adults often disagree about the nature (or existence) of a child's psychological problem c) Behavior that is considered "normal" changes with age d) Children's behavior is strongly influenced by family, school, and peer contexts e) All of the above are concerns

e. All of the above are concerns

If I wanted to argue against using psychostimulants to treat ADHD and that instead we should put more resources into schools, which of the following is NOT a fact I might use to support my argument? a) Medication is typically prescribed for when children are in schools but not weekends, holidays etc. b) Psychostimulants clearly improve children's behavior, but benefits for learning are more uncertain c) Psychostimulants have short-term benefits but long-term benefits have not been demonstrated d) Psychostimulants have a substantial placebo effect e) All of the above are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants

e. All of the above are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants

If I wanted to argue in favor of using psychostimulants to treat ADHD, which of the following is NOT a fact that I might use to support my argument? a) Research shows that medication is effective in up to 70% of cases b) Research shows that medication is significantly more effective than the main psychological alternative, behavior therapy, at least in the short run c) Medication is a relatively inexpensive treatment d) Medication is fast acting e) All of the above are facts that could be used to argue in favor of psychostimulants

e. All of the above are facts that could be used to argue in favor of psychostimulants

Which of the following is an accurate statement about Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a) He divided stages based on key developments in sexuality b) He included development during both childhood and adult life c) He defined each stage with a central conflict d) He argued that fixation at an early stage was a key problem in coping with developmental transitions e) B and C only

e. B & C only