Abnormal Psychology Final Exam Viken

Which of the following statements most likely describes the mentality of a sufferer of anorexia?

"I am encouraged by my steady weight loss and enjoy the sense of dominating my hunger."

Which of the following quotes is most likely to be spoken by a sufferer of bulimia rather than anorexia?

"I am strained by the nightly fights of my parents and also find that my sister won't commiserate with me."

Gerald is confronted by his parents about his eating disorder. Which of the following statements from Gerald would indicate that he suffers from bulimia rather than anorexia?

"I've tried to stop doing this but I keep returning."

Which is one reason why Oltmanns questions the idea of creating a category of "mild" neurocognitive disorders?

"Mild" disorders are often early signs of more severe disorders.

Wisdom

"culture-based software of the mind" -reading and writing skills, as well as knowledge about the self and ways of coping with environmental challenges

Fluid intelligence

"the hardware of the mind" -speed and accuracy of such basic processes such as perception, attention, and working memory

Brenda's attorney is using the insanity defense in her trial. Brenda will have the greatest chance to be found not guilty by reason of insanity if the standard of proof is

"the preponderance of the evidence."

Agnosia

("perception without meaning") The inability to identify objects. The person's sensory functions are unimpaired, but he or she is unable to recognize the source of stimulation.

Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies

(also known as dementia with Lewy bodies) a form of progressive dementia in which the central feature is progressive cognitive decline, combined with three additional defining features: (1) pronounced "fluctuations" in alertness and attention, such as frequent drowsiness, lethargy, lengthy periods of time spent staring into space, or disorganized speech; (2) recurrent visual hallucinations; and (3) Parkinsonian motor symptoms, such as rigidity and the loss of spontaneous movement.

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

(also known as vascular dementia). A type of dementia associated with vascular disease. The cognitive symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder are the same as those for Alzheimer's disease, but a gradual onset is not required.

Medications that can cause delirium

-Psychiatric drugs -Drugs used to treat heart conditions -Painkillers -Stimulants (including caffeine)

Other therapies for bulimia nervosa

-antidepressant medications -interpersonal psychotherapy

Six family predictors of behavior problems among children:

-low income -overcrowding in the home -maternal depression -paternal antisocial behavior -conflict between the parents -removal of the child from the home

Two types of anorexia nervosa

-restricting type -binge-eating/purging type

Characteristic features of binge eating

-typically secretive -triggered by an unhappy mood -overpowered by lack of control

Percentage of adolescents in the United States that will have an externalizing disorder at some point in their life

19.1%

Brenda is 75 years old with no history of neurological or mental health problems. Which is her risk of developing dementia at her present age?

6 percent

Almost 40 percent of people over _____ years of age exhibit symptoms of moderate or severe dementia

90

Eating disorders

A category of psychological disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior, specifically anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Who is most likely to provide care for an Alzheimer's patient?

A family member

Which of the following people has an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease as a result of environmental factors?

A football player who has had head injuries

Dementia

A gradually worsening loss of memory and related cognitive functions, including the use of language, as well as reasoning and decision making

Which of the following reflects the fact that virtually all of family law is premised on parens patriae duties?

A judge in a custody case makes her decision according to the "child's best interest."

Insanity

A legal term referring to a defendant's state of mind at the time of committing a crime. An insane individual is not held legally responsible for his or her actions because of a mental disease or defect.

Which of the following would most likely be called as an expert witness in a child custody case?

A mental health professional

Huntington's disease

A primary, differentiated dementia characterized by the presence of unusual involuntary muscle movements. Many Huntington's patients also exhibit a variety of personality changes and symptoms of mental disorders, including depression and anxiety.

Which causes vascular neurocognitive disorder?

A series of mini-strokes in different parts of the brain

Allen has Alzheimer's disease and has been prescribed Aricept. Which kind of relief can he expect?

A small improvement in memory for six to nine months

Psychostimulants have been helpful in improving the behavior of many children with

ADHD

Which of the following is likely to decline with dementia?

Abstract thinking skills

A caregiver is selecting a nursing facility for a loved one with advanced stages of dementia. Which of the following is an important consideration in selecting the right facility?

Access to the facility must be secured.

Young Devon is on trial for vehicular homicide, which occurred while Devon was high on drugs. His attorney is arguing that because Devon grew up in a wealthy family, he never had to face the consequences for any of his actions and truly believed that the law did not apply to him. Which mitigating factor is Devon's attorney using in this case?

Affluenza

Bradley was diagnosed with a common NCD as a result of having slowly increasing problems with short-term memory. Based on statistics and the symptoms of different disorders, which NCD is he most likely to have?

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following scenarios likely describes a medical complication associated with the onset of anorexia?

Amanda's foot slips as she's walking down the stairs of her apartment building, and she shatters her tibia.

Why has the DSM-5 dropped amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia in females?

Amenorrhea is a second-order reaction to certain bodily changes associated with anorexia.

Why are neurocognitive diseases an increasing health issue in American society?

America's older population is increasing

Insanity defense

An attempt to prove that a person with a mental illness did not meet the legal criteria for sanity at the time of committing a crime. The inability to tell right from wrong and an "irresistible impulse" are the two most common contemporary grounds for the defense.

Which statement about informed consent is accurate?

An essential component of informed consent is describing the treatment being proposed and an explanation of its likely course.

Which is a common symptom of externalizing disorders?

Anger or aggression

Kimberly looks fine when dressed up, but she literally looks skeletal in a bikini. People stare but she's proud of her self-control. Occasionally, she'll "binge" and eat a few cookies, but she always exercises or fasts afterward to make up for her indulgence.

Anorexia

Cinda's family is concerned that she is at risk for self-injury and asks that she be admitted to a mental facility. Cinda's initial assessment is that she has moderate depression with no risk factors for suicide. Cinda denies any thoughts about self-harm, and her family admits that she has not done anything suggesting that she might be a danger to herself. Which of the following responses is consistent with the least restrictive environment doctrine?

Arrange for an outpatient counseling appointment for Cinda the next day.

Which of the following examples would be most effective in early intervention for bulimia?

Asking a group of female students to discuss their positive feelings about overweight family members

In which way does the use of expert witnesses in a trial illustrate the conflict between psychology and the law?

Attorneys select evidence that supports their argument, while scientific experts attempt to reconcile all the relevant evidence.

Which of the following has been debunked as a potential cure for ADHD?

B vitamins

Samantha suffered from anorexia several years ago. She desperately wishes she could be skinny like she once was. But whenever she thinks she's succeeding, she finds herself binge eating and forcing herself to vomit. This happens a couple of times a week.

Bulimia

Why have twin studies rarely been used to explore the genetic aspects of dementia?

By the time dementia develops in one twin, the other twin os often deceased.

Which is a key distinction between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

Children with ADHD misbehave due to impulsivity, while children with ODD misbehave on purpose.

You overhear your aunt refer to her neighbor's teenage son as a "real juvenile delinquent." It is likely that this boy would be diagnosed with which of the following?

Conduct disorder

Competence

Defendant's ability to understand legal proceedings and act rationally in relation to them. Competence evaluations can take place at different points in the legal process, but competence to stand trial (the ability to participate in one's own defense) is particularly important.

Why do epidemiologists have difficulty determining the rate of specific NCDs?

Definitive diagnoses can only be made after death by examining brain tissues.

John has Parkinson's disease, which means he is suffering from which issue related to neurotransmitters?

Degeneration of the dopamine pathways in the brainstem

How are neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) classified in the DSM?

Delirium, major NCD, and mild NCD

About 25 percent of dementia patients also have which of the following disorders?

Depression

Which of the following appears to result in the best outcomes for children in a divorce?

Divorce mediation

Opal is a troubled young woman who begins therapy sessions with Dr. Abernathy. During the course of treatment, Opal develops feelings for Dr. Abernathy and they begin a sexual relationship. Which statement correctly describes this situation?

Dr. Abernathy is guilty of malpractice.

Binge eating

Eating an amount of food in a fixed period of time that is clearly larger than most people would eat under similar circumstance. One part of the eating disorder of bulimia nerviosa.

Ed's wife said her husband had dementia because of his loss of memory and difficulty with cognition. Which of the following would alert a doctor that Ed's wife was incorrect?

Ed developed symptoms over the course of days.

In which of the following scenarios would an emergency commitment be permissible?

Edgar is swiping a knife at anyone who approaches him, threatening to hurt them-or himself-if anybody gets too close.

Learning disability (LD)

Educational problem characterized by academic performance that is notably below academic aptitude

The legal case Wyatt v. Stickney was filed against the state of Alabama in response to which of the following conditions in a state mental hospital?

Failure to provide appropriate treatment

Which of the following teenagers most likely has an externalizing problem?

Fifteen-year-old Kenyon frequently skips school and spends much of his time drinking beer with older adolescents.

Which of the following describes symptoms of delirium but does not describe symptoms of dementia?

Fluctuating levels of lucidity

Which of the following theoretical interventions would likely make the largest difference in altering young women's engagement with standards of beauty?

Funding a wide variety of media in which women succeed at business pursuits.

Which statement about genetics and externalizing disorders is accurate?

Genes contribute more strongly to ADHD than to ODD.

Why did psychiatrist Thomas Szasz argue that the insanity defense should be abolished?

He rejected the notion that people with psychiatric disorders are not personally accountable for their actions.

Which is the rarest NCD, impacting only 1 person in every 20,000?

Huntington's disease

Susan and Jason- who have one son, Ian- obtain a divorce. A court awards sole physical custody of Ian to Susan. However, the court awards joint legal custody to both Susan and Jason. Which of the following statements is true?

Ian lives exclusively with Susan, but both Susan and Jason must make decisions together about Ian's medical care, schooling, and other similar issues.

Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be specifically associated with frontotemporal NCD?

Impulsive sexual actions and aimless roaming

In which scenario is confidential information handled correctly?

In a therapy session, Douglas's father reveals to his therapist that he has been sexually abusing his daughter for several years. The therapist informs the local police department about the abuse.

Which parenting style is most likely to produce impulsive and noncompliant children?

Indulgent

Why might a person who participates in intellectually stimulating activities be less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease?

Intellectual pursuits may increase cerebral blood flow

Why are internalizing disorders often diagnosed later in childhood than externalizing disorders?

Internalizing disorders are "quieter" and less disruptive to others than externalizing disorders.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between depression and bulimia.

It is unclear how the causality between depression and bulimia operates.

How does the presence of an intellectual disability in a defendant affect the sentencing in a criminal case?

It often results in a less harsh sentence, especially in capital cases.

Which of the following patients most likely suffers from a long-term viral infection?

Jane, diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Which of the following is an example of dementia?

Joan was finding it harder and harder to make decisions or remember names of friends.

Which of the following people would most likely be diagnosable with a mild neurocognitive disorder?

Joe, who can't remember how to get to the local store so uses a map

Which of the following children would a court most likely find had suffered from psychological abuse?

Laila is often called "dummy" and "little fool" by her parents because of her intellectual disability.

Lawrence, a defendant in a murder case, has been found incompetent to stand trial. What does this mean?

Lawrence will not be able to participate in his own defense during trial.

Which of the following profiles represents an individual with the best prognosis of recovering from anorexia?

Layla develops symptoms of anorexia upon entering high school, which causes her parents to react negatively.

Franklin was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. This means he also has a 30 percent chance of being diagnosed with

Lewy bodies

Which of the following would be an appropriate care management protocol for a patient recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease?

Maintain his or her level of functioning for as long as possible

After being diagnosed with ADHD, Malcolm began taking regular doses of a psychostimulant. Which of the following is the most likely result?

Malcolm became more alert and better able to stay on task throughout his school day.

Which of the following factors is the most consequential to the development of feeding disorders in the female population?

Media presentation of the female body

Psychostimulants

Medications that heighten energy and alertness when taken in small dosages, but lead to restless, even frenetic, behavior when misused. Often used in the treatment of ADHD

Which is the second most prevalent neurocognitive disorder after Alzheimer's disease?

NCD with Lewy bodies

Researchers polled a fourth-grade classroom on which students were liked most and least. Which of the following children is most at risk to exhibit internalizing symptoms?

Nelson did not receive any "liked most" or "liked least" votes.

Which of the following children may be at risk for future depression in early adolescence?

Noah frequently thinks back on his disappointments, like the time he was sick when the circus came to town or when the kids picked him last for a kickball game.

Which of the following best describes how an individual's weight set point can contribute to the developing of anorexia or bulimia?

Normal efforts to control weight are counterbalanced by the body's compensation.

Ed is 75 years old and is suffering from lapses of memory and behavioral changes. How would a clinician determine whether he has Alzheimer's disease?

Observe progressive symptoms and exclude other neurocognitive disorders

Malpractice

Occurs when negligence results in harm to patients. Legally, malpractice is when (1) a professional has a duty to conform to a standard of conduct, (2) the professional is negligent in that duty, (3) the professional's client experiences damages or loss, and (4) it is reasonably certain that the negligence caused the damages.

A man came to the hospital with delirium. Which of the following (according to the DSM) could have caused his condition?

Painkillers

Which of the following profiles is most likely that of a sufferer of anorexia?

Pauline often snaps at her friends and recently broke up with her boyfriend out of a lack of interest.

Which statement about the insanity defense is correct?

People who are "insane" are though to lack freedom of choice over controlling their behavior.

Which of the following should be included in a program for patients with dementia?

Physical exercise

Base rates

Population frequencies. Relative base rates set statistical limits on the degree to which two variables can be associated with each other.

Which of the following caregiver risks must be managed to ensure the long-term welfare of patients with Alzheimer's?

Potential burnout due to long term stress

Which statement about professional malpractice is accurate?

Professionals found guilty of malpractice are sometimes sent to prison.

Which individual is undergoing outpatient commitment?

Rafael has been ordered by a court to see a therapist three times weekly to treat his severe bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is accurate?

Researchers know very little about the mechanisms that link TBI and the development of NCD in later life.

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?

Robert could remember the good old days but couldn't remember what he'd eaten for breakfast.

Which individual would most likely be subject to civil commitment?

Rose is leaning precariously over a bridge, repeatedly threatening to jump into the river below.

Which young person is most likely to exhibit externalizing behavior?

Rose was removed from her single mother's home because her mother was chronically depressed and fought frequently with her live-in boyfriend. Her foster parents are active in their local church.

Which of the following scenarios best describes a binge-eating episode under the DSM-5 criteria?

Sam attends a movie alone where he buys a tub of popcorn and refills it three times before the end credits.

An especially aggressive teenager would most likely be placed into which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Self-interest

How do neurocognitve disorders differ from normal aging?

Severity and pattern of progression

Which of the following behaviors is typical of the DSM-5's subcategory of restrictive anorexia?

Spending four hours at the gym

Weight suppression

The highest adult weight minus current weight. An index of effort to maintain weight below its natural set point.

Which of the following characteristics should an effective intervention program demonstrate when trying to prevent the development of anorexia in young women?

The inclusion of activities that require participants to dispute the culture of thinness

Which of the following statements represents a working diagnostic criterion for anorexia?

The individual has fallen below a body mass index of 18.5

The deinstitutionalization movement involved which of the following?

The large-scale release of psychiatric patients into the community.

Which statement about the legal term insanity is accurate?

The legal term insanity means something different than "mentally ill".

The concept of informed consent is most closely related to which of the following?

The patient's autonomy

Emotion regulation

The process of learning to control powerful emotions according to the demands of a situation. Children learn to regulate their emotions initially through interactions with their parents and others in their social world, and eventually learn to regulate emotions on their own.

Which of the following asserts that a person is not criminally responsible if the unlawful act resulted from mental disease or defect?

The product test

A patient in a mental hospital tells his therapist that he intends to shoot his ex-wife and her new boyfriend. The therapist should have which of the following understandings about this situation?

The therapist must report this information to the proper authorities to protect the threatened persons.

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true?

There are several forms of Alzheimer's disease, each linked to different genes.

Young Dennis has a much harder time learning to button his clothes than his siblings had. He never has seemed to get the knack of stringing beads, and his attempts at writing are also quite sloppy. Which might Dennis's pediatrician say to his parents about this?

These may be neurological soft signs that Dennis may have ADHD.

Which is a potential side effect of medications such as Ritalin and Adderall?

They appear to slow physical growth.

On average, when defendants are found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), how does the time spent in mental institutions compare to the time they would have spent in prison had they had not pled insanity?

They spend about the same amount of time in mental institutions that they would have served in prison.

What was the primary goal of the deinstitutionalization movement?

To allow as many people as possible to live "normal" lives

Which preschooler has the greatest likelihood of later externalizing disorders?

Tucker is moody and can quickly shift from sitting quietly to screaming angrily.

The incidence of which NCD is generally lower in women than in men at all age groups?

Vascular dementia

When does an advance psychiatric directive take effect?

When a patient is no longer able to make or communicate healthcare decisions

Major neurocognitive disorder

a broad category in DSM-5 that subsumes diagnoses previously called dementia, delirium, and amnestic disorders

Gene linkage

a close association between two genes, typically the genetic locus associated with a disorder or a trait and the locus for a known gene. Two loci are said to be linked when they are sufficiently close together on the same chromosome.

The third defining symptom of anorexia nervosa

a disturbance in how weight or shape is experienced

Which of the following would a court be unlikely to accept as an expert witness in a legal case involving the role of vaccines in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

a famous actress whose child has ASD and who operates an antivaccine website

Lanugo

a fine, downy hair on the face or trunk of the body

Informed consent

a legal and ethical safeguard concerning risks in research and treatment. Includes (a) accurate information about potential risks and benefits, (b) competence on the part of subjects/patients to understand them, and (c) the ability of subjects/patients to participate voluntarily.

Criminal responsibility

a legal concept that holds a person responsible for committing a crime if he or she (a) has been proven to have committed the act and (b) was legally sane at the time

Child abuse

a legal decision that a parent or other responsible adult has inflicted damage or offered inadequate care to a child; may include physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and psychological abuse

Child custody

a legal decision, especially common in separation and divorce, that involves determining where children will reside and how parents will share legal rights and responsibilities for child rearing

Coercion

a pattern of interaction in which unwitting parents positively reinforce children's misbehavior (by giving in to their demands), and children negatively reinforce parents' capitulation (by ending their obnoxious behavior).

Professional responsibilities

a professional's obligation to follow the ethical standards of his or her profession and to uphold the laws of the states in which he or she practices, for example, confidentiality

Multisystemic therapy (MST)

a promising intervention with conduct disorders that has received considerable attention. Combines family treatment with coordinated interventions in other important contexts of the troubled child's life

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder of childhood characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Typically has an onset by the early school years

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

a psychological disorder of childhood characterized by persistent but relatively minor transgressions, such as refusing to obey adult requests, arguing, and acting angry

Conduct disorder (CD)

a psychological disorder of childhood that is defined primarily by behavior that is illegal as well as antisocial

Double-blind study

a study where neither the patient nor the therapist knows whether the patient is receiving an active treatment or a placebo

Placebo

a treatment with no specific therapeutic effect that produces the expectation of the benefit

Anorexia nerviosa

a type of eating disorder characterized by the refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight along with other symptoms related to body image

Relational aggression

actions designed to hurt others in more subtle ways (social exclusion)

A definite diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be made only

after a patient's death

A person with Alzheimer's disease would most likely have

amyloid plaques in his or her brain

Externalizing disorders

an empirically derived category of disruptive child behavior problems that create problems for the external world

Internalizing disorders

an empirically derived category of psychological problems of childhood that affect the child more than the external world

One result of the deinstitutionalization movement has been

an increase in the number of mentally ill persons in prisons and jails

Expert witness

an individual stipulated as an expert on some subject matter who, because of his or her expertise, is allowed to testify about matters of opinion and not just matters of fact. For example, mental health professionals may serve as expert witnesses concerning a defendant's sanity

The second defining characteristic of anorexia

an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat

Life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

antisocial behavior that continues into adult life

When a girl in Mr. Ito's class fell on the playground and badly skinned her knee, all of her classmates gathered around and offered her assistance-except Matthias. He seemed completely unconcerned by his classmate's injury. Matthias's behavior may be an early indicator of adult

antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?

anxiety

Which of the following is most closely associated with selective mutism?

anxiety disorder

Todd's desk at school is always messy, and though he is obviously intelligent, his work is generally sloppy, disorganized, and late. It is likely that Todd has

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Adolescent limited antisocial behavior

behavior that ends along with the teen years

Problem-solving skills training seems to work especially well for children with ODD when it is used in combination with

behavioral family therapy

Duration of delirium

brief

Amenorrhea

cessation of menstruation

Beatrice's parents refuse to take her to the doctor when she is sick, and they routinely fail to provide her with any kind of breakfast in the morning before she goes to school. A court would most likely find that Betrice's parents are guilty of

child neglect

Chris has pica. Chris is probably a

child who ingests non-food substances

Problem-solving skills training (PSST)

children are taught to slow down, evaluate a problem, and consider alternative solutions before acting

Most common therapy for bulimia nervosa

cognitive behavioral therapy

Equifinality

concept that there are many pathways to producing the same outcome

Danny is well-known among his peers as a bully who often picks fights with other students. At age 15, he has already been arrested twice: once for mistreating a puppy and another time for smashing out a teacher's car window. This behavior is consistent with a diagnosis of

conduct disorder

Insight in dementia

consistently poor

The legal assumption of free will and full criminal responsibility appears to be incompatible with the psychological assumption of

determinism

Parkinson's disease

disorder of the motor system caused by a degeneration of a specific area of the brainstem known as the substantia nigra and loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is produced by cells in this area

Most important symptoms of delirium

disorganized thinking and a reduced ability to maintain and shift attention

When 9-year-old Trinidad's father returned from the grocery without her favorite cookies, rather than expressing mild disappointment, she threw herself onto the floor kicking and screaming. Regular tantrums like this may indicate that Trinidad has

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Pica

eating of nonnutritive substances, like paper or dirt, and is found commonly among children with intellectual disabilities

Obesity

excessive body fat, a circumstance that roughly corresponds with a body weight 20 percent above the expected weight

A person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case is called a(n)

expert witness

Disorders in which a young person might be characterized as "acting out" are called

externalizing disorders

Enmeshed families

families whose members are overly involved in one another's lives

Course of delirium

fluctuating

Which of the following is a risk factor for externalizing disorders?

frequent conflict between parents

The state's parens patriae authority says that the government

has a responsibility to care for its weakest members

Social self

how they present themselves in public and how other people perceive and evaluate them

Which is probably the least controversial grounds for involuntary hospitalization?

imminent dangerousness to self

Temperament

inborn behavioral characteristics

In contrast to psychology, criminal law assumes that human behavior results from

individual's ability to make choices and act upon them.

Research has indicated that the Feingold diet as an ADHD cure is

ineffective because it is based on the false premise that ADHD is caused by food additives

Child sexual abuse

involves sexual contact between an adult and a child. Reports of child sexual abuse have increased astronomically in recent years, as the problem has been fully recognized only since the 1980s. Although exact estimates are difficult to make, the sexual abuse of children is now known to be far more prevalent than would have been believed a short time ago.

Physical child abuse

involves the intentional use of physically painful and harmful actions. The definition of physical abuse is complicated by the fact that corporal punishments, like spanking, are widely accepted discipline practices

The term insanity is a(n) ______ term that refers to an individual's lack of moral responsibility for committing criminal acts.

legal

Sleep in dementia

less disturbed

Duration of dementia

long/lifetime

Insight in delirium

lucid intervals

Approximately 25% of patients with a diagnosis of dementia also exhibit symptoms of

major depressive disorder

Outpatient commitment

mandatory, court-ordered treatment in the community (therapy and/ or medication)

Mental health professions often act as _____ in child custody cases to ensure that the children's best interests are considered.

mediators

Which of the following appears to be a promising intervention for young people with conduct disorders?

multisystemic therapy

The case of Osheroff v. Chestnut Lodge suggests that mental health professionals

need to inform their patients about alternative treatments and research on their effectiveness

Which parenting style is most likely to produce a child with a conduct disorder?

neglectful

A psychology professional who fails to perform in a manner consistent with the skill level of other practitioners is guilty of

negligence

New drugs being developed to treat neurocognitive disorders are focused on the processes by which

neurons are destroyed

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

occurs mostly in infants and is characterized by an apparent lack of interest in food

Researchers find that Alzheimer's disease

often runs in families

The practice of civil commitment can also be referred to as

parens patriae

Dr. Washington believes that Mykel's anxiety is related to this inhibited temperament. Which of the following is she most likely to recommend as treatment for Mykel?

parental training

Based on the 1979 U.S Supreme Court ruling in Parham v. J.R.,

parents have the right to involuntarily commit their children

Hallucinations in dementia

rare

Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

rare form of dementia associated with circumscribed atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain

When 4-year-old Ivy is having a problem, she does not seek out teachers or peers for a reassuring hug. Instead, she seems withdrawn and displays very limited emotional reaction. It is possible that Ivy has

reactive attachment disorder

Interceptive awareness

recognition of internal cues, including hunger and various emotional states

When Carla was quite young, her mother died- sending Carla into depression for part of her adolescence. By early adulthood, however, she exhibited no lasting signs of depression. Carla's experience seems to confirm the _____ interpretation of childhood separation and loss.

resilience

Lewy bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions)

rounded deposits found in nerve cells

Which of the following are symptoms of separation anxiety disorder?

school refusal and fears for the safety of caregivers

A clinical psychologist might suspect depression in a toddler who

seems indifferent to the presence of her primary caregiver

Onset of dementia

slow (months to years)

Course of dementia

stable, with downward trajectory over time

Onset of delirium

sudden

As a treatment for oppositional defiant disorder, behavioral family therapy (BFT)

teaches parents how to be both loving and firm

Behavioral family therapy (BFT)

teaches parents to be very clear and specific about their expectations for children's behavior, to monitor children's actions closely, and systematically reward positive behavior while ignoring or mildly punishing misbehavior.

Pseudodementia

the condition of patients with symptoms of dementia whose cognitive impairment is actually produced by a major depressive disorder

Dietary restraint

the direct consequences of overly restrictive eating

Confidentiality

the ethical obligation not to reveal private communications in psychotherapy and in other professional contacts between mental health professions and their clients

Anterograde amnesia

the inability to learn or remember new material after a particular point in time

Executive functioning

the internal direction of behavior

Civil commitment

the involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill; the decision typically is justified based on dangerousness to self or others (or inability to care for self)

Apraxia

the loss of a previously acquired ability to perform purposeful movements in response to verbal commands. The problem cannot be explained by muscle weakness simple incoordination.

Retrograde amnesia

the loss of memory for events prior to the onset of an illness or the experience of a traumatic event

Aphasia

the loss or impairment of previously acquired abilities in language comprehension or production that cannot be explained by sensory or motor defects or by diffuse brain dysfunction

Child Neglect and Psychological Abuse

the most common form of child abuse, places children at risk for serious physical or psychological harm by failing to provide basic and expected care. Some children are severely neglected. They experience extreme failure in their growth and development as a result. Some children also suffer psychological abuse- repeated denigration in the absence of physical harm

Deinstitutionalization

the movement to treat the mentally ill and mentally retarded in communities rather than in large mental hospitals

The symptom most likely to distinguish neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease

the presence of recurrent and detailed visual hallucinations

Socialization

the process of shaping children's behavior and attitudes to conform to the expectations of parents, teachers, and society

Early signs of dementia are overlooked in older people because

the signs are similar to normal memory decline

Allegiance effect

therapists' expectations that a treatment will work

Competency to stand trial focuses on the defendant's condition at the time of the

trial

Boys or girls have more externalizing problems

two to ten times as many boys

The symptoms of bulimia are differentiated from the symptoms of anorexia in part by the individual's

understanding of the aberrance of behavior

One key factor of the M'Naghten test is whether, at the time a crime was committed, the defendant

understood the difference between right from wrong.

Hallucinations in delirium

visual/tactile/vivid

Negligence

when a professional fails to perform in a manner consistent with the level of skill exercised by other professionals in the field; that is, substandard professional service

Which of the following topics for an interpersonal therapy regime would be most likely to show equivalent results to an individual cognitive therapy approach to treating bulimia after a year?

"How to develop mutual respect with your siblings"

Which of the following statements best describes the emotional response to weight loss often exhibited by sufferers of anorexia?

"I am more afraid of gaining weight than I was before I weighed myself."

Criteria for Delirium

-A disturbance in attention and awareness -The disturbance develops over a short period of time, represents a change from baseline attention and awareness, and tends to fluctuate in severity during the course of a day -An additional disturbance in cognition

Other therapies for anorexia nervosa

-Bruch's modified psychodynamic therapy designed to increase interoceptive awareness and correct distorted perceptions of self -Feminist therapies, which encourage young women to pursue their own values rather than blindly adopting prescribed social roles -various cognitive behavioral approaches

Diagnosis of bulimia nervosa

-recurrent episodes of binge eating -recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise -the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months -self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight -the disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa

Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa

-restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than minimally expected -Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight -disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

Delirium

A confusional state that develops over a short period of time and is often associated with agitation and hyperactivity. The primary symptom is clouding of consciousness or reduced awareness of one's surroundings.

Binge-eating disorder

A controversial diagnosis defined repeated episodes of binge-eating but in the absence of compensatory behavior

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of equifinality as it applies to anorexia or bulimia?

A dozen trails starting along the perimeter of the forest grove lead to the amphitheater in the center.

Which of the following therapy scenarios is more likely to prove effective in the treatment of anorexia than bulimia?

An approach that heavily involves an individual's parents in planning diet and monitoring eating.

Which of the following statements best describes the progression of a characteristic bulimic behavior?

An individual binges in a reflexive fashion at first but gains control over the timing and context of the behavior.

Purging

An intentional act designed to eliminate consumed food from the body. Self-induced vomiting is the most common form.

Jennifer is a 14-year-old struggling to maintain the prepubescent shape that her ballet teacher repeatedly told her was the "perfect body" for a ballerina. She diets constantly and worries about gaining weight, but is proud of weighing 102 pounds even though she is 5'7".

Anorexia

How do the prognoses for anorexia and bulimia differ?

Anorexia tends to have a lower remission rate and more continued problems, while bulimia tends to have a higher rate of remission with fewer complications.

How do the family lives of anorexics tend to differ from the family lives of bulimics?

Anorexics often report no significant friction within their families, while bulimics tend to cite strife and disorder.

Why might the compensatory behaviors involved with bulimia be less effective than the afflicted person believes?

At least half of the consumed calories are retained from a binge despite the compensatory method employed by the sufferer.

Dave is a 20-year-old wrestler for his college team. For years, he knew he had to "make wight" for his matches and would diet and exercise strenuously in order to do so. Afterward, he'd eat like mad. Somehow, this pattern took over his life, and he know regularly binge eats and either forces himself to vomit or works out for hours afterwards.

Bulimia

Why might including binge-eating disorder in the DSM-5 prove problematic for those dealing with body weight issues?

Categorizing binge-eating as a disorder can act as a proxy for labelling obesity as a stigmatizing mental illness.

Which of the following statements best describes the biological component of the development of eating disorders?

Certain genotypes bestow characteristics that make young adults more susceptible to cultural influences.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between anorexia and comorbid psychological disorders such as depression and obsessive-compulsive behavior?

Comorbid psychological problems can either cause or be caused by anorexia.

Which of the following represents the best evidence that the culture of thinness is not an innate aspect of human relations?

Countries without an abundance of food have a lower incidence of feeding and eating disorders.

Cohort effects

Differences that distinguish one cohort from another. Cohorts share some feature in common, especially their date of birth, and cohort effects often distinguish people born in one time period (e.g, the 1960s) from those born in another

Which of the following examples is the most similar to the cohort effect observed in sufferers of bulimia and anorexia from 1950s to 2000?

Every season at Meryl Lake more and more ducklings are hatched with a mottled coloration.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the characteristic features of binge eating?

Lacy receives a disappointing grade on a history paper and brings a bag of cookies back to her dorm, which she eats rapidly whenever her roommate leaves.

Which of the following examples represents a person with a problem with interoceptive awareness?

Pei often fails to notice that she is hungry or thirsty over the course of the day and ends up lightheaded.

Why might the increasing weight loss in a sufferer of anorexia lead to the perceptual distortion of being overweight?

Remaining deposits of fat on the body are highlighted by the emaciated areas surrounding it.

Which of the following most accurately states a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa?

Serious deficit between observed body weight and demographic expectation

Why is the culture of thinness an insufficient explanation for the observed prevalence of anorexia and bulimia?

The vast majority of young women exposed to idealized images of thinness do not develop eating disorders.

Why are men less likely than women to develop anorexia or bulimia?

They experience less media pressure to appear slim.

How does binge-eating disorder differ from bulimia nervosa?

Unlike binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa involves binging followed by compensatory behavior.

Which of the following treatment pathways would be most likely to alleviate the symptoms of bulimia?

Use educational strategies to equalize eating habits, address problems related to unhealthy personal relationships, and develop normalized expectations regarding body shape

Which of the following presents the most cogent argument about whether or not binge-eating disorder should be included in the DSM?

While the diagnostic criteria for binge-eating behavior may overlap with normal behavior, many people who engage in the behavior suffer from genuine distress.

How do the concerns of men and women about their appearance change as they age?

Women become less concerned about their weight as they progress through post-adolescent life phases, while men start to worry about their weight.

Which of the following best describes the cohort effect observed in the prevalence of bulimia?

Women born in decades previous to 1960 are less likely to develop bulimia at some point in their lives.

Which of the following examples provides the best analogy for the paradox presented to young women by the culture on thinness and the insistence on inner worth?

Workers at a fruit plantation are threatened with criminal penalties if they take any product home with them, but they are unable to obtain enough nutrition otherwise.

Electrolyte imbalance

a disturbance in the levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, and other vital elements found in body fluids.

Placebo control group

a group that receives only a placebo in a treatment outcome study

Cohort

a group whose members share some feature in common, particularly their date of birth

Distorted body image

a perceptual inaccuracy in evaluating body size and shape that sometimes is found in anorexia nervosa

Adonis complex (reverse anorexia)

characterized by excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity and often accompanied by the abuse of anabolic steroids

Sleep in delirium

disturbed

Successful treatments for bulimia differ from successful treatments of anorexia by

emphasize cognitive approaches to behavior modification

Weight set points

fixed weights or small ranges of weight around which the body regulates weight, for example, by increasing or decreasing metabolism

Maudsley method

parents take complete control over the anorexic child's eating, planning meals, preparing food, and monitoring eating

Neurologists

physicians who have been trained to diagnose and treat disorders of the nervous system, including diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles

Neuropsychologists

psychologists who have particular expertise in the assessment of specific types of cognitive impairment, including those associated with dementia and amnestic disorders

Rumination disorder

repeated regurgitation of food, sometimes with rechewing, and often occurs in infants, sometimes in the context of neglect and/or intellectual disabilities

The usefulness of delineating the two subtypes of anorexia nervosa is questionable because

restrictors often demonstrate purging behaviors as well as the reverse.

Most obvious and most dangerous symptom of anorexia nervosa

significantly low weight