abnormal psychology test #2 chapters 5-9

cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also

believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others

what type of drug is alprazolam (xanax)

benzodiazepine

which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?

benzodiazepines

according to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is

better than nothing and about as effective as meditation

If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the:

biochemical orientation

devion is being treated for anxiety. he is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. his job is to try muscle tension. this is an example of

biofeedback training

antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to

increase serotonin activity in the brain

one of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it

is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:

learned helplessness

a psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. he thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. he is sure this underlying conflict explains his client's

obsessive-compulsive disorder

imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

parasympathetic nervous system

As a political protest, two activists leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. Those MOST at risk for modeling these suicides are:

people with a history of emotional problems

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?

persistent

based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders?

personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them

suicide education programs typically focus on

students and teachers

the strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from

studies of neurotransmitter levels

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT: - distractibility - inflated self-esteem - decreased need for sleep - suicidal ideation

suicidal ideation

based on the fact that 1 suicidal act can serve as a model for another, what would NOT be a common trigger for a suicide attempt?

suicides by the elderly

If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I:

survive a bad car accident

Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective.

sociocultural

which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?

sociocultural

in the united states, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is

the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women

an important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:

the severity and duration of the problem

the difference between bipolar I and biolar II is

the severity of the manic episodes

why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?

the stigma associated with suicide make people hesitant to report it

emile durkheim's theory of suicide fits into the

sociocultural model

the mOST well-developed understanding of the causes of suicide come from the

sociocultural model

Suicides that are carried out in bizarre ways for political reasons are MOST likely to trigger:

those with emotional problems to commit suicide in the same manner

I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in:

trait anxiety

t/f: beck and cognitive therapy is a correct match of person and approach

true

t/f: more teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves

true

t/f: most rape victims are young

true

t/f: phobias are ordinarily a result of classical conditioning

true

t/f: the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids

true

"what works best to keep suicidal people from following through?" what would be the correct answer to this question

try cognitive-behavioral therapy

what would a cognitive therapist be LEAST likely to say to you?

try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms

women are ___ as likely as men to develop stress disorders

twice

to receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least

two years

people who experience obsessions show

thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them

a strong "feeling of knowing" is associated with

tip of the tongue phenomenon

a professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n)

touching compulsion

the age group most likely to commit suicide in the US is

elderly

what is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)?

2-4 weeks

of people who use alcohol just before committing suicide, what percentage are actually intoxicated?

25%

assume that a community is made up of almost exactly equal numbers of these four groups: african americans, asian americans, hispanic americans, and white americans, and that everyone is of the same socioeconomic status. approximately what percent of suicides would you expect to be committed by white americans?

40% - about double the rates for the other groups

A friend asks, "Why is there such strong connection between alcohol abuse and suicide risk?" Based on the best available research, you reply?

"no one knows for sure"

Which risk percentage pattern BEST supports the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder ---(1) in the general population , (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?

1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

about how many deaths occur by suicide each year around the world?

1,000,000

modern studies suggest that the average number of sub-personalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder in women is about...

15, and it's lower for men

what is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the US?

5-10%

The percentage of successful suicide attempts among the elderly is about:

50 times as high as the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents

the proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about

80%

what percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum et al.'s (1992) study?

94%

the "typical" child who commits suicide is a

A boy who knows what death is

the individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was

Beck

Transient depersonalization and derealization:

Can be induced by a life-threatening experience

benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _ at certain receptor sites in the brain

GABA

Among teenagers who attempt suicide:

Less than 1% succeed the first time, and about half will try again

suicide prevention programs

Offer crisis interventions

if a person lives in a city, owns a home, and pays taxes, that person is LEAST likely to experience which event next year?

a cancer diagnosis

Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying:

a checking compulsion

Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. But she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing:

a generalized anxiety disorder

To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years?

a growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder

family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. these studies have found

a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed pateints

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:

a manic phase of bipolar I disorder

Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. He would most likely be diagnosed with:

a social phobia

an example of someone who is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression

a woman from the US who has lived all her life on an American Indian reservation

what is the MOST surprising example of suicide because it does not fit into the pattern that current research results have identified?

a woman who stabbed and then hanged herself

how likely are women to use a gun to commit suicide?

about 30% of women who commit, use guns

in 1997, oregon passed the "death with dignity act", which allows doctor-assisted suicide for persons with terminal illnesses. since1997, on average, how many oregonians with terminal illness have ended their lives each year?

about 500

the most consistent statement with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression

accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely

a pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called

acute stress disorder

a person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for 3 weeks is probably experiencing

acute stress disorder

what is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation?

adding positive activities to the patient's life

according to DSM-5, the mot common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy for experiencing stress is

adjustment disorder

generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common in

african-americans than in white americans

when was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called shell sock) first recognized?

after world war I

In research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems MOST related to:

aggression

what behavior pattern is NOT listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive compulsive related disorder?

agoraphobia

what is the MOST likely reason for the relationship between alcohol use and suicide?

alcohol lowers inhibitions and impairs judgment

in the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for

all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time

to receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display

almost no emotional response to pleasurable events

studies show that less than 10% of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. this finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression?

almost none- about 10% of adults in the united states experience some level of clinical depression each year

Carlos died by intentionally stepping in front of a bullet that was intended for another young man, for whom Carlos, as head of a platoon of soldiers in the Persian Gulf War, was responsible. Emile Durkheim would call this an example of:

altruistic suicide

according to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the united states among

american indians

according to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the ___ development

anal

A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls:

anomic suicide

which would a combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder NOT be likely to experience? - antipsychotic medication - family therapy - rap groups - exposure therapy

antipsychotic medication

the MOST common mental disorders in the united states are

anxiety disorders

people who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists calls

anxiety sensitivity

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n):

arbitrary inference

The leading theories designed to explain suicide:

are not supported by a significant body of research

at a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "do you have a gun? is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" what does this technique represent?

assessing suicide potential

a person who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. based on available research, what is the BEST advice for this person?

be careful. often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward

If the psychodynamic explanation for suicide is correct, then suicide rates should:

be lower in those who experienced symbolic loss as children

Jose is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his wife. In short, he should increase his positive activity. His therapist MOST likely reflects the _____ orientation

behavioral

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ______ symptoms of mania.

behavioral

a depressed person who is confused, unable to remember thing, and unable to solve problems is suffering from _ symptoms

behavioral

what theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?

behavioral

which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?

behavioral

Focusing on the addition of positive activities to a depressed patient's life is a behavioral technique known as:

behavioral activation

a decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?

behavioral and sociocultural

a person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT

behavioral symptoms

A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of:

behavioral therapy

If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforced nondepressive actions, and improved your social skills, your therapist would be using:

behavioral therapy

Commonly observed triggers for suicide include all of the following EXCEPT: - being in therapy - heavy alcohol use - modeling of someone who committed suicide - stressful life events

being in therapy

A young man whose father and uncle committed suicide at about his age also commits suicide. Which explanation of suicide MOST easily explains the young man's suicide?

biological

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?

biological

the first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to

bond with the primary personality

in terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports

both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory

research supporting a freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to

both real and symbolic losses in childhood

in the bilateral ECT, the electrical current passes through

both sides of the brain

individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs

calm people and reduce their inhibitions

the chief sources of data used to support the theories of psychodynamic and behavioral clinicians are

case studies

what would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having a history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?

catatonic depression

a neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?

caudate nuclei

an individual with depression who is receiving therapy is told that many, even most of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. MOST likely, the therapist is

challenging automatic thoughts

Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program?

changing primary attitudes

The age group LEAST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

children

in the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. this person is showing which fear response?

cognitive

teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment - mindfulness therapy - is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?

cognitive

which therapy is an effective long-term, non-pharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?

cognitive

the clinician who be MOST likely to ask "do you believe you will always feels like this in all situations?" is a

cognitive clinician

which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went?

cognitive theorists

a person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule, "go to store; doctor's appt.; visit museum; read novel; clean room." what treatment approach is this person MOST likely receiving?

cognitive therapy

according to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for

cognitive therapy

when someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n)

compulsion

if a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called

conditions of worth

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:

continuous amnesia

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably:

correct; lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

couple therapy

A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.

covert

several studies have demonstrated that hispanic american combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. research into the cause of this difference have MOST often focused on possible

cultural belief system and social support factors

a milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _ disorder

cyclothymic

according to edwin shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (ex: swimming in shark infested waters) are called

death darers

Cecil and Jeanne, teenagers, made a love pact, jumping from a cliff in order to be with each other for eternity. Cecil and Jeanne are examples of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as:

death ignorers

Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates in order to save herself and her family from the final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:

death initiator

ernest hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his failing body. depressed about his progressive illness, he intentionally ended his life. edwin shneidman would term hemingway a

death initiator

According to Shneidman, the critical way in which the death seeker differs from the death darer is:

death seekers intend to end their lives with their action

Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants:

decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide

an individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. however, the individual has very good recall of previous life events and has a strong sense of self. the MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is

depersonalization

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:

depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

an example of a research finding that provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do non-depressed women

the drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat

depression

people who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the

diathesis-stress model

a person who sees life in "right or wrong", "all or none" terms is engaging in

dichotomous thinking

one very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of sub-personalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "sub-personalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. the study showed that the physiological responses of sub-personalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:

differed from one another, but the sub-personalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not

a person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though a person had not received any therapy. that person was at LEAST likely to have been diagnosed with

dissociative amnesia

which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?

dissociative disorder

what conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?

dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia

an individual with which disorder would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories?

dissociative fugue

an individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. the dissociative disorder MOST likely is

dissociative identity

what is NOT a longtime stressor particularly common among those who attempt suicide?

divorce

in the united states, the highest depression rate is found in

divorced people

assume you have a friend who is a talented artist and has occasional short-term hypomania. what is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do?

do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity

feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called

doubling

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:

down the length of a neuron

Juan is an atheist, does what he wants, and is alienated from others. He feels life isn't worth living and kills himself. According to Emile Durkheim, he would be classified as an:

egoistic suicide

The experience of constant weeping would be considered a ________ symptom of depression

emotional

the part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the ___ system?

endocrine

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be:

endogenous depression

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:

endogenous depression

when answering the telephone of a suicide hotline, the first step for the counselor is to

establish a positive relationship

at a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Hello. I am interested in you as a person and am going to stay on the phone with you as long as you want, all night maybe." which goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this statement represent?

establishing a positive relationship

what's the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to post-traumatic stress disorder?

excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings

a person with post-traumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is

experiencing avoidance

a person with post-traumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is

experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt

an obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedures

exposure and response prevention

An abnormal psychology instructor asks in class, "What kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive compulsive related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies:

exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs

Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of:

external, specific, and unstable attribution

a person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST LIKELY to also have a

fear of leaving home

someone who is experiencing "doubling" is

feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her

at a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "will you promise me that you will call again if you ever feel like killing yourself again?" what does this question best represent?

formulating a plan

a person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing

free-floating anxiety

what factor doesn't contribute to the high suicide rate among the elderly?

geographical location

what's the BEST example of interpersonal role transition?

going away to college for the first time

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT: - neurotransmitter activity - ion activity - hormonal functioning - genetic factors

hormonal functioning

our expectations, values, and goals combine to form our

identity

what is the BEST example of the social contagion effect?

if you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater

ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs

immediately and is short-term

The current rating system for CD and music download lyrics was instituted:

in part to address people's concerns about links between listening to music and suicide attempts

GABA is related to

inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain

Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an:

interpersonal deficit

a person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of

interpersonal deficits

if your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life and how they might be changing or how your expectations might be difference from someone else's, your therapist would be using

interpersonal therapy

retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include

interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide

a person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he/she would like them to be is displaying

irrational assumptions

a couple has been married for almost 50 years, and then one of them dies. the probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide

is much higher than normal

behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior

is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety

what's true abut the research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression?

it nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60% of the cases

A friend of yours wants certain heavy metal songs banned because, your friend says, listening to them will encourage suicidal tendencies. Your best reply, based on research, would be:

it probably won't work; experts don't agree with you, and the courts have not found musicians liable

if a person were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, that person could expect that

it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the medication

I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. it took me several seconds to realize where i was, and i continued my run without incident. what i experienced was

jamais vu

compared to heart disease and cancer, suicide accounts for _ in the united states

less than 1/10 of the deaths

depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. this is the

life-stress theory

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001:

lived near NYC

combat veterans are likely to report symptoms of

localized amnesia

shawn experiences a mugging and robbery in which his dog is kidnapped. eventually the dog is found and returned. however, he is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. this is a classic example of

localized amnesia

which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is accurate?

long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression

what are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?

low - so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression

what statement BEST reflects the relationship between serotonin and suicide?

low levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity

cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by

maladaptive assumptions

in what way do adolescent suicides NOT differ from suicides at other age levels?

many experience significant loss before the suicide

A clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows diminishing of depressive symptoms. This person's risk of committing suicide:

may have increased, because the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse

which is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression?

men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

What kind of unipolar depression is behavioral treatment MOST effective in treating?

mild depression

A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?

mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders

"your worries? they are only thoughts. don't try to stop them, but recognize that they are thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." this statement MOST LIKELY would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

the cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them

misinterpret bodily sensations

"experiences of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear." the person who believes this espouses the ___ explanation of the development of phobias

modeling

if a person were afraid of dogs and his therapist treated him by interacting with dogs while he watched, he would be receiving

modeling

a person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. a therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. which behavioral technique did the therapist NOT use?

modeling [role play, feedback, reinforcement all play a role]

one of the sub-personalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector". how far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?

moderately far because a protector usually emerges before sub-personality integration

It is common that the majority of people who commit suicidal acts also have another psychological disorder. Which would be the MOST common disorder associated with suicidal attempts?

mood disorders

sally is never sure of the right thing to do. she married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. she is exhibiting

obsessive doubts

according to freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop

moral anxiety

Teenagers are different from people who are older than they are who commit suicide, because teenagers are?

more impulsive and poorer problem-solving skills

People with panic disorder experience body sensations:

more intensely than those without panic disorder

a personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become

more outgoing

what is the statement that provides the most persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?

most abused children don't develop the disorder

to receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display

motor immobility or excessive activity

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a:

mutually amnesic relationship

raymond had a dissociative identity disorder. all of his sub-personalities talk about and tattle on each other. this is called a

mutually cognizant pattern

cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's

negative interpretation of events

according to freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses - making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals - are at risk for developing

neurotic anxiety

according to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to

neutralize

A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. MOST likely, that person is experiencing:

no stress disorder

antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

Someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. You can be reasonably sure that this person's disorder is:

not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder

how strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?

not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies

in modeling, the client

observes the therapist confronting the feared object

a clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. according to the DSM-5, that category is now called:

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

a professor's office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on the desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor where there is only a narrow pathway to walk. if the professor is experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would mOST likely be in which category?

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

what's an accurate statement about the successes of suicide prevention programs?

of those who call, fewer commit than those who don't call who are in a similar risk group

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called what?

one-way amnesic relationship

A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a:

panic attack

every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. it seems to come on suddenly and randomly. her experience is an example of a(n)

panic disorder

an intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called

phobic disorder

A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress.

physical

a pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called:

post-traumatic stress disorder

dorian was only 10 miles away from mount st. helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. there was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. when rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. more than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. this description BEST fits a(n)

post-traumatic stress disorder

years after the u.s. civil war was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. today, their MOST likely diagnosis would be

post-traumatic stress disorder

almost every night, cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. the fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. this is an example of

post-traumatic stress reaction

a woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. these symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months. the woman is experiecning

postpartum depression

the people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in

poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old

apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. this observation supports the idea of

preparedness

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?

psychodynamic

which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?

psychodynamic

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced" is a:

psychodynamic clinician

free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by

psychodynamic therapists

a torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?

psycholgical

which occupation has a particularly high rate of suicide?

psychologists

agoraphobia is the fear of

public places

what's an accurate statement about the long-term effects of rape on women

rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health

which is NOT a biological treatment for generalized anxiety?

rational emotive therapy

if a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge his faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:

rational-emotive therapy

depersonalization _, while derealization _

refers to oneself; refers to the external world

according to freudian theory, depression results in part from

regression to the oral stage

the contingency management approach is an example of the application of _ to the treatment of depression

reinforcement

behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include

reinforcing non-depressed behavior

the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that

relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than non-relatives are

the first step in systematic desensitization treatment is

relaxation training

one of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is

religious affiliation and beliefs

reports indicate that if someone is a member of an "online community" and threatens to commit suicide online, the other members of the online community will

respond in many different ways, including urging the person to commit and contacting 911 services

what effect has the use of sodium amobarbital had in treating dissociative amnesia and fugue?

results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others

in his definition of suicide, edwin schneidman includes all factors EXCEPT that it

results from depression or emotional distress

interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address

role transitions in relationships

If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response?

ruminative

The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are most often characterized as:

sad and hopeless

an increase in which emotion is MOST often linked to suicide

sadness

in the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely misdiagnosed as

schizophrenia

what is proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

self-hypnosis

A teenager's hands and arms are covered with self-inflicted burns, and the teenager seems almost addicted to this destructive behavior. The self-inflicted burns would MOST likely be classified as:

self-injury, a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "sub-intentional death" classification

The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:

seligman

what is a physical symptom of depression?

sleeping poorly

jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. the MOST accurate diagnosis would be

social anxiety disorder

after marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay. her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. this situation probably contributed to marie's coping ability after the accident. how does this relate as a factor in her response to stress?

social support

One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?

sociocultural

there are several factors related to unipolar depression - reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. how do these factors relate to depression? the MOST recent research shows that

some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression

A person says, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. I don't know which to choose." Based on current research, the BEST answer would be.

some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse

according to martin seligman's theory, who would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness?

someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and than a controllable negative event

Laurent has 3 subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in what?

state-dependent learning

little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. the experience left her hurt and frightened. the next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). it frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. karen's fear of this dog is an example of

stimulus generalization

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:

stress response

a person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive

stress response

a client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. if that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced

switching

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active?

sympathetic nervous system

Sal is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has him go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:

systematic desensitization

t/f: each year about 12% of people in the united states suffer from a phobia

t

Assume that a recent local suicide attempt was clearly a case of modeling. The person who would MOST likely model another's suicide would be a(n):

teenager

what BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are?

teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts

in addition to failing to explain why some people who experience severe trauma do not develop dissociative disorders, behavioral theorists also have the MOST difficulty explaining how

temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder

recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression EXCEPT

the corpus callosum

what is an accurate statement about the relationship between religion and suicide?

the degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion

the DSM-5 has added pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. what has this been an ongoing controversy?

the diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of pre-menstrual syndrome

what statement accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

the hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal

while walking through a forest during a rainstor, 5 year old Samir was almost struck by lightning. today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. what is the conditioned stimulus in the example?

the trees

psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common

their lack of strong support from controlled studies

what are the 2 most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression?

theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness

what is an example of retrospective analysis?

therapists who had patients who committed suicide are interviewed to gain information on suicide

what is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?

therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists

if someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be correct (based on research) in saying that

there is little evidence that debriefing works

According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories?

they believe death will not end their existence

what is an accurate description of the symptoms of mania?

they don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others

what is the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?

those with dissociative fugue change where they live

when marianela was a young child and watching tv with her mother, a mouse ran by. her mother screamed, scaring her. subsequently, she has been afraid of mice. in this example, her mother's scream is the

unconditioned stimulus

What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?

unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss

what is NOT a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists?

underestimating how badly a social event went

if you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are

unusually happy

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is:

very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20's

at a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says "in my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen." this therapist's experience is

very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration

Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be:

very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression

a phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. this is an example of the ___ technique

virtual reality

what is a true statement regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home?

war vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as are similar nonveterans

When is couple therapy preferable to individual therapy?

when relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount

For teenagers, the highest suicide rates are found among:

white americans and american indians

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

women and men are equally likely to develop depression

what statement is nOT TRUE regarding gender and suicide?

women succeed at committing suicide more often than men

an example of a meta-worry

worrying about worrying

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be:

yes- although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does

if you had lost your sense of identity, what would MOST likely be disrupted?

your memory

"the therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" what is the BEST answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this?

your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called "flooding"