Abnormal test 2 (chapter 5-7)

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?

dissociative disorder

Of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories is:

dissociative fugue.

People with which dissociative disorder typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment?

dissociative identity disorder

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress.

emotional

A friend says, "I'm going to get some therapy to help reduce my headaches. What do you suggest?" Based on current research on the effectiveness of treatments for stress-related physical disorders, your BEST answer would be:

"a combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy works better than any therapy by itself"

If you were receiving the most effective medication for body dysmorphic disorder, you would be receiving a(n):

antidepressant medication.

The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to

bond with the primary personality

A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder. How would one decide which diagnosis is BEST?

by considering which symptoms predominated

The chief sources of data used to support the theories of psychodynamic and behavioral clinicians are:

case studies

if a friend of yours was suffering from hypertension, the BEST advice you could give from the following alternatives is to:

combine medicine with relaxation training

Combat veterans are MOST likely to report symptoms of

localized amnesia

The effect of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on a body experiencing stress is:

initially to stimulate the immune system, then to inhibit it.

Compared to white Americans and African Americans Hispanic Americans have

lower rates of high blood pressure and loser rates of high cholesterol

A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become:

more outgoing

research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT that:

phobias are always aquired through classical conditioning in humans.

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder

recent research suggests that stress interferes with human immune system functioning by:

slowing lymphocyte reproduction

which of the following BEST sums up the authors views of the latest trends in understanding disorders?

the line between enlightenment and over-enthusiasm is often thin.

A strong "feeling of knowing" is associated with which of the following?

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common:

their lack of strong support from controlled studies

One who suffers from dissociative identity disorder is MOST likely to be a:

woman who was physically abused as a child.

Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are:

female, or low-income individuals

Which of the following hypotheses used to explain dissociative disorders is shared by psychodynamic and behavioral theorists?

They serve to help someone escape something unpleasant.

according to DSM-5, the most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy is:

adjustment disorder

conversion disorder most often appear in:

adolescence

Depersonalization disorder is most common among those who are:

adolescents and young adults

the gland that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the:

adrenal gland

when was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell shock") first recognized?

after world war 1

The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is:

agoraphobia

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for:

all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs

calm people and reduce their inhibitions

Transient depersonalization and derealization

can be induced by a life-threatening experience

If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called:

conditions of worth

Albert had finally had enough of his inability to walk, and he went to a psychologist who told him there was nothing medically wrong with him. The therapist was using the treatment approach of:

confrontation

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:

continuous amnesia.

Ever since the auto accident, during which she was miraculously unhurt, Pat has not been the same. She forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the last few days. Pat's amnesia is termed:

continuous.

according to your text, meditation, hypnosis, and cognitive interventions are all useful in:

controlling pain

a 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. the physician finds no physcial basis for her symptoms. she appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. the diagnosis would be:

conversion disorder

a person experiencing blindness, paralysis, or loss of feeling, may also be said to be displaying:

conversion disorder

just before debuting at carnegie hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of her left hand. which of the following best describes her disorder?

conversion disorder

somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders in that:

conversion disorders usually last less time

the group of hormones that appear to be MOST involved in arousal and the fear reaction are the:

corticosteroids

a phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. this is an example of the _____ technique

covert

african americans rate all of the following more stressful than white americans do EXCEPT for:

death of a spouse

the MOST accurate of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies) is:

debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse.

People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing:

dissociative amnesia.

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is

dissociative identity

Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called:

doubling

GABA is related to:

doubling the speed of neuronal firing

which of the following is true about specific phobias?

each year about 9 percent of people in the united states suffer from a phobia

which of the following is a MAIN characteristic of an individual with Munchausen syndrome by proxy?

emotionally needy

freud believed that "hysterical" symptoms:

enabled people to avoid unpleasant activities

the part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system

endocrine

someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the ____ explination of the development of phobias

evnironmental

according to DSM-5 one must demonstrate which of the following set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder?

excessive worry for 3 months restlessness behavior changes distress

People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to:

experience another anxiety disorder, too

Imagine that you have a body dysmorphic disorder centered around your feet. Your therapist keeps reminding you of your ugly feet and makes you wear sandals. What sort of treatment is your therapist MOST likely using?

exposure and response prevention

if a physician believes that a patients disorder is due to hidden needs, repression, or reinforcement, then the patient may receive diagnosis of

factitious disorder

Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is

feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying

irrational assumptions

If i believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way i want them, I am displaying basic:

irrational assumptions

an individual develops somatic symptom disorder after a near-fatal car crash. the diagnosis:

is less likely to be somatization pattern than predominant pain pattern

When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a:

mutually cognizant pattern.

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be MOST correct (based on the research) in saying that:

there is little evidence that debriefing works

the relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder generally is that:

more women than men are diagnosed with both somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of the somatic symptom disorder

Sarah brings her young daughter into the emergency room with internal bleeding. The attending physician later concludes that Sarah caused the symptoms in her daughter intentionally, to bring her to a doctor's attention. If this assessment is true, Sarah would be diagnosed as having:

munchausen syndrome by proxy

It was convenient when Rowena awoke blind. She had been terrified about testifying in court and now she did not have to. This is an example of:

repression

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from

repression

Which of the following has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

self-hypnosis

some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. these varying reactions represent differences in:

state anxiety

which of the following is TRUE about factitious disorders?

those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness.

which of the following would lead you to suspect someone has a conversion disorder rather than is exhibiting medical symptoms?

uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand

At a workshop about multiple personality disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is

very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration

People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:

anxiety sensitivey

Luis and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Luis's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of:

anxiety sensitivity

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is:

at a different arousal level after the stress is over

Residents of Japan are more likely than residents of the United States to show higher rates of somatic complaints, MOST likely reflecting:

a Western bias that sees somatization as an inferior way to handle emotions.

Having a background in medicine, but also a grudge against the profession, puts a person at risk for:

a factitious disorder

if a chronically ill child was removed from home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent(usually the mother) was experiencing

a factitious disorder

How do phobias and common fear differ?

a phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object

the first time the patient reported vague chest pains to 911, local EMTs responded with obvious attention and concern. over the next several months, the patient called 911 more and more often, receiving the same concerned care for the same symptoms. this pattern of patient response is MOST easily explained by which theoretical perspective?

behavioral

which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?

behavioral

a man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. the doctor who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication, and liked being a patient. the man is MOST likely:

experiencing a factitious disorder

a person with post traumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is:

experiencing avoidance

A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing:

exposure therapy

Munchausen syndrome is a:

factitious disorder

a woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. you think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to appear sick, which fills some psychological need. you would diagnose:

factitious disorder

which of the following is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?

feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities

Dissociative fugues usually:

follow a stressful event.

which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants, such as xanax, to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate?

for the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symtoms are lessened.

A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:

free-floating anxiety

In the treatment of dissociative amnesia, sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work by

freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events

Just after doing well in an intramural basketball game—something which left me very happy, and in a high state of excitement—I sat down and studied for my abnormal psychology test. Research shows I would perform best on that test if, at the time of the test, I was

happy and excited

In the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder

has increased

All of the following are true about hypnosis, EXCEPT

hypnosis involves a sleep-like state

the generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is:

lymphocytes

An individual who has been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely first seek:

medical help

The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to

merge the subpersonalities into a single identity

A client receiving treatment for identity disorder is progressing well through therapy; then, fusion occurs. MOST likely, the client has

merged the final two or more subpersonalities

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?

moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration

according to freud, children who are severely and repeatedly punished for expressing their id impulses may develop:

moral anxiety

one study showed that playing with a Game Boy prior to surgery was ________ in relaxing young patients.

more effective than antianxiety drugs

the white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called:

natural killer T-cells

a person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. MOST likely, that person is experiencing:

no stress disorder

Investigators have shown that traumatic events are related to abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter:

norepinephrine

which of the following people is experiencing the MOST stress as measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

one whose spouse has just died

In a case of multiple personality, "Pat" is aware of the existence of "Jerry" and "Chris," but "Jerry" and "Chris" are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called

one-way amnesic

Juanita has multiple personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a:

one-way amnesic relationship

surveys suggest that about what percent of female rape victims in the united states are teenagers or younger?

over 70 percent

Psychodynamic therapy may be particularly effective in the treatment of dissociative disorders because:

psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories

relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of:

psychological treatments for physical illnesses.

based on the research to date, a cancer patient has the BEST shot at overcoming the disease by:

raging against the unfairness of this happening in the first place

the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by albert ellis is called:

rational-emotive therapy

Imagine someone gets hit in the nose by a batted ball. The latest research suggests that swearing will:

reduce pain

Depersonalization ________, while derealization _______

refers to oneself; refers to the external world

which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today?

relaxation therapy

which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth?

rogers' client-centered therapy

In the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely "misdiagnosed" as:

schizophrenia

If a man's behavior elicited kindness and sympathy from his wife when he was mute, he would be receiving _____ gains from his behavior.

secondary

A child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse, and insensitive to the physical abuse, as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation of this behavior is:

self-hypnosis

a person diagnosed with sleep apnea is MOST likely to be someone who

snores, and is overweight

which of the following is BEST supported by current research?

social support seems to aid recovery in cancer patients

A client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced:

switching.

What characteristic is MOST common to both self-hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder?

the ability to escape threatening events

which statement BEST reflects our understanding of hysterical disorders?

the causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood, with no theory predominant in aiding understanding

while walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year old samir was almost struck by lightening. today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees, what is the conditioned stimulus in the example?

the trees

The MAIN criticism of the behavioral and psychodynamic explanations for the maintenance of hysterical disorders is that:

they can't explain how the gains can outweigh the pain of the disorder.

An example of evidence for psychophysiological disorders is that:

ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and chronic headaches probably have physical and psychological

If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are

unusually happy

A therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the client's body is less than perfect, while not allowing the client to seek medical attention. MOST likely, the therapist's viewpoint is:

behavioral, and the therapy is called exposure and response prevention.

Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat sensitive device on her fingers. She simply tries to make the dial go up. This is a form of

biofeedback training

imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and you rheart to beat rapidly. you would have been given a(n):

biological challenge test

narcolepsy is a

biological disorder often triggered by strong emotions

which of the following is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder?

both drug treatments and go

Jason has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others, but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as

co-conscious

disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include:

conversion disorders

what percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in rothbaum, et al (1992) study?

94 percent

A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for all dissociative disorders except

A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, and dissociative amnesia

what type of drug is alprazolam (XANAX)?

Benzodiazepine

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder?

Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress, or pain

A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give based on current research?

"probably- about 2/3rds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement"

a friend says "if we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of poasttraumatic stress disorder." of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be:

"yes-although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

one limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:

why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety

conversion disorders are more common in:

women than men

of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is:

worrying serves

if you have a high level of cytokines, we know that:

you are a greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.

If you had lost your sense of identity, which of the following would MOST likely be disrupted?

your memory

Based on evidence from case studies, the BEST advice you could give someone who is experiencing a conversion disorder about seeking treatment is:

"Approaches using suggestion, reinforcement, and confrontation are often used."

If you were a therapist with a behavioral view, which of the following questions would you be MOST likely to ask someone you suspected might have a somatic symptom disorder?

"Has any friend of yours had similar symptoms recently?"

a friend says, "I feel like I'm stressed out and sick all the time. What kind of person is least likely to have an immune system messed up like mine?" your BEST answer is:

"an optimist who is highly spiritual"

which of the following statements about rape is MOST accurate?

Most rape victims are young

Our expectations, values, and goals combine to form our:

identitiy

When I took abnormal psychology as an undergraduate, I was convinced I had symptoms of many of the earlier disorders we covered. As soon as we moved on to new disorders, though, I was convinced I had some of their symptoms, as well. My experiences were similar to those of some people with a form of illness anxiety disorder sometimes called:

"medical student's disease."

About what proportion of the U.S. population experience insomnia in a given year?

1/4

what proportion of women are the victims of rape at some point during their lives?

1/6

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of multiple personality in women is about

15, and is lower for men

a woman has close female relatives diagnosed with a somatization pattern of somatic symptom disorder. according to research, her probability of being diagnosed with the same disorder is about:

20 percent

in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a person who today is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely have been diagnosed with:

Briquet's syndrome

How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities?

Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns

What conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?

Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.

Of the following statements, which is the one providing the most persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?

Most abused children don't develop the disorder

What effect has the use of sodium amobarbital had in treating dissociative amnesia and fugue?

Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others

A cognitive theorist would be MOST likely to say which of the following about hysterical disorders?

The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions.

A person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching." Which of the following MOST likely has happened?

The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

Of the following alternatives, which is best for differentiating dissociative amnesia from dissociative fugue?

Those with dissociative fugue change where they live

what do we know about the inheritance of PTSD?

Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

someone who has munchausen syndrome, also by definition, has:

a factitious disorder

To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years?

a growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder

If a therapist believed that a person was displaying conversion disorder symptoms because the symptoms helped the person avoid unpleasant situations, you would think that the therapist was:

a psychoanalyst or a behaviorist

An individual who had suffered from dissociative fugue likely would have experienced all of the following EXCEPT:

a recurrence of the problem months or years later.

Just before 8 A.M. (when my first class meets), my young daughter did something that annoyed me as I was about to leave home for the short drive to campus. "Katie," I said, "what do I always say at a time like this?" She looked at the clock, and then said to me, "What you say is, 'Where are my keys?'" My daughter was apparently familiar with my

absentmindedness

A visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information is called:

an eidetic image

a friend of your has been diagnosed as having a high risk for coronary heart disease. high risk is MOST likely due to:

an interaction of psychosocial and physiological factors

a combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder would be likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT:

antipsychotic medication

according to cognitive theorists, people experiencing anxiety sensitivity

are unable to assess bodily sesnations accurately

"An abused child's thoughts occasionally drift to other, less anxiety-arousing, topics; this anxiety reduction thus serves to strengthen 'other' thoughts, while weakening the thoughts about abuse." A psychologist with which theoretical background would be most likely to offer this quotation as an explanation for the development of dissociative disorders?

behavioral

"It seems to me that people with illness anxiety disorder simply model what they see others doing." A person with which theoretical view would be MOST likely to say this?

behavioral

Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not do. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms.

behavioral

"it's obvious that the patient observed friends who had symptoms of illness, then imitated those symptoms to get attention," says the therapist. MOST likely, the therapist has which theoretical perspective?

behavoiral

In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports:

both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory

When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:

classical conditioning

Increasingly concerned about my minor heartbeat irregularities, I think that my health is being threatened, and more and more often I misinterpret my body's normal signals. Which viewpoint BEST explains my experiences?

cognitive

in the face of fear, a person in unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. this person is showing which of the following fear responses?

cognitive

which of the following therapies is an effective long-term, nonpharmacologial treatment for panic atteck that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?

cognitive

people who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get through it by focusing on the end of the pain, and by remembering that they have gotten through it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies?

cognitive intervention

An emphasis on beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went is characteristic of:

cognitive therapists

That people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the:

cognitive view

imagine that someone yells "fire!" in a crowded theater, and ausience members begin to try to leave the building. some panic and begin pusching their way blindly through other poeple to an exit. this form of panic is:

common, and similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience.

according to freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when:

defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety

If a person's mental functioning or body feels unreal or foreign, the person is MOST likely suffering from

depersonalization

The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to

depersonalization

An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of previous life events, and has a strong sense of self. The MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is:

depersonalization disorder.

When a person feels that the external world is removed, mechanical, distorted, or even "dead," he or she is experiencing:

derealization

One very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "subpersonalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. The study showed that the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:

differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did no

which of the following convinces researchers that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder?

differences in the brain circutry in the two disorders

Research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder has revealed that:

different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns

A person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though the person had not received any therapy. That person was LEAST likely to have been diagnosed with:

dissociative amnesia

Gwendolyn is held up at knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. Eventually, her son is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of:

generalized amnesia.

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." this explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by:

humanistic

A person experiencing multiple personalities would MOST accurately be diagnosed with dissociative:

identity disorder

Which of the following is not an example of memory recovery techniques used by therapists?

imagining the event

generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common:

in african americans than in white americans

rene descartes mind-body dualism is:

inconsistent with modern views of the relationship between the mind and bodily illnesses

which of the following is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?

increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

These days, many people experience disasters secondhand through the media. For example, online and TV sources recently aired graphic coverage of severe earthquakes, which killed hundreds and made thousands homeless in Turkey. Studies show that watching coverage of disasters:

increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders

which of the following is an example of malingering?

intentionally faking a back problem to avoid military service

dissociative disorders:

involve major changes in memory.

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying

irrational assumptions

I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. It took me several seconds to realize where I was, and I continued my run without incident. What I experienced was:

jamais vu

disadvantages of taking benzodiazepines include all of the following EXCEPT:

lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity

A person diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder receives treatment based upon exposure and response prevention. The person could reasonably expect to experience:

less concern about physical defects, and less avoidance of social interactions.

about what percentage of american men experience a somatic symptom disorder in a given year?

less than 1 percent

according to "intolerance of uncertainty theory" those with generalized anxiety disorder are:

likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur

After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?

localized

Mary Ann experiences a mugging and robbery in which her poodle is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of:

localized amnesia.

which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

long-term anxiety is related to poor GABA reception

cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by

maladaptive assumptions

a patient who treats severe pain by meditating, paying attention to her thoughts and sensations, but remaining nonjudgmental is engaging in:

mindfulness meditation

"your worries? they're only thoughts. dont try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

the cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:

misinterpret bodily sensations

Alexis has multiple personality disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a:

mutually amnesic relationship

Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a:

mutually cognizant pattern

according to freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses-- making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals-- are at risk for developing:

neurotic anxiety

A person, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. The person's memory of the crime, and of other earlier events, is intact. Most likely this is a case of:

no mental disorder

the reduction in activity of the immune system when a person is under stress is related to the activity of the neurotransmitter:

norepinephrine

How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?

not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies

According to DSM-5, body dysmorphic disorder is MOST closely related to which other psychological disorder?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The best example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in their vital statistics occurs when

one personality is a woman and another is a man

antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating

panic disorders

For me, crossing a bridge is terrifying. If you hardly notice crossing a bridge, we differ in:

physiological anxiety

recent research shows that high levels of anxiety and other emotional problems among those living in poverty may be caused by.

physiological changes resulting from stress

The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in:

poverty, and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old

a woman who is particularly threatened by any display of anger becomes unable to speak when she is most angry with her husband, thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness. according to psychodynamic theorists, she is achieving _____from her illness.

primary gain

according to the psychodynamic view, conversion disorder symptoms function to keep unacceptable thoughts and conflicts out of consciousness. this is called:

primary gain

Behavioral therapists treating a conversion disorder would be MOST likely to focus on:

reducing the rewards available for displaying the disorder.

A therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called:

reinforcement

"who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." this complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder

socicocultural

A patient had several surgeries over the years for vague and nonspecific sexual reproductive problems, visiting many of the top hospitals in the East during the course of treatment. The BEST diagnosis for this disorder is:

somatic symptom disorder

If you looked in Jeanette's medicine cabinet, you would find dozens of prescriptions and even more over-the-counter medications. Every time she sneezes, Jeanette is sure she has the latest deadly flu, although no physician has ever found anything wrong with her. Jeanette probably suffers from:

somatic symptom disorder

a patient with a heart condition complained of adhesions from his postoperative scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. he seemed to be hurting all over, but no medical reason could be found to explain the symptoms. the BEST diagnosis for this disorder is:

somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern)

a woman has experienced a wide range of vague but disturbing physical symptoms over a period of several years. doctors cannot find a cause for the problems; medically, the woman appears normal. based on this information, the BEST diagnosis would be:

somatic symptom disorder (somatization)

If a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would likely be:

somatization disorder

Madeline appeared at the clinic complaining of pain in her knee, shoulder, and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and exhaustion. The patient history revealed that she had been going to clinics for years trying to get treatment for these complaints and a host of other physical symptoms. The diagnostic consensus was that Madeline suffered from:

somatization disorder

abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are:

somatoform disorders

Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on

state-dependent learning

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in

state-dependent learning

Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane. It frightened her even thought she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karens dear of this dog is an example of

stimulus generalization

according to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of:

stimulus generalization

Poor health is BEST described as a:

stressor

If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I:

survive a bad car accident

I have just arrived in a city where I know no one, and English is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body and I am actually observing myself do things. What I am experiencing is:

temporary depersonalization

In addition to failing to explain why some people who experience severe trauma do not develop dissociative disorders, behavioral theorists also have the MOST difficulty explaining how

temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of:

the child of the person experiencing it

which of the following is likely to be useful in distinguishing conversion or somatic symptom disorders from true medical problems?

the failure of a condition to develop as expected

which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

the hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal

which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?

the psychodynamic approach

Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines quit, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown free 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, although severely injured. She had landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:

the severity of the trauma