Aboriginal Peoples

what were the 2 huge effects of contact on plateau people

- disease occured many times before contact by being brought by infected native traders - loss of 90% of land

what can be said for the contact period in the plateau

- first contacted in 1805 by american expedition - both british and american fur trading posts were set up, americans abandoned them during way and british took control with hudson's bay company - missoniares arrived and were met with some violence and some not (not liked either way) - oregan trail opened and many new immigrants arrived - US took control of oregan (south pleatau) and tried to civilize indians via reservations but then broke up many of these when gold was found

what were the main traits of political organization in the plateau (3)

- not complex, primary unit was the village or tribe with a headman as the main political leader. Usually male (sometimes female) but their closest advisor were their wives who had major respect · each village had a council where everyone could voice concerns · pacifism was a trait - not much war

what can be said about the early holocene of the northwest coast

...

of all the SW groups which are one of the most well researched groups

Hopi

what is the specific example for the Northwest coast?

Kwakwaka'wakw

what is the case example of the plateau

Nimiipuu (Nez Perce)

what can be said for the preshistory of the plateau (1)(3)

PaleoIndian · little evidence of it due to flooding (end of pleistocene) and volcano activity (holocene) during or after the period - however, there is some burial sites and evidence that has been radio carboned which suggests that there were distinct populations at that time Archiac · Early archiac - small mobile groups doing substince hunting · Middle archaic - cooling · Late archiac - continued cooling and shift from broad hunter-gatheres to large social units that stored food with eventually semisubterranean structures - living on salmon, roots, and large mammals - between north and south and eastern plateau obtained horses

what can be said about the prehistory of the Great Basin People (2)(4)

Paleoindian (12,000-10,000) · earliest remains found on shores of pleistocene lakes. Simplified but believed to be mobile, few in number, and specialists in hunting large game · end of pleistonce climate changed to become warmer and drier and many of the lakes dried up Archiac (10,000-contact) · once lakes were gone, animals left and life became more difficult. Idea that culture remained static through "desert culture" concept but this was clearly wrong as much adaption occurred so now known as "desert archaic" Early -either adapt or abandon due to hot climate, people who stayed remained hunter-gathers Middle - climate become cooler and wetter, some lakes and returned animals, easier to live Late - much warmer and drier - bow and arrow introduced allowing for increased hunting efficiency. Also believed that Numic language had spread throughout the basin causing one uniform language. Where some farming groups known as Fremont that popped up but they disappeared

What two groups of people is the SW usually divided into? What were the common traits

Pueblo, settled in permanent towns similar to Europeans, and non-Pueble groups, also settled farmers who lived along Gila River in Arizona and the Colorado river in California

are the Great Basin People defined by agriculture or hunting and gathering

almost exclusively hunting and gathering

what was a defining criterion of the SW

farming, virtually all groups employed some type of farming

who was one of the famous anthropologists who studied the great basin peoples

julian steward

did the Great Basin People come into contact with Europeans relatively early or late

late

where the Nimiipuu today

live on 2 reservations in US

what geographic area specifically do the Great Basin People populate

much of the Western US

what are the main geographical features of the plateau

north -dominated by evergreen forests and moutons, summers warm and winters really cold mountains on either side (coast and rockies) have substantial rainfall but interior does not ·south - not quite as mountainous, winters cold summers hot, limited rainfall due to rainshadow effect. Mostly covered by grasslands

where is the plateau area defined geographically

north-central portion of the western north america

what is the primary resource that defines the Great Basin People

pinyon nut

for many plateau groups what was the most essential animal

salmon

what does the Southwest region comprise in the text

southwestern US and northern Mexico

what can be said about the paleoindian period of the northwest coast

sparse evidence because sea levels were lower and those most sites would now be underwater

what is common, and wrong, stereotype about the Great Basin People

that they had a meagre existence in a harsh land

who are the case study example for the great basin peoples

the owens valley paiute

describe the natural environment of the owens valley paiute (4)

· 3 major and distinct environmental zones; western side of valley contains forests and streams · owen river flows through the south and formed marshes · moutains form the western edge of valley, include pinyon trees and juniper · many animals (antelope, deer, rabbits) some fish, and important insects

· what are the broad groups in the non-pueblo groups of SW (3)

· Apachean groups, farmers and hunter-gatherers of sonoran desert and farmers of northern mexico · apachean people moved into the SW from the north (subartic maybe) and were hunter-gatherers organized into small bands and encounted the spanish who were moving into SW from south at about the same time. Warfare and raiding was part of their economy · groups in Sonoran desert included sedentary farmers who grew corn and had relatively large population, had flood irrigtion and were always at war. Then there were other smaller groups of hunter-gathers and farmers

what are the 4 major geographic zones of the SW

· Colorado pleateu (contains deep canyons, some mountains) · Sonoran desert · several mountain ranges · many rivers draining into

what can be said for the archiac period in the plateau - what conflicts arose, what was obtained

· Early archiac - small mobile groups doing substince hunting · Middle archaic - cooling · Late archiac - continued cooling and shift from broad hunter-gatheres to large social units that stored food with eventually semisubterranean structures - living on salmon, roots, and large mammals - between north and south and eastern plateau obtained horses

what language do the Hopi speak

· Hopi language

what language do the owens valley paiute speak

· Mono language, one of the two dialects of the Numic language family, argued to be older than the other branch because Mono has more diversity

discuss the main traits of the prehistory of the SW (5)

· Paleoindian - various sites, most famous being Clovis which shows direct evidence of hunting of large game · Archiac - not much known about pre-agricultural times, transition from hinting and gathering to farming is known as Basketmaker I · 4 cultures emerged based on events such as climate change, spanish invasion from south and apachean invasion from north. In Puebloan groups you see the basketmaking stages where they live in small gatherings of pit houses and climate is not conducive to agriculture which slowly shifts to Puebloan where climate conditions improved, population and village size increased to any eventually very large and complex society. · see formation of Chaco phenomeon which was great planned settlements varying in sizes of pluebos, extensive roads, towns, act. · Mogollon also adopted Puebloan style residence, Hohokams as well with a large-scale irrigation system being set up.

describe broad traits of the Pueblo groups (3)

· Pueblo meaning sedentary farmers living in permanent villages · there are the West pueblo and the east - people in west have matrilineal clans, residence, and important on women. They had multi story, apartment complexes, kivas round or rectangular · East had bilateral kin, loose clans moreso based on moiety, greater emphasis on hunting and warfare, less emphasis on katsina cult. Towns tended to be spread out and loosely organzied around a central place, houses single story from adobe bricks, kivas rectangular

what are the main characteristics of the nimiipuu (4)

· acquired horses before contact and had contact with plains so europeans associated them with the planes - first contact with american expedition · worked with both british and americans in fur trade but when it came under US control missionizing and force pushed them into reservation · given a large reservation but gold was found so forced to accept new treaty. Later gov't tried to correct their reservation boundaries but made an error which eventually lead to Nez Perce War. Eventually surrendered · under Dawes act huge amount of land taken away again

describe broad economical organization of Pueblo groups (3)

· all pueblos relied heavily on agirculture with corn being the most important crop also had domesticated dogs and turkeys · arrangements for planinting began in late winter, planing occurring after the finl frost in may · wild resources formed small component of diet mostly medicinal and animals were eaten as well, birds, rabbits, bison sometimes

what is the natural environment of the Kwakwaka'wakw (2)

· along the coast of BC, mountainous range, included Vancouver island · main biotic communities are the forest and the sea which was the main source of food, avenue of travel, and foundation of identity

what is the basis of the environment and geography of the northwest coast (4)

· along the pacific ocean along the northwest coast the whole time. · ocean environment was critical, but fluctuation of ocean tides affected the timing of travel and collection of coastal resources · coast is all wooded and high coastal mountain exist too · most critical resource is salmon

describe broad social organization traits of Pueblo groups (2)

· among the West clans were central to organization and they were matrilineal meaning women held more power · in east, kinship and inheritance was bilateral, nuclear and extended families formed the main political unit. There was so much agricultural work to do that non-kin organizations were more important

what are 3 main traits seen in the ethnography of the great basin peoples

· are highly mobile, band level hunter gatherers · small populations · linguistic uniformity

what can be said about the art and recreation of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· art was spectacular, usually depicting clan histories - not real use of totem pole · music was extensive, usually for ceremonies where people sang and dance · had over 40 games, canoe races popular

what is one of origin stories of the owens valley paiute

· belief that a Coyoto figure successfully has sex with a women trying to kill him. Have many children which are put in jug and he is not supposed to open until he gets home. Opens it and everyone gets out (peoples the world) except one child who does manage to get to his home and becomes the owens valley paiute

what can be said about the religion and medicine of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· belief that every being has an equal spirit and ceremonies involved interacting with these spirits · 2 seasons existed secular summer where no ceremonies except the first salmon run were celebrated and winter were spiritual ceremonies occurred often - including cedar bark dance, cannibal society, war dance · shamans were ranked by 3 levels of power, those who could cause, diagnose and cure illness, those who could only diagnose and cure, and those who had been treated by a shaman and had residual power

what is the basis of the religion and medicine of the nimiipuu (3)

· belief that everything was connected and that power flowed through it, control power with aid of guardian spirit who was acquired in vision quest · ceremonies held for beginning of harvest of salmon and camas, winter has guardian spirit dance, also war and scalp dance · shamans (men or women) controlled evil and healed the sick

·describe briefly the Hopi cosmology (2)

· belief that sun-father impregnated mother earth and that she gave birth to all living things that lived in Underworld. Eventually became to crowded so people lead up through small hole in ceiling (sipapu) to the second world, leaving as many bad things behind as possible. · this continued through the third world and eventually 4th world when 2 beautiful women were transformed into the physical features of the earth and many specific deities were created to maintain it - eventually people lead up to 4th world. Bear Clan arrived first

describe the religion and medicine of the owens valley paiute (3)

· believed in various spirits, coyote usually seen as being stupid, Wolf as good · held several ceremonies, called fandangos after contact, such as Round Dance, pine nut festival, or annual mourning ceremony known as the Cry · two types of shamans which could be male or female, not inherited position, people just became them. - first one was a "herb doctor" who gained skills through instruction and practices - second one was a spirt doctor who gained skills through dream, did not help out at communal hunts like other great basin shamans, could be killed for witchcraft

describe the contact period of the southwest (4)

· contact first made with spanish, eventually settlements were set up in Pueblo country and when resistence was encourted Onate killed everyone who resisted. Stopped resistance for a while and there was the introduction of many important new crops and domesticated animals. · Pueblo revolt occurs and beats the spanish but later spanish reconquest occurs but Pueblo people move much of their culture underground so it remains intact · missionizing occuring but eventually spanish power fell and Navajo and Apache cultures came to expand and raid Pueblo and spanish settlements. When area came under US jurisdiction this expanding just conditioned. US eventually waged war against the Navajo defeating them and imprisioning them until they were settled on Navajo reservation · Apache also defeated and moved around to various reservations

what is the basis of the life cycle of the nimiipuu (4)

· desired many children · women seperated with just women during birth · nicknames given to child until after puberty (completion of vision quest) where they got their official one · young woman isolated at first menses and can be married after that - marriage usually of same class but exogamous to village or even tribe (exchange of gifts, rich have more than one wife). Lived with husband's family · dead body dressed in finest clothes and buried with fave possessions, house and possessions sometimes burned

what can be said about the economics of the Kwakwaka'wakw (2)

· did not practice any agriculture, only domestic animal was dog, fish was most important resource · fishing of salmon was key, but other fish as well. Also hunted other sea mammals such as seals and sea lion. Less dependent on terrestrial animals although hunted some, collected and lived off many plant species. Almost all food collecting done in summer, fall

what can be said about the cosmological beliefs of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· didn't have to do with creation of earth but rather of clans from a state of hunger and immortality to the current day. Transformer was believed to be the one responsible for changing any supernatural being, animal, fish, bird etc., into a human and when this happened they took the form of a clan

what were the main traits of social organization in the plateau (5)

· extended family main social unit, kinship was bilateral · division of labour was by sex and age however women enjoyed general equality with men but low prestige, slaves occupied bottom · vision-quest to obtain spirit helper (usually by boys) occurred at puberty. First menses meant females could be married - women thought to be dangerous during all menses and kept in menstrual huts · first marriages were arranged by gparents (large role) or parents - consisted of exchange of gifts but any other marriages simply just meant moving in. divorce was simple, marriage was usually exogamous to create many village alliances · dead usually buired, mourners cut hair short and were expected to mourn for a year before marriage

what is the basis of the social organization of the nimiipuu (5)

· extended family with each family falling into a class of wealthy, middle class, or slave (determined by heredity and social position) · bilateral kinship, informal with g-parent, formal with parents, siblings and cousin same things · labour divided by sex · two-spirits present · sweat house centre of social activity

what was basic economic organization of the non-pueblo groups of SW (2)

· farming of corn, squash and beans were most important, some groups had flood irrigation - all groups grew some crops but amount depended on amount of hunter-gathering. · large game animals were important but most meat came from from small animals, fish important in some areas

what can be said about the of the Kwakwaka'wakw today (3)

· few roads built in their territory so most travel by boat or seaplane · basic political unit is still town, now with elected council. Potlatching has revived in many places since ban yet frequency and scale has declined with the population. · many are christian now but some winter ceremonies still held · main employers are fishing and logging, with logging not that popular as Kwakwaka'wakw consider themselves people of the sea

what can be said about the history of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· first contact was with british trade ship, also visited by americans and spanish. Had heard about trading so were eager to trade sea otter pelts for metal and other tools · Trade was good with British then Fort Rupert was established on Kwakwaka'wakw land and many cultures began to move their towns around it. Eventually fell into conflict with the british when they wanted to gain more control of the region and forced some groups into reserves and failed to recognize others · began heavily involved with commerical fishing industry and thus suffered when it declined. Also dealt with large population losses because of european disease

what are the main traits of the religious beliefs of the great basin groups (4)

· focused on subsistence with few ceremonies and emphasize on individual power from spirit helper in dream. Some belief in an overall figure known as "our father", animals and areas also seen as having spirits · major ceremony of round dance usually to signal pinyon harvest · involved in religious movements such as ghost dance, Native American Church · shamans usually could cure illness, control weather and animals. Usually makes · death often attributed to shaman or evil forces, belief in ghost and need to bury body to ensure ghosts dont remain. Soul seen as going to milky way or underground passage

what is the basis of the political relations of the nimiipuu (4)

· formed many independent bands made up a few permanent villages around major rivers for fishing · each village had a headman and bands had a camp chief, a war chief, and usually a council (women not allowed to talk) · peaceful to plateau neighbours and worked together but enemies to the north and US - skilled at war * wound in back dishonourable

what was basic social organization of the non-pueblo groups of SW (2)

· full time farmers usually had extended families and exogamous patrinlineal clans whereas hunter-gatheres had nuclear families as important unit with patrilienal decent. · All Apachen, however, were matrilineal clans and matrilocal

what was the main impact of european contact on great basin peoples (3)

· greatest impact was loss or destruction of habit by ranching communities where eventually most native people were forced to be employed by and with little resources left and little money they often had to steal food · damming in rivers also proved to be a huge problem and caused the destruction of many river ecosystems · disease was at first not a huge problem to the dispersed nature but as groups become forced on reservations, into towns etc, came to have significant effects

describe briefly the Hopi history (4)

· have occupied the land for at least 1500 years, eventually contacted by Spanish who came to take over several towns and set up Catholic missions but these had little impact because Spanish did remain to enforce the missionary. · Hopi participated in Pueblo revolt, however were also reconquered but again lack of Spanish presence meant they had difficult maintaining control - some conflict broke out among the Hopi when some converted to Christianity · once turned over to Mexico, Mexico also never established a full presence · US then took over, weren't awful but disease killed many. Federal gov't eventually created a large reservation and Navajo families began to move onto it without permission creating Hopi-Navajo tension · Hopi tribal gov't later formed, although not everyone recognized it at first

describe broad political organization of Pueblo groups (2)

· highly attached to social organization and religion, there were secular chiefs to do routine things but in reality religious leaders made all the decisions · war was practiced in all groups for defensive

what were the main traits of economic organization in the plateau (4)

· highly mobile and practiced seasonal migration - with large permant villages surviving off stored food in winter and smaller mobile groups hunting and gathering in the spring-through fall. In the summer, communal salmon fishing was very important · hunting of large game such as deer, elk, etc were important and some smaller game kept as pets · plant roots were very important, mostly camas · trade with northwest coast also extensive with slaves and horses being main objects of fade

what are some of the art and recreation of the nimiipuu

· horse racing with wagers · number of social dances · oral tradition importance

what are the main traits of the material culture and technology of the great basin groups (4)

· houses took various forms depending on season and location - could be shades and windbreaks in summer, caves, of dome shaped houses of reed. Some villages with semipermanent houses · people wore little clothing, travel by foot and later horse · technology importances were wood and fibre, basketry important not so much pottery · primary weapons were bow and arrow and thrursting spear

what is the basis of the economics of the nimiipuu (5)

· hunter/gatherers who utilized large array of plants and animals · meat often eaten fresh, fish particularly important (salmon) and fishing at communal traps overseen by experts and cleaned by women · used a lot of plants - camas · used barter system to trade - largest export was horses usually trained · followed seasonal round, stay in permanent villages in winter and leave in spring to hunt and return to main villages in late summer to salmon fish

outline contact with the great basin peoples (4)

· in general contact was later with Europeans than other groups - first contact with spanish · believed to be largely impassable until immigrant path from oregon to california created after this some european settlements came to exits which eventually lead to almost all the traditional lands being taken by American ranchers · little conflict ensued usually because aboriginal peoples were too small · number of formal treaties were eventually set up and natives moved to reserveration, rarely given what they were promised however

what can be said about the geography and environment of the Great Basin People (3)

· it is highly variable containing two major deserts, and numerous small mountain ranges, valleys and forests. · Usually hot in the summer and cold in the winter, variable rainfall depending · deer, mountain sheep, antelope and bison as well as smaller game.

what is known about european impact in the SW

· left both biological and cultural mark, disease wiped out a lot of Pueblo peoples, less known about effect of disease on non-Pueblo people

main traits of plateau region TODAY (3)

· live in reserves, social problems there, most people now involved with logging, tourism, gaming and recreation · major issue facing them is fishing rights - guaranteed by treaty but ignored. Dam construction is destroying and limiting many old fishing places · native languages often replaced by english and many now Christian or contemporary native religion which incorporates both beliefs

what can be said about the material culture of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· lived in large multifamily plank houses, directed from outside to depict clan · travel mostly by canoe, several kinds existed including the war canoe · wore little clothing, both men and women had nose, ear, and lips pierced - also often wore face paint · no pottery

what is the basis of the material culture of the nimiipuu (4)

· lived in permeant villages with substantial, semisubterranean and villages made up of these sweat house and menstrual house, tipis used when traveling · all transportation on foot before introduction of horses, also canoe · clothing made from deer skin · bow and arrow major weapon in hunting and war

describe the natural environment of the Hopi (2)

· located on the Colorado Plateau · 3 major environmental zones: desert environment, many agricultural fields with also sufficient grass to graze livestock, and remainder in higher elevations of Black Mesa which contains piyon and juniper

what are some traits of the great basin peoples today

· many live on reservations, even though some assistance was given to groups that established formal tribal gov'ts in the '50s most groups remained uneducated and dependent on wage labour · after 60s economic situation got somewhat better with more support from gov't but economic situation still poor compared to others around them and social problems · important matters unresolved are around land rights and honouring treaties, hunting and water rights. Grazing (whereby aboriginals are charged to graze livestock on their own land) and deforestation for american grazing is a problem as well

describe the owens valley paiute today (4)

· many people were forced to move to california after water issues but there are 4 reservations each with their own council, but all affiliated with one overarching band. · striving to maintain culture and language, museum, culture centre, and continue to collect pine nuts and caterpillars, forest service no longer sprays

what is the basis of the cosmological beliefs of the nimiipuu (4)

· monster that eats everyone, coyote trying to defend him gets inhaled and cuts him up from inside out to create surrounding tribes and uses his blood to create nimiipuu

what is the state of the non-pueblo groups of SW today

· most groups survived but some destroyed by disease, intertribal warfare or conquest · almost all groups live on reservation, Navajo being the largest one but some groups were confused with others · in Mexico groups still live in traditional homelands and not on reserves and thus have little protection and much of their culture is being assimilated. Most are subsistence farmers with few opportunities

what are the main traits of the economic organization of the great basin groups (3)

· most important resource to the group was plants - specifically pinyon nuts. Collected both from brown cones and green cones depending on supply women did most of work · many other plants and grasses of high importance · animals including antelope (sometimes communal hunt), rabbits and hares, insects, waterfowl, and a number of fish species

describe material culture of Pueblo groups (3)

· most tools made from stone or wood, complex pots and baskets* · cotton woven into cloth, dyed, and made into clothing · hairstyles were very important, especially for women, wear different hairstyles at different points of life

what can be said about the life cycle of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· mother observed many strict rules while pregnant and gave birth via midwife - twins considered blessing. At 5 days would have nasal septum pierced and as 9 days their ears. High ranking babies had heads wrapped for flat foreheads · child only named after birthplace and then given another name after about a year - still not part of community. Men would gain real name once they were initiated into dancing society and held their own potlatch, women after first menses and holding a potlatch · marriage occurred outside of town usually, try to increase rank. Brides-price paid by husband to gain father-in-laws titles and wife lives with him · feared ghosts of dead, wrapped and put in coffin released to sea. High ranking ppl had totem pole built and no one spoke their name

describe the art and recreation of the owens valley paiute (3)

· muscial instruments used often, no drums though · singing was very popular at ceremonies and some shamanistic events · hand games such as dice and athletic events such as wrestling

· describe briefly the politics of the Hopi (3)

· no overall tribal organization but all the towns were connected by the ceremonial system with each one given a required part, groups also tied with kinship · each town had a chief, usually male from bear clan who was seen as owning all the land, and each town had a war chief although overall the war was not a huge part of their lives generally pacifists and if they went up against greater enemies they give up to avoid a fight they couldn't handle · Hopi did not have codified laws because this was encoded in ideology and tradition - everyone expected to act like Hopi and minor challenges handed by peer pressure gossip, big owns by clowns or katsina.

what is the brief history of the owens valley paiute (4)

· not contacted until mid 19th century. US military went through land to apprehend livestock thieves, aboriginals not found guilty · cattle ranches began settling, claiming the lands and skirmishes began but settlers contiued to quash resistance, Camp Independence set up by army for this reason. Resistence still ensued so Army practice scorched earth policy and aboriginals forced to surrender and walk to reservation 200 miles away for some peopel · some people did return to the land eventually but it was all destroyed so they settled in camps, towns, or ranches · Los Angeles began to purchase water rights so that they could take the water of the valley, caused it to dry up and aboriginals no longer able to hunt, farm, or find jobs. After 1930s gov't started to give more aid, housing, irrigation projects

describe the social organization of the owens valley paiute (3)

· nuclear family was primary social unit - which formed together to form a village and then which formed together to form a band · sharing food and communal hunting · division of labour was based on sex and age, two-spirits were common

what are some general traits about the owens valley paiute (3)

· occupy owens river rally in nevada, used to eastern mono · have more complex political and social organization, fixed territories, and practiced irrigation · occupy one of the smallest territories of all Great Basin peoples but have greatest density of population

what were the main traits of religion in the plateau (4)

· often had to do with indivial and supernatural and thus were personal · visionquest during puberty · shamanism was critical used mostly to cure illnesses · some large-scale ceremonies held to renew ties with supernatural and other villages as well as "first-fruit" ceremonies for first catch of salmon season

what are the main traits of the political organization of the great basin groups (3)

· organized at family level, related families would then form together to make a band with headman whose primary responsibility was keeping track of resources · usually only meet in band in fall/winter and would disperse in winter · warfare was believed to be relatively unimportant but did occur against non-basin groups earlier on to acquire horses etc.

what are the main traits of the political organization of the great basin groups (3)

· organized at nuclear family level - no formal lineages · people expected to marry outside of band, form an economic unit, no formal ceremony, marriage and divorce simple - not much polygyny · children not names until sure they were keeping them, first menses woman isolated then ready for marriage · division of labour divided by sex but women, although they could not be headmen, could be shamans

what was basic political organization of the non-pueblo groups of SW (1)

· organized in 2 main ways, either part-time farmers and hunter-gatheres which organized into bands with small populations and then full time farmers who were sedentary had larger populations and were organized into tribes. Warfare common

describe the political relations of the owens valley paiute (4)

· organized into 7 bands, which owned and controlled specific areas for collecting pinyon nuts and irrigated land · permanent villages then made up these bands, usually occupied by the same families every year although they would usually travel to other resources in spring and fall · each band had chief or headman has limited power, position of chief usually heredity · were not involved in any patterns of warfare with neighbours

what is the general order that prehistory goes in

· paleoindian period · archiac (early, middle, late) · contact

are the Hopi part of the Eastern or Western Pueblo peoples

· part of the Western part

describe the Pueblo groups today

· populations have actually increased, resilient · all have reservations, westerns established earlier because eastern tribes not recognized until more recently and more land taken from them, smaller reservations · continued ceremonies, recently some shut off from public for belittlement · many continue to work as farmers but some do wage labour. Also fair amount of tourism so making arts and crafts has increased

describe the life cycle of the owens valley paiute (4)

· pregnant women did not observe food restrictions or taboos · puberty ceremonies conducted for both sexes - women had 5 day steam for first menses and basket carrying, man went on quest to hunt deer and eventually smoke tobacco for the first time · marriage not allowed between people closer than 3rd cousins so marriage usually exogamous, usually used to unite families, marriage and divorce were simple usually lived in matrilocal residence · people were buried in simple graves and possession were burned, including the house

was prehistory easily followed in the northwest coast

· prehistory is hard to follow because of the west forest environment

what can be said about the social organization of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· primary unit was the lineage, people who lived together in a common numaym. Several numaym then made up the towns. There were ranked positions in each family, lineage, clan, and town. · 3 social classes were noble, commoner (most common), and slave but when slavery was no longer practiced after Fort Rupert was set up, ranking was less important as any commoner could amass enough wealth to become a noble · sexual division of labour existed, but it was not sharp or rigid - everyone assisted with salmon run. Women did have a low rank but once slavery was abolished (almost always women) this changed somewhat

describe the religious traits of the people of the Pueblo groups (3)

· religion permeated all aspects of society among pueblo people, ceremonial year was divided into 2 halves. · common element was secret societies who held responsibility for hosting certain ceremonies, most of which began in a kiva (ceremonial structure owned by group putting on ceremony), each one had small hold through which Holy people lived in underworld, and this whole was open during ceremonies for communication · many ceremonies involved Katsinas which were supernatural beings that manifested themsleves in human form, wore masks and were mediators of the supernatural world. They were also seen as being present in the town to maintain social order

what are the general key defining characteristics of the plateau: - resources - kinship - trade - living areas

· resources - salmon, roots, and large mammals · limited political complexity · broad kinships ties across groups · instutionalized regional trading centres · settlements around rivers

what can be said about the political relations of the Kwakwaka'wakw (3)

· traditionally no overall organization rather 30ish independent clans living in groups together in winter towns. Each town had a chief as did each clan, with the highest ranking clan in each town having the most power · houses were built along the beach, warfare was common but small-scale and for revenge and prestige against other tribes - warfare decreased as british were more involved · each group had a small group of professional soldiers, rarely married would attack at night and in the fall, burning houses, killing, men and taking women and children

describe the material culture of the owens valley paiute (3)

· used a number of different structures depending on region and purpose - most substantial types were semisubterranen houses in permanent viallages (log structures), temporary housing usually cone-shaped and covered with brush · wore relatively little clothing and did not do tattoes but did paint their faces · basketry was of high importance, pottery not so much, and stone was used to manufacture many tools. Digging sticks to dig roots made from mahogany

what were the main traits of the environment for the nimiipuu (4)

· varies between mountains and plateau regions - 2 major rivers making 2 canyons and 2 large valleys

describe the economics of the owens valley paiute (4)

· were hunter-gatherers but did rely on some irrigation for plants such as tobacco or seeds · pinyon nut very important, preferred acorns though · hunting was important but casual, communal hunting for deer not for waterfowl though which occurred in some other groups · fish was of relatively little importance but insects were a stable mostly caterpillars and brine flies

what were the main traits of material culture and technology in the plateau (4)

· winter villages had substantial semisubterranean houses for extended family, a menstrual house and sweathouse · summer houses were longhouses - lighter but still large, later on tipis were used · log canoes used mostly for transportation not fishing · bow and arrow main weapon · basketry and stoneart both important