ABSC 350 Final
Interval IOA
(# intervals agreement/total # intervals) X 100
Exact IOA
(# intervals w/same # responses by observers/total # intervals) X 100
Proportional IOA
([(# agreement intervals]+[ smaller/larger])/total # intervals) X 100
Total IOA
(smaller # responses by one observer/larger # responses by other observer) X 100
Applied
Field of ABA focuses on changing behaviors that are important to society
Response latency
If you are interested in amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction, what measurement system would be best to use?
Errorless learning
In prompt fading, it is important to find a balance between promoting ____________________________ and limiting prompt dependence
a. Because ABA is supported by more scientific evidence compared to other interventions or treatment
In the Walsh (2011) article entitled "Top 10 Reasons Children with Autism Deserve ABA", which of the following reasons is often the most important for behavior analysts, but not always so important for parents of children with autism? a. Because ABA is supported by more scientific evidence compared to other interventions or treatment b. Because ABA will help the parents be the best parents they can be for their child with Autism c. Because ABA will help teach the child how to sleep through the night and use the bathroom d. Because ABA can teach parents how to respond to problem behaviors and teach new skills in the moment
Forward Chaining
Instruction begins with the first link; subsequent links are added from the start of the chain
Backward chaining
Instruction begins with the last link; subsequent links are added from the end of the chain
Terminal skill or goal, teaching procedures, materials, learning environment preparations, instruction, target response, reinforcement, prompt and prompt fading procedures, teaching targets or exemplars
List all of the essential components of a skill acquisition plan.
a) Rate: frequency/time b) Frequency: number of occurrences of R (response) c) Duration: Time consumed by R d) Inter-response time: time elapsed between responses (e.g. from the offset of theresponse to the onset of the next response) e) Latency: time elapsed to the onset of the response from some marker stimulus
List and provide definitions for five continuous measurement systems used by behavior analysts that were discussed during the lectures and in the readings.
Screening, determining what to teach, measuring trends and progress, programevaluation, accountability
List the five major purposes of assessment.
Screening, determining what to teach, measuring trends and progress, program evaluation, accountability
List the five major purposes of assessment?
Response latency
Measurement of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response.
scatterplot recording
Mr. Peterson has been struggling with Arnold, a boy with disabilities who hums and rocks back and forth intermittently throughout the day. Mr. Peterson wants to see if these behaviors are associated with any specific activities during the school day so that he can then more closely analyze what occurs during those time periods. Which descriptive assessment method would be the best choice for what he wants to accomplish?
-objectivity: based on observable events. -reliability: consistency of measurement. -validity: accuracy of measurement. -sensitivity: ability of measurement system to reflect changes in the thing measured.
Name and describe two of the characteristics of a good measurement system discussed in the readings and lectures.
Satiation, decrease in behavior Vary reinforcers, use intermittent reinforcement; increase deprivation prior to use
Name the condition that may result from excessive use of the same reinforcer and describe its effects on behavior. Describe one way to prevent this problem from arising
Count/frequency
Number of responses emitted during an observation period.
higher
On a cumulative record the steeper the slope, _______________ the response rate.
Stimulus
A _______________ is any object or event that occurs in a person's environment.
Prompt
A _________________ is an extra antecedent stimulus that helps a person engage in a particular behavior.
Skill defict
A ____________________ refers to a situation in which a response is not in the learner's repertoire and must be taught via some type of teaching procedure.
Event recording
A variety of procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a behavior is observed.
faulty stimulus control
A young child living on a farm is learning about cows. When the child sees a black and white Holstein cow, the child says "cow". When the child sees a brown Jersey cow, the child does not say cow. When the child sees a dalmatian dog, the child says "cow". This is an example of:
discriminative stimulus (SD); S-delta
A(n) ________________________ is a stimulus in whose presence there is an increased likelihood of reinforcement for responding; a(n) _______________________ is a stimulus in whose presence there is a decreased likelihood of reinforcement for responding.
Motivational issue
A____________________ refers to a situation in which the response is in the learner's repertoire, but the learner is not emitting the behavior because the reinforcement contingencies in place are not setting the occasion for the behavior.
formal, functional
According to Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, as covered in the reading, the _________________ properties of language involve the structure or topography of the verbal response, while the ___________________ properties involve the causes of the verbal response.
c. Behavioral emergency; preserving safety in the moment
According to Tarbox & Tarbox (2017) Chpt 6.5 on crisis/emergency procedures: A_____________________________ is an episode of behavior that represents a clear danger to the learner or others. Emergency procedures should be used only for the purpose of__________________________________________. a. Behavior targeted for reduction; behavior intervention/reduction plans b. Behavioral emergency; function-based treatment of problem behavior c. Behavioral emergency; preserving safety in the moment d. Behavior targeted for reduction; preserving safety in the moment
Reinforcement and extinction
All differential reinforcement procedures combine the use of what two principles of behavior?
c. Raising hand in class
All of the following behaviors could be assessed using permanent product measurement EXCEPT: a. Test scores b. Washing dishes c. Raising hand in class d. Picking up garbage
Motivating operation (MO)
An antecedent event that alters the effectiveness of a given reinforcer (Sr) and increases the response (R) that has produced that reinforcer (Sr) in the past is called a (an):
visual inspection/visual analysis
Behavior analysts typically use ___________________ _______________ to interpret graphically displayed data.
Analytic
Behavior is measured behavior and after intervention to demonstrate how the environment controls behavior
Partial interval recording
Behavior is recorded if it occurs at any time during the interval.
Momentary time sampling
Behavior is recorded if it occurs at the end of an interval.
Whole interval recording
Behavior is recorded if it occurs throughout the entire interval.
Task analysis
Breaking down a complex skill into small, teachable steps that make up a behavioral chain of sequential responses to create a complex behavior
b. They can be less time consuming than paired-choice and approach responding assessments.
One advantage to free-operant preference assessments is: a. There is less potential for children to satiate on the stimuli than with paired-choice and approach responding assessments. b. They can be less time consuming than paired-choice and approach responding assessments. c. They provide a rank order of preferences, unlike paired-choice assessments. d. All of these are advantages to the free-operant preference assessment.
0-18 months, 18-30 months, 30-48 months
One of the assessments in the VB-MAPP considers learning and language skills that are sequenced and balanced across 3 developmental levels. What are they? ______ to _____ months, _____ to _____ months, and _____ to _____ months
Discrimination training
Reinforcing a behavior in the presence of one stimulus, but not others
d. All of the above
Research has shown a relationship between ASD and: a. Genetics b. Biology c. Environment d. All of the above
Provide information about idiosyncratic variables of behavior.
Results from the functional analysis screen tool (FAST)
Naturalistic teaching
Teaching method that involves child-directed learning, use of reinforcers related to the teaching interaction, motivation embedded within the teaching context, interspersal of mastered skills, and less of a focus on maximizing the greatest possible number of learning opportunities.
Shaping
Teaching procedure involving reinforcement of successive approximations to a behavior, in order to create new forms of behavior
Duration
The amount of time in which behavior occurs.
Interresponse time
The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class.
unknown, specialized instructional practices, early intervention services
The cause of autism is _____________. Symptoms of autism may be treated using _______________ ________________ ________________ and providing ______________ _________________ _______________.
Generalized outcomes
The goal is to produce important behavior changes that generalize to all relevant aspects of a learner's life.
Effective
The goal of ABA is to produce substantial changes inbehavior that matter
Magnitude
The intensity of behavior responding.
c. It may be misleading in that it can identify environmental variables that occur in close proximity to the problem behavior but that are not causally related.
The main limitation of descriptive assessment is: a. It's extremely time-consuming to perform. b. It's extremely difficult to perform c. It may be misleading in that it can identify environmental variables that occur in close proximity to the problem behavior but that are not causally related. d. It may not be a very reliable measure of problem behavior and environmental events.
Trials-to-criterion
The number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance.
The University of Kansas
Three of the founding fathers of ABA, Don Baer, Montrose Wolf, and Todd Risley, published a discussion article in 1968 that defined and discussed seven dimensions that characterized the field of ABA. These authors were faculty at what university?
Conceptually systematic
We strive to understand the effects of everything in terms of the basic principles of learning and motivation that come from decades of research in behavior analysis
Objectivity, validity, reliability, & sensistivity
What are the 4 characteristics of a good measurement system?
a. Services start as early as possible (early intervention) b. Services should be intensive c. Services must be implemented and supervised by individuals trained in Applied Behavior Analysis
What are the critical elements of treatment for ASD?
instruction (SD), response (learner behavior), consequence, inter-trial interval
What are the four components of a good discrete trial?
- Board Certified Behavior Analyst-Doctoral (BCBA-D) - Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) - Board Certified Assistant Behavior Analyst (BCaBA) - Registered Behavior Technician (RBT)
What are the four credentials? List the complete names of each credential, not just the acronyms.
indirect assessment, descriptive assessment, functional analysis
What are the three main types of functional behavior assessment?
Differential reinforcement & extinction
What are the two behavioral processes involved in shaping?
d. Time and goals
What are the two major differences between focused and comprehensive treatment models?
Continuous recording (every instance of behavior is recorded) v. discontinuous recording (1st trial-only)
What are two types of measurement systems discussed in the Khang (2021) reading?
Response cost
What is a form of negative punishment?
Human error
What is the biggest threat to the accuracy and reliability of data in applied behavior analysis?
To cue or prompt the learner
What is the first step of a discrete trial training unit?
Elimination of reinforcement for problem behavior
What is the function-based procedure of extinction?
Elimination of establishing operation
What is the function-based procedure of time-based delivery of maintaining variable?
Differential reinforcement
What is the function-based procedure of withholding reinforcement for problem behavior and deliver it contingent on the emission of other responses
Motivated and involved parents
What is the most important resource for children affected by ASD?
Disadvantage(s): may not be sensitive to relative preferences (tends to identify stimuli as high preference too frequently, that is false positives)
What is the primary disadvantage of the single stimulus preference assessment method?
25-40 hours
What is the recommended amount of the EIBI services per week for a child diagnosed with ASD?
FR1 (continuous) schedule of reinforcement
What schedule of reinforcement is typically used in a functional analysis?
b. Vanessa provides tons of praise each time Tom is seated in his chair, as opposed to when Tom is wandering around the room.
Which of the following describes a differential reinforcement of incompatible (DRI) behavior procedure? a. Tommy is provided with non-contingent access to snack chips throughout the day b. Vanessa provides tons of praise each time Tom is seated in his chair, as opposed to when Tom is wandering around the room. c. Phil, an RBT, provides tokens as long as the last response occurred more than 30 seconds ago d. Sally honors Ted's requests (through his tablet AAC). This behavior is to replace aggression and leading caregivers by the hand.
c. Consistent eye contact
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ASD, which is defined by behavioral delays in development? a. Delayed language b. Delayed social interactions c. Consistent eye contact d. Restricted interests
d. Well-trained observers
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to measurement error? a. Poorly designed measurement systems b. Observer Drift c. Expectations about what the data should look liked. d. Well-trained observers
c. extinction-induced stable responding
Which of the following is NOT a response pattern associated with extinction: a. extinction-induced variation b. extinction-induced aggression c. extinction-induced stable responding d. extinction-induced emotional behavior
b. Less specificity in diagnosis
Which of the following is NOT one of the potential reasons for the recent and continuing increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? a. More specificity in diagnosis b. Less specificity in diagnosis c. Actual rise in prevalence d. More families seeking diagnosis
d. non-contingent reinforcement
Which of the following is an antecedent function-based strategy: a. protective equipment b. enriched environment c. antecedent exercise d. non contingent reinforcement
a. Initial schedules of reinforcement should be intermittent to resemble the natural environment
Which of the following statement is not correct regarding token delivery? a. Initial schedules of reinforcement should be intermittent to resemble the natural environment b. Tokens should be delivered immediately after the criterion for token delivery is met c. Token training could help increase the success of a token economy by providing exposure to the contingencies and teaching prerequisite skills d. The backup reinforcers should be individualized
Reliable
Which quality of a good measurement system yields the same values across repeated measurement of the same event?
Intraverbal
You are teaching a child to respond "David" when asked "what's your name?" This is an example of.
Antecedent
_____________ manipulations are changes made to the environment prior to the occurrence of problem behavior to decrease the likelihood of problem behavior occurring.
Negative reinforcement
_________________ is a consequence of behavior that involves removing something from or postponing something in a person's environment, which increases the future strength of that behavior.
Consequent
_____________________ manipulations are changes made to the environment immediately after the occurrence of problem behavior to decrease the likelihood of problem behavior occurring again;.
Free-operant
f a child won't remain seated, does not tolerate delays, or refuses to return items, the most appropriate preference assessment method is:
Intermittent schedule
f the goal is to maintain a desired behavior after it has been learned, which schedule of reinforcement would be best to use?
Naturally occurring reinforcers based on the client's interests.
During NET (natural environmental teaching) what type of reinforcers should be used?
Total-task presentation
Entire chain is taught simultaneously, with assistance provided as needed
a. ABA is applied behavior analysis. b. It is the natural science of behavior, founded by B.F. Skinner c. ABA is based on principles and methods which include - Reinforcement, motivation, and stimulus control among other behavioral principles. - Repeated opportunities to practice skills in either 1. Highly structured instructional situations. 2. Instruction during routine daily activities. - Repeated opportunities to practice in variety of settings - Goals customized for the learner - Continuous measurement and analysis of progress. - Modification of treatment if data suggests not effective
Define and describe ABA. (long answer)
a. Continuous measurement - each instance of behavior is recorded using ongoing recording systems such as counting each occurrence of behavior. - Frequency, rate, duration, latency, IRT, magnitude - Benefits: captures each occurrence of behavior and it can be useful if there is a discrete onset and offset to the behavior. If behavior does not have clear start and stop, it can be difficult to use a continuous measurement system. b. Discontinuous measurement - a session is divided into equal intervals and behavior is recorded if the behavior occurs during interval. - Partial interval, whole interval, momentary time sampling. - Benefit: can be easier to use in a clinical setting, may be less sensitive to identifying changes. Shorter interval lengths are better, too short intervals will be difficult in clinical setting. Between 5-15 minutes so the measurement system is not contraindicative.
Define continuous and discontinuous measurement. Provide one example of each measurement system. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to each system, and the implications this may have for clinical practice.
Answer: scope and duration a. Focused Tx. - Narrow scope (e.g., toilet training, social skills) - Time-limited (in hrs/wk or total # of wks) b. Comprehensive Tx - Wide scope (all aspects of functioning - 1:1 service delivery, 25-40 hrs/wk
Describe the differences between focused and comprehensive ABA treatment models.
Latency measures the duration from instruction to onset of behavior (i.e., time elapsed from some starting point to behavior onset). For example: time elapsed from waking to 1st occurrence of aggression; time elapsed from instruction to "line up at the door" to compliance by child; etc.
Describe the latency measure of behavior and provide one example of when a clinician might want to use a latency measure
PSPA pairs two items against one another, MSWO pairs multiple items again stone another until all items have been selected; advantage: MSWO is rapid and best for learners who have difficulty relinquishing items; limitation: hierarchy is not as broad/wide as PSPA, and is not appropriate for learners who have difficulty scanning an array larger than 3 items.
Describe the paired-stimulus (PS) and multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) assessment formats. What is the main advantage of the MSWO format, and what is a potential limitation?
How the data are reported. Frequency is the count and Rate = frequency/time
As discussed in Tarbox & Tarbox (2017) and the lectures, what is the difference between frequency & rate?
- Milestones assessment: identifies specific skills to target - Barriers assessment: identifies barriers that will impede progress - Transition assessment: identifies overall skills and existing learner capabilities.
As discussed in the lecture and the reading, the VB-MAPP includes three assessments. What are the names of these assessments and what do each of them identify?
Milestones assessment- identifies specific skills to target, barriersassessment-identifies barriers that will impede progress, transition assessment-identifies overall skills and existing learner capabilities.
As discussed in the lecture and the reading, the VB-MAPP includes three assessments. What are the names of these assessments and what do each of them identify?
Appropriate: - Say learner's name in positive tone about every third trial - Use a nickname or say "look!" - Point to the direction of the stimuli - Run fingers across all stimuli - Display stimuli from behind a screen - Use an observing response the learner has in their repertoire Inappropriate: - Saying the learner's name before every trial - Repeatedly saying the SD - Snapping at the learner or waving in front of the learner's face - Pointing to individual stimuli - State the name of the individual stimuli or targets before the trial
As discussed in the lecture, list three appropriate ways to establish attending during skill acquisition and three inappropriate ways to establish attending.
preference
As discussed in the lecture, we commonly assess _______________ in lieu of reinforcement efficacy.
stimulus change, response/behavior, increases
As reviewed in the lecture, reinforcement is a _____________ change contingent on some aspect of a _______________ that _____________ the future probability of the response under similar conditions.
Error correction
Consequence given for incorrect (or no) response when attempting to teach a skill
DRA
Functional communication training is an application of what procedure?
motivation; skill
If a behavior is not occurring, there may be more than one reason. With a ____________________ deficit, the behavior is in the client's repertoire. With a ______________________ deficit, the behavior is not in the client's repertoire.
Single or paired-stimulus
If a child has a visual impairment, the most appropriate preference assessment method is:
Paired-stimulus
If a therapist needs a measure of relative preference, the most appropriate preference assessment method is
No. It may be a reinforcer if it is the only reinforcer available. It also depends on how much work you're asking the child to do for a given reinforcer.
If items are not identified as the highest preferred in a preference assessment, does it necessarily mean that the item will not be a reinforcer in an educational or therapeutic program? Why or why not?
Conduct reinforcer assessment comparing test condition (contingent item) and control condition (no contingent item or continuous access to item).
Preference assessments identify (predict) potential reinforcers. How does one know whether the items actually are reinforcers?
Conduct reinforcer assessment comparing test condition (contingent item) Control condition (no contingent item or continuous access to item).
Preference assessments identify (predict) potential reinforcers. How does one know whether the items are actually reinforcers?
Permanent product recording
Procedure for measuring the effect of behavior on the environment after it has occurred.
Technological
Procedures are described clearly enough that other people could replicate it.
Partial interval recording
Produces overestimates of behavior.
Momentary time sampling
Produces random errors (both overestimates and underestimates of behavior)
Whole interval recording
Produces underestimates of behavior.
Task analysis
Sequential list of all component steps of entire chain is made
- behavior problems - defective mands - defective tacts - defective echoic - defective imitation - defective listener skills - defective intraverbal - defective social skills - prompt dependency - defective scanning - defective conditional discriminations - failure to generalize - reinforcer dependency - self-stimulation - obsessive-compulsive behavior - hyperactive behavior - failure to make eye contact
Several barriers to learning and language acquisition were covered in the lecture and the reading. List five potential barriers.
c. Social communication deficits
Several medical conditions and behavioral excess or deficits correlate with a diagnosis of ASD that are not part of the diagnostic criteria. These include all the following EXCEPT a. Sleep problems b. Feeding disorders c. Social communication deficits d. Severe problem behavior e. Associated genetic disorders f. Intellectual impairment g. Delayed toilet training
reinforce, approximations, terminal
Shaping is a procedure in which you _________________ successive __________________ of a behavior in order to reach a _______________ response
Discrete trial training
Teaching method in which learning trials are presented with a clear beginning and clear end to each trial; consists of 3 parts:instruction (SD), learner's response, & consequence
Behavioral
Subject matter is behavior and behavior includes everything people say and do
Prompt
Supplemental stimulus used to occasion a response
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Girls are 4 times more likely than boys to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Parents, family members, speech therapists, and ABA therapists can all be trained by behavior analysts trained in applied behavior analysis to provided early intensive behavioral intervention.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Undifferentiated results obtained in a functional analysis are considered inconclusive and require further analysis or can indicate that a behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Volmer et al. (2008) stated that a high reliability score means high accuracy.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: a primary reinforcer is an unconditioned reinforcer.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: as a rule, it is safer to assume that a high preference item identified through a trial-based method of assessment is more likely to serve as a reinforcer than one identified via a survey method of assessment.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: establishing operations are relatively consistent and do not tend to change over time.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: the behavior that occurs temporally closest to the presentation of a reinforcer will be strengthened by its presentation.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: the main goal of therapeutic restraint is to reduce problem behavior rapidly when the function of the behavior isn't clear.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: the stimulus change responsible for increasing responding is called a reinforcer.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: when implementing a reinforcement contingency, it is acceptable to wait 30 s following the emission of a target response to deliver the reinforcer.
Continuous
When looking to increase the occurrence of a behavior after starting a skill acquisition program what schedule of reinforcement should be used?
