"Absolute Zero"

What was the lowest temperature reached by Faraday?

-130°C.

At what temperature did Kamerlingh Onnes' team have to reach to liquefy Helium?

-268°C, only 5 degrees above absolute zero.

Try to describe, in 10 words or less, a Bose-Einstein condensate?

4th state of matter with overlapping particles with an identity crisis (follows quantum rules and just a hair above absolute zero).

What is a superfluid?

A liquid that defies gravity by climbing walls, creates a frictionless fountain, and has zero viscosity.

How does the B-E condensate provide support for quantum mechanics?

It allowed quantum mechanics to be seen with the naked eye.

What happened to the rubber ball soaked in liquid Oxygen as demonstrated by James Dewer?

It broke when hit with a hammer (froze).

What does adding salt do to ice?

It lowers the temperature at which ice melts, making the ice colder.

Who was the first to liquefy Hydrogen and what was his motivation for doing so?

James Dewer was the first because he wanted prestige, the Nobel Peace Prize, and $1 million.

How did the SI unit for energy become the Joule?

Joule discovered something that converts between heat and motion (energy).

Who was the first to use the term "superconductivity"?

Kamerlingh Onnes.

What was the fate of Lavoisier?

He was arrested and beheaded in France during the Reign of Terror.

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Heat flows in one direction only, which is from hot to cold, never from cold to hot.

What is Robert Boyle primarily famous for?

His experiments on the nature of air as well as the hundreds of experiments he carried out on cold that made him become the first master of cold.

Describe the 18th-century theory that rivaled that theory that particles slow downs as they cool and speed up as they warm?

Caloric Theory - the theory that cold was the absence of caloric and that heat was a weightless fluid called caloric.

Kelvin-->Celsius

Celsius=K-273

What was the "single most important economic problem in Europe"?

How much useful work can you get out of a given amount of heat?

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but can never be created or destroyed.

Celsius-->Kelvin

Kelvins=°C+273

How where thermometers made smaller?

Mercury was used, as opposed to alcohol or air.

Why did Dewar's low temperature research end?

Resentment over Onnes beating him to liquefying Helium and his assistant quit since Dewar blamed him for not having enough Helium to beat Onnes.

Who or what did Rumford leave his wife for?

Science, his first love.

Cornelius Drebbel had a wager with King James I in 1620. What was it?

That he could change summer into winter.

What was the name of Tudor's ship for transporting ice?

The Favorite.

What was the biggest problem with these first thermometers?

The lack of a universally accepted temperature scale.

When were the first accurately calibrated thermometers made, and where?

The mid 17th century in Florence, Italy.

Why do some people still call their refrigerator the "ice box" (usually older people😊)?

There was a block of ice used to cool the food in the original "ice box".

What is the next big step in the practical application of B-E condensates?

They are being used to slow down light (Lene Hau) and construct quantum computer (Seth Lloyd).

What were scientists at UC Boulder and MIT competing to do?

To make a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Who "won" the "race" and what was the atom used in the condensate?

UC Boulder won, and they used the Rubidium atom (Weiman and Cornell).

What degree Celsius does water freeze and boil at?

Water freezes at 0°C and water boils at 100°C

How many kelvins does water freeze and boil at?

Water freezes at 273 k and water boils at 373 k

Was Hydrogen ever B-E condensed.

Yes, Dan Kleppner succeeded after 20 years of hard work in 1998.

Carnot found out that more work could be done by an engine if...:

the temperature difference was great at the hottest and coldest part of the engine.