Absolutism and Life in the 18th Century
enclosure
The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.
Guilds
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations filled with skilled artisans that produced high-quality goods (which would be lost in mechanized production) -were selective and only allowed entry to white christian men who had experience, paid membership fees, and completed a masterpiece -excluded men and women with differing religions and races -led by masters who instructed apprentices and journeymen -small number of guild accepted woman as seamstresses -guilds faced competition with the rural industry, but they still dominated production
guild system
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
Proletarianization
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Agricultural Revolution- where
The two countries leading the agricultural revolution were the Dutch Republic and England and then it spread throughout the rest of europe
Navigation Acts
a series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British
Fronde
a series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis Xiv triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
Natural Philosophy
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
public sphere
An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.
enclosure- open field and advancements
Enclosure- the enclosing of farmland into a fenced-in, tight field for more efficient farming before the enclosure movement had the open field system where gleaning took place (where leftover crops from farmers fields were left for the peasants to collect) with enclosure gleaning goes away hurting the peasantry because they relied on those crops as their only food source people start moving to the city allowing for factories and industry- rich's dream because wages can go down due to the abundance of people causes protetarianization- people turned into wage workers advancements- larger landowners profited, allowed for crop rotation to be done more efficiently, making farming as a whole more productive
Deism
God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.
junkers
Prussian nobles
Racial complexity in new world
Racial complexity- people became Americanized Some came as endentured servants - whites were a minority Most migrants were white males - so get mixed races - some even freed mixed kids - laws later banning mixed Marriage British - moved in families - not as much mixed race People start to call themselves "African" or "english" Get a hierarchy of race in new world
salon
Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Protectorate
The English military dictatorship (1653-1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I.
Ivan III
"Ivan the Great" ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia (brought Russian independence) married the niece of the last byzantine emperor and this marriage moves him to Russia
Agricultural Revolution- why
1) Prior to the 18th century, there was never enough food production to feed everyone the dutch republic had the most densely populated areas in Europe so they had to find ways to seek maximum yields from their lands, in doing this they found new innovations that could increase the efficiency and productivity of farming these innovations spread throughout Europe leading to the agr. rev. 2) the scientific revolution and the enlightenment also led to advancements in agriculture because they started to be more critical towards the old traditional ways
gathering of power (how absolutism occurs)
1) define and protect our borders, define and protect nations 2)Famine- famine leads to peasant revolts which calls for a strong military to in state order, in order to pay for the military there is a rise in taxes leading to a bureaucracy which then creates centralized nation states (where supreme political authority rests in the hands of a central body/small group of individuals) the strong military, strong borders, and strong group of rulers decreases the power of the nobility, increasing the power of the king 3) Economic Crisis- Spain doesn't have a way to account for all of their new foreign income (silver) so they go bankrupt because they don't know how to handle inflation Spanish colonies become wealthier than Spain and lead to its decline As Spain declines, France rises France used colonies to finance the country (colonies were a way for the king to finance the state without having to work/ get money from the nobility) Now that the king doesn't have to work with the nobility he gains complete control People were also fed up with uncertain conditions and living in misery so they were willing to be ruled by a monarch who could restore order and peace 4) Built palaces to demonstrate their wealth and power
Slave trade
45% of slaves went to Brazil 45% went to Caribbean colonies 5% went to North America 1500-1800 12 million slaves are imported to America Big crops - cotton and sugar - needed a tropical environment and hard labor(b/c hard to plant) —why it was in Caribbean and Brazil These crops grew fast and needed lost of workers to keep it going - higher # of imported slaves
Economic Liberalism
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.
Republicanism
A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws
empiricism
A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
Puritan Protectorate
Army controlled government, Cromwell controlled army, so Cromwell ran military dictatorship. Divided England into 12 military districts governed by a major general Didn't allow people to practice Catholicism - called it heresy Cromwell liked mercantilist policies like France When unsuccessful son succeeded him - English was ready for a monarch and done with military rule
Ferdinand II
Austrian Habsburg king who began to implement absolutist policies in Austria by reducing the power of the Bohemian Estates.
Ferdinand III
Austrian King who created a standing army in order to deal with civil strife and to expand
Religion in the New World
Catholics - tried to convert a lot because they lost power in reformation South America - conversion is very successful- but up north it is hard because Indians weren't as integrated in the colonies Protestants - not as hardcore when converting l Slaves - didn't wanna baptize them because it would give the Christian rights Jews - were lower rank than Christians but couldn't be slaves
Role of colonies in absolutist states
Colonies - big revenue for mother countries Made sure home countries still had power in new world New discoveries found in new world gave home countries money and power to run things back in the mother land
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
Galileo
Invented the telescope - discovered jupters moons confirms copernicus idea that things fall at the same rate, but when things roll down a ramp- the faster object goes faster wrote "dialoge on the two cheif systems of the world" - forced t recant b/c of the church
William I
King of Prussia son of Fredrick William starts military but his son (Frederick I) finishes it
Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.
Protectorate opinion
Unsuccessful due to the fear he installed in England through his harsh rule- forbade sports, collided the theaters, and censored the press Didn't provide common law and social stability Also did not allow for Catholics to practice their faith led an army to reconquer Ireland and massacred the garrison He banned Catholicism in ireland, executed priests, and confiscated land causing a brutal legacy of Irish hatred for the English for years to come He brought about a short war with the Dutch causing even worse conditions due to the foreign turmoil for ordinary people Protectorate collapses immediately after he died bc of his crappy son- shows his legacy and successes weren't of great importance bc England goes straight back to a monarchy right after he dies
Copernicus
Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" heliocentric view - sun at center no perfect crystal spheres universe is gigantic - very radical challenges philosophy>math - used math to disprove philosophy idea that earth is just another planet church view is divided
Agricultural revoltuion- what
a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity in the 18th century in Europe led to fewer people being involved in farmwork because there was more efficient ways of farming allowing for a greater abundance of food to be made
Absolutist Rulers- def and examples
absolute power to self "super king" people gaining absolute power within their kingdoms, leader does not share power with another governing body Countrys that were absolutist (and they're leaders): France (Louis XIV), Prussia (Frederick William, Frederick William I and William I), Russia(Ivan IV and Ivan III), and Austria (Ferdinand II and Ferdinand IV)
Jethro Tull
advancements in agriculture idea of using horses not oxen for plowing invented drilling equipment for seed
Louis XIV
called himself the Sun King and others too he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France for 70 yrs (considered the best example of absolutist rulers) One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles to demonstrate his wealth- in order to satisfy the nobles he brought them to Versailles to distract while he ran the show believed his kingship was semi divine in that god chose him to rule expanded frances borders north and east
Peter the Great
calls for the construction of St. Petersburgh built his own palace to demonstrates his wealth similar to palace of versailles took 20 yrs to build the palace and had 40K serfs working on his land made big military advances Europeanized/modernized Russia
William Harvey
figures out heart works acts like a pump gives the heart a new importance figures out circulatory system - thru a tourniquet
Constituionalism
government must be conducted according to constitutional principles
Agricultural Revolution- how
important gains in productivity through innovations 1)Enclosure- the enclosing of farmland into a fenced-in, tight field for more efficient farming 2) Crop rotation- first done by the english and dutch prior to this had a yr of fallow land for the land to replenish but now could plant plants that replenish the land like clover(puts nitrogen back into soil) replaces the 3 year system 3) Heavy manuring 4) wide range of crops all of these innovations allowed for an abundance in food this led to the growth of cities/pop providing markets and allowing for regions to specialize and also fueled the industry system
Ivan IV
known as Ivan "The Terrible" crowned himself and had people pour gold on him during his crowning killed many people including his own mom while expanding Russia (how he got his nickname)
Frederick William
known as the great elector part of the seven that elects the emperor triples Prussia's revenue under his reign determined his 3 provinces and enlarges his holdings he tries to decrease the power of nobles by taxing them resulting in the nobles (junkers) being able to tax the serfs
Frederic William I
known as the soldier king massive military growth under him 12th largest population in Europe but had the 4th largest military Prussias military character became that of germanys: hardworking and determined
magic/occult/alchemy
old-timey chemistry newtons uses this and thinks he can find eternal life(philosophers stone) - never finds it
cottage industry/putting out system
operated outside of restrictive guild system gets the farmers to be useful merchants- buy wool - sell to peasant farmers who turn it into wool then give it to merchants to sell to markets middle of transformation into industrial(factories) proletarianization and high populations - fuels this trans to industry and the cottage system
Adam Smith
questioned the guild system and said it slowed down innovation and progress due to how restrictive it is wrote the "Wealth of Nations" helps contribute to the idea of economic liberalism - free enterprise/competition/trade advocated for division of labor, idea that you can always rely on the greed of society government - civil order, funding for public institutes, and protection against foreign invasion didn't like unbridled capitalism france liked his ideas
Puritans
reform movement within the church of England that advocated purifying it of roman catholic elements, like bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings
Prussia
scattered groups of regions in the Holy Roman Empire- gained military power through this bc if France were to try to invade something that belongs to Prussia, the HRE would fight France Strong military state Used military for state building Estates - gatherings of noble to raise/ set taxes- absolute rulers want to work around nobles so they can have absolute power Frederick William gets the right to tax the junkers but they in return can tax the serfs- improved Prussian absolutism
rococo
soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
Brahe
spend 20 years as court astronomer monitors movement of stars and wrote them down not a good mathmetician observations - called the Rudolphine Tables
Kepler
takes Brahe's notes and created the 3 laws of planetary motion said orbits are elliptical, orbits are faster near sun, and orbits speed is related to distance from sun basically figures out gravity - but didnt know it yet
Enlightment
the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method and progress
Peace of Westphalia
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
Newton
wrote "Principia" got idea of gravity - puts #'s to Kepler's work invented calculus ( debatable whether it was liebriz) unified theory of universe - gravity(before it was a random force) thinks god has woven stuff in the universe for him to find - when he discovers things he is closer to god his view is to but believed till Einstein liked alchemy
Aristotle
wrote "geography" earth sat center - 10 spheres where stars and moon were which were moved by angels - beyond the spheres was heaven