ABSORPTION

So if you want to take one galactose into absorptive cell, how many sodium ions should be transported??

2 Na⁺

What is needed in order for GLUCOSE or GALACTOSE to get into absorptive cell?

2 Na⁺ (sodium ion) should also be transported

How are amino acids the same transportation as glucose & galactose?

Amino acids, along with 2 Na⁺, enter into the absorptive cell using the Na⁺ symporter & this type of transport is called secondary active transport.

What do we call the part that is attached to basement membrane?

BASAL SURFACE

Since we have to get rid of H⁺, H⁺ should move into the lumen, then from small intestine move into the large intestine & is ELIMINATED. Why?

Bc feces is ACIDIC.

What happens to Micelle when it travels towards the absorptive cell?

Bile salts (phobic-philic) start moving away, basically to let the monoglyceride & long fatty acid to be absorbed!

What HELPS in absorbing lipids?

Bile salts!

directions of the hydrophobic & hydrophilic in micelle!

Hydrophobic is inside, hydrophilic is outside!

What does the protein H⁺ antiporter do during transporting of di-peptide or tri-peptide?

H⁺ antiporter moves H⁺ into the lumen (from inside absorptive cell), & then H⁺ from small intestine move into large intestine & is eliminated!

What two things passes through the basal surface using ENERGY

Na⁺ (primary active transporter) & chylomicron (exocytosis)

When transporting glucose or galactose, what is the name of the protein that transports 2 solutes in the SAME DIRECTION

Na⁺ SYMPORTER

Where should triglyceride be transported to?

No where. It can't be transported until it becomes CHYLOMICRON.

If glucose (or galactose) get thru the basal surface by facilitated diffusion, what happens to Na⁺?

On the surface of basal surface there is a Na⁺ PUMP - goes through PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

When the cell builds its proteins (one end hydrophobic, the other end hydrophilic), what should happen next?

Those proteins wrap around the TRIGLYCERIDE! The inside is phobic, the outside is philic. This triglyceride wrapped around protein is called CHYLOMICRON.

T or F: Di-peptide & tri-peptide are absorbed the same way!

True

T or F: Galactose is absorbed the same way as glucose.

True

T or F: Na⁺ uses primary active transport through the sodium pump.

True

T or F: the transportation for amino acids is exactly the same as glucose & galactose.

True

T or F: Fructose is ENTIRELY passive. Why?

True ; it does not have to use ATP/energy!

what is the free surface of microvilli also called?

apical surface

What wraps around long fatty acids & monoglyceride?

bile salts

Where do all 90% of all absorption in the GI tract take place?

in the SMALL INTESTINE

Where are long fatty acids located?

in the lumen of small intestine

Where is triglyceride formed?

inside absorptive cell

Where do we absorb these monosaccharides?

into blood capillary that is in SUBMUCOSA!

Where does Chylomicron go when it is transported out using exocytosis & ATP?

it enters LACTEAL (lymphatic capillary)

Following di-peptide (knowing H+ is already eliminated), what happens to di-peptide?

it passes through basal surface using facilitate diffusion

What does the Na⁺ symporter do?

it's a protein that transports the 2 na⁺ into the absorptive cell

Short fatty acids are absorbed into the absorptive cells by....

simple diffusion

We absorb these monosaccharides into blood capillary that is in...

submucosa

Chylomicron enters lacteal (lymphatic capillary) → lymphatic vessels → ...

thoracic duct

When amino acids get into the absorptive cell, how do they get through the basal surface?

through facilitated diffusion! - (same as glucose & galactose)

How do the short fatty acids get out of the cell?

through simple diffusion

Where is the "FREE SURFACE" & what is it also called??

where you have microvilli, thats the free surface aka APICAL SURFACE

What is needed in order to transport di-peptide (or tri-peptide)?

a protein called H⁺ antiporter!

Since we can't send triglyceride to lacteal bc triglyceride is HYDROPHOBIC, what must the cell do?

absorptive cell has to build proteins that looks exactly like BILE SALTS but it is NOT bile salts. So one end of phobic, the other end is philic.

Which cell are we in that we are talking about?

absorptive cells

Amino acids & small peptides are absorbed via...

active transport

Glucose, fructose or galactose, all have to pass through......

apical surface, get into ABSORPTIVE CELL, then from cytoplasm of the cell, pass thru basal surface to finally get into blood.

Why do we say sodium ion pump? What type of transport is this?

bc it pushes, meaning we have to use ATP; primary active transport

WHAT IS A MICELLE

bile salts surrounding long fatty acids & monoglyceride

Chylomicron enters lacteal (lymphatic capillary) → lymphatic vessels → thoracic duct → ..

blood at the left subclavian vein

T or F: Most of the things on the basal surface have to use ATP. Most of the things in apical surface are through facilitated diffusion.

both false! apical; basal

A triglyceride, wrapped around protein is called....

chylomicron!!!

We said previously that we can absorb 2 amino acids together.. what are they?

di-peptide, tri-peptide

amino acids & small peptides are absorbed via active transport through the _____ _____ & then amino acids _____ into blood capillaries.

epithelial cells; diffuse

Fructose transporter can transport fructose & change its change & move it from high to low...what type of transport is this?

facilitated diffusion

How does galactose get through the basal surface?

facilitated diffusion

Monosaccharides are absorbed via......

facilitated diffusion or active transport

Monosaccharides are absorbed via _____ ______ or _____ ______ through the epithelial cell & then _____ into _____ _______

facilitated diffusion; active transport; diffuse; blood capillaries

What happens when fructose gets inside the absorptive cell? How does it pass through basal surface?

fructose transporter is also on the basal surface so it helps move fructose out through facilitated diffusion

What 5 things use secondary active transport in apical surface?

glucose, galactose, amino acid, di peptide & tri peptide

When glucose (or galactose) is finally in the absorptive cell, how does it pass through the basal surface?

goes through GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER (galactose transporter) by facilitated diffusion! (passive)

What happens to bile salts when it starts moving away from the monoglyceride & long fatty acid?

goes to wrap around another monoglyceride & long fatty acid & bring them near absorptive cell to repeat the same process.

How does sodium ion get through the basal surface?

has to get through sodium ion pump , and this type of transport is called PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT.

H⁺ is sent into the lumen to be eliminated, so what happens to di-peptide (or tri-peptide)? What type of transport is this?

it takes di-peptide into the cell; secondary active transport!!

Chylomicron enters lacteal (lymphatic capillary) → ...

lymphatic vessels

A glycerol with a long heavy fatty acid is called....

monoglyceride

When we get triglyceride, can we send it into submucosa?

no, its too large of a molecule. It cannot pass through fenestration!

What is a bile salt?

one end is hydrophilic, the other end is hydrophobic!

Amino acids use which type of transport to get into the absorptive cell?

secondary active transport, through the Na⁺ symporter with 2 Na⁺!

When transporting glucose (or galactose) into the absorptive cell WITH the 2 Na⁺ through the Na⁺ symporter, what type of transport is this?

secondary active transporter (S.A.T)

When micelle gets near absorptive cell, the bile salts move away to let the monoglyceride & long fatty acid to be absorbed.... what type of transport is used & why?

simple diffusion bc they're lipids & lipids can easily pass through

To transport glucose (or galactose), there is a protein on the apical surface...but what about that protein?

that protein is only there to transport the Na⁺, but for every TWO sodium ion.

When transporting fructose into the absorptive cell, where is the protein located that helps to move fructose from high to low?

the fructose transporter is on the APICAL SURFACE

What are the things we absorb through apical surface by an active transport?

- glucose - galactose - amino acids - di peptide - tri peptide

What is THE ONLY WAY for the cell to release chylomicron?

By exocytosis!

What happens to the monoglyceride & long fatty acid when they get absorbed inside the cell?

2 fatty acid BIND to the monoglyceride to get TRIGLYCERIDE

How many times does the monosaccharides have to pass through cell membrane?

2 times

About what percentage of all absorption in the GI tract takes place in the SMALL INTESTINE?

90%

The passage of nutrients from GI tract through absorptive epithelial cells into blood or lymph

Absorption in the small intestine

How to get glucose transported, to get inside the cell its _____ but to get out of the cell, it's _____

Active (secondary active transporter); passive (facilitated diffusion)

Name two things that their absorption is ENTIRELY passive.

Fructose & short fatty acids

What is the PROTEIN called that can transport fructose from high to low?

Fructose transporter

Do you absorb H⁺ into blood or do you have to get rid of it?

Get rid of it

Bile salts surrounding long fatty acids & monoglyceride, alltogether is called....

MICELLES

After transporting glucose or galactose, when transporting the sodium ion, what is on the basal surface?

Na⁺ pump!

Is ATP needed to use facilitated diffusion?

No

In which part of the GI tract do we absorb the MOST fructose molecules?

Small intestine

T or F: Monoglyceride & long fatty acid are lipid so they can easily pass through by SIMPLE DIFFUSION.

True

T or F: Bile salts HELP in absorbing lipids.

True!!

Does cell need to use ATP to send chylomicron out?

Yes, bc whenever we use a vesicle it always uses energy.