Academic Decathlon Art Resource Guide- Section 1 Names

Sigmund Freud

His theories inspired the Surrealist movement

Alfred Sisley (1839-99)

Impressionist

Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)

Impressionist

François Boucher (1703-70)

Influenced by Watteau's delicate style. He became the favorite painter of Madame Pompadour, mistress to Louis XV, and his works often transformed the characters of classical myth into scenes of courtly gallantry, with an emphasis on nubile nudes.

Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)

Influential painters of the High Renaissance. Was brought to Rome, where Julius II gave him several commissions. During this period, he learned much from Michelangelo, his older rival. Unlike Michelangelo, He was not a loner, but employed numerous assistants to help him cover the Pope's official chambers with large, sumptuous frescoes, notably the School of Athens (c. 1508-11), an homage to the great Greek philosophers and scientists. Raphael is considered the most influential painter of the Madonna. His masterworks, such as the Sistine Madonna (c. 1513-14), created an image of the Virgin Mary that has endured in religious paintings throughout the centuries.

Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)

Ingres's rival and proponent of Romanticism. Works are characteristic of the Romantic movement in that they centered on exotic themes and included foreign settings, violence involving animals, and historical subject matter.

Christo (b. 1935)

Is responsible for creating much interest in these kinds of Earthworks. Startled the world with the idea that landscape or architecture is something that can be packaged. He wrapped several well-known monuments in fabric, built a twenty-four-mile-long cloth fence in California, surrounded eleven Florida islands with pink plastic, and set up orange fabric gates on pathways throughout Central Park.

Caravaggio (1571-1610),

Italian Baroque painter, was renowned for his dramatic use of light and dark, and his technique influenced many artists who followed. His work is so important that artworks using extremes of dark and light are often termed "caravaggesque." His work is also notable for its provocative degree of naturalism. He portrayed the Virgin Mary and the apostles not as noble figures in classical garb as they had traditionally been represented, but instead depicted them as poor and simple folks in threadbare garments. His use of actual lower-class individuals as models for his work helped him achieve this effect. It is no wonder that several patrons rejected them for this reason.

Louis XIV

King of France. United all of France and built a lavish palace at Versailles beginning in 1669. The palace and its grounds covered about two thousand acres and included various grand chateaux and gardens. There was a stable, capable of housing hundreds of horses, and a grand orangerie. Had the Salon, which was the system of choosing and supporting artists. This annual exhibition established a set of rules for judging art that is still influential in the art world today. It was also under his rule that the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, often referred to simply as the "Academy," was established, and it soon came to be a means for imposing aesthetic standards and principles of taste.

Hammurabi

King of the city-state of Babylonia in 1792 BCE. Codified Babylonian law, and is know the oldest legal code known in its entirety

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

Known as much for the story of his life as he is for his art. Though he was a successful stockbroker, left his wife and family while in his forties to pursue his art career. He worked for a short time with van Gogh in southern France but was still dissatisfied with his art. Searching for more intense color and a more "unschooled" style, he went to Tahiti, where he painted works that depict the island's lush, tropical setting and native people, as seen through the lens of colonialism.

Frank Stella (b. 1936)

Minimalist, known for large, entirely non-objective paintings

Dan Flavin (1933-96)

Minimalist, sculptor, used neon tubing

David Smith (1906-65)

Minimalist, sculptor, used stainless steel

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)

Of North Europe, during the Renaissance. Most famous artist of Reformation Germany. Early training was largely influenced by late Gothic works. Aimed to achieve a style that combined the naturalistic detail favored by artists of the north with the theoretical ideas developed by Italian artists. He traveled to Italy, studied the work of his Italian contemporaries, and brought his new knowledge back to Germany. Wrote about theories of art and published many series of woodcuts and copper engravings, such as The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (c. 1498). Made the engraving Veronica, which featured hatching and cross-hatching

Matthias Grünewald (1475?-1528)

Of North Europe, during the Renaissance. Only ten of his works have survived. Known for his religious scenes and his depiction of Christ's crucifixion. The Isenheim Altarpiece (c. 1510-15), a work consisting of nine panels mounted on two sets of folding wings, is considered to be his greatest masterpiece.

Titian Vecelli (c. 1488-1576)

One of the most prolific of the Venetian painters. He is well known for his portraits of his patrons, and he is also recognized as having been the greatest colorist of the Renaissance artists. He was an innovative portraitist. He used various elements of setting, such as a column or a curtain, as the backdrop for his portraits instead of an atmospheric neutral background, as had been the custom.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

"Renaissance Man" Well known as an inventor, but also is recognized as an architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician. His design for the locks that control movements along canals from one level to another is still used today, and his drawings of submarines and helicopters have been found to be viable models. Two of his paintings, The Last Supper (c. 1495-98) and the Mona Lisa (c.1503-05), have become so well known that they are now icons of popular culture. His key innovation in painting, which is readily apparent in the Mona Lisa, is the use of sfumato. Sfumato, from the Italian word fumo, meaning smoke, is the use of mellowed colors and a blurred outline. Sfumato allows forms to blend subtly into one another without perceptible transitions.

Michelangelo di Buonarotti (1475-1564)

"Renaissance Man" Won a competition to make a statue from marble, but it turned out to have a major crack. He turned it into David (1504) which is larger than lafe-sized, as it was originally meant to be place high on the Facade of the cathedral in Florence. It's striking pose was seen as the very embodiement of the spirit of Florence as a republic. In 1505, Pope Julius II commissioned him to design his tomb. He began sculpting great statues such as Moses (c. 1513-15), The Dying Slave (1513-16), and The Bound Slave (1513-16) to be included in the Pope's colossal tomb. However, in the midst of this commission, the Pope canceled the project for uncertain reasons. He was bitter and hesitant when Pope Julius II gave him another commission. This time, the artist was asked to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. It took him four years, from 1508 to 1512, to cover the seven hundred square yards of the ceiling,

Clement Greenberg

1950s Art critic in New York

Harold Rosenberg

1950s Art critic in New York

Emil Nolde (1867-1956)

A part of Die Brücke, and took the brilliant arbitrary colors of the Fauvists and combined them with the intense feelings found in the work of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (1863-1944).

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938)

A part of Die Brücke, and took the brilliant arbitrary colors of the Fauvists and combined them with the intense feelings found in the work of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (1863-1944).

Franz Kline (1910-62)

Abstract Expressionist

Lee Krasner (1908-84)

Abstract Expressionist

Willem de Kooning (1904-97)

Abstract Expressionist

Jackson Pollock (1912-56)

Abstract Expressionist, eventually abandoned even the use of his paintbrush and instead dripped his paint directly onto the canvas.

Josef Albers

Abstract Impressionist color field artists.

Mark Rothko

Abstract Impressionist color field artists.

Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

An Impressionist whose work exemplified new influences. Often combined the snapshot style of photography with a Japanese-like perspective from slightly above his subject.

Jacob Lawrence

Artist of the Harlem Renaissance

Romare Bearden

Artist of the Harlem Renaissance

Josef Albers (1888-1976)

Bauhaus' faculty, a well-known painter, graphic artist, and designer, came to the United States and continued to teach.

Tutankhamun

Boy King of Ancient Egypt. His tomb was cleverly hidden and remained almost completely intact until 1922. It included his burial mask, found in the innermost layer of the king's sarcophagus, rested on the mummy's face and shoulders. It is made of gold and is decorated with blue glass and semiprecious stones. The mask presents an idealized portrait of the young king.

Jeanne-Claude (1935-2009)

Christo's partner and handled many of the logistical details that must be addressed to carry out the work.

Dominikos Theotokopoulos, known as El Greco

Closely associated with the Counter-Reformation. Strongly influenced by Tintoretto's paintings, and he worked for a period of time in Titian's workshop in Venice. In 1576, left Italy for Toledo, Spain. He is one of the most well known of the Mannerist painters, and his dramatic use of elongated figures captured the religious fervor of the Counter Reformation.

Jasper Johns (b. 1930)

Created a series of works that featured common things such as flags, numbers, maps, and letters.

Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)

Created ingenious buildings of cut stone in Spain in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Without any flat surfaces or straight lines, his buildings are very organic in appearance.

Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008)

Created sculptures from the cast-off objects he found around him to create what he called "combines." He hung his own bedclothes on the wall like a canvas and painted them [Bed (1955)], and one of his most famous works, Monogram (1959), consists of numerous "found" items, including a stuffed goat, a tire, a police barrier, the heel of a shoe, a tennis ball, and paint. Well known for his mixed media pieces that combine silkscreen images with paint.

Giorgione (1477/78-1510)

Credited with making innovations in the subject matter of landscapes, as he painted scenes not taken from the Bible or from classical or allegorical stories. Prior to his painting The Tempest (c. 1508), artists had generally begun with the figures that were to be the subject matter of the painting and then added the background. However, in The Tempest the landscape became the subject of the painting.

Artemisia Gentileschi (1593?-1652?)

Daughter of a painter, had the unusual opportunity to study in her father's studio. She is particularly known for her remarkable adaptation of Carravaggio's techniques. Her works include self-portraits and paintings of Old Testament women.

Jean Dominique Ingres (1780-1867)

David's pupil, and his work shows the sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition, and rational order that are hallmarks of the Neoclassical style.

Georges Braque (1882-1963)

Developed Cubism

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Developed Cubism. Painted Les Demoiselles d' Avignon (1907). He took an ordinary object—bicycle handlebars- and made them appear as bull horns when coupled with a bicycle seat (Bull's Head, 1943).

Michael Heizer (b. 1944)

Did Earthworks

Robert Smithson (1938-73)

Did Earthworks

Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)

Dissatisfied with the lack of solid form in Impressionist works, he set about redefining art in terms of form. He suggested that a painting could be structured as a series of planes with a clear foreground, middle ground, and background and argued that the objects in the painting could all be reduced to their simplest underlying forms—a cube, a sphere, or a cone.

Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-69)

Dutch artist, created some of the best known works from the Baroque period. Is a painter, printmaker, and draftman. His best known work is The Night Watch (1642), more properly known as Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard. He chose to break with tradition and grouped the members of the company in a way that gave more attention to some members than to others. This break with tradition, as well as other problems in his life, ultimately caused the decline of his career.

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Established a huge workshop and produced works of great energy and color that became models for many artists.

Giotto di Bondone (1267-1336/7

Florentine who is known for frescoes and used simple perspective by overlapping and modeling his figures in the round. Gave the illusion of a stage. His works were different from most Gothic works because he had figures with powerful gestures and emotional expressions.

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-68)

German scholar who shifted away from Vasari's biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of stylistic development as related to historical context

Tintoretto (1518-94)

Great Venetian painter, is often linked with an artistic style called Mannerism that grew in popularity in the late sixteenth century. His color schemes differed from those of the Mannerists. He presented his figures from dramatic angles— it is said that he used small figures as models and arranged them and rearranged them until he had the most dramatic effect. He also used dramatic contrasts of light and dark, called chiaroscuro, to heighten the emotional impact of his subjects. His later works are marked by their spiritual subject matter, and his use of sharp perspectives and chiaroscuro anticipate the Baroque era.

Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)

Painted Nude Descending a Staircase (1912). Created two works that have come to represent this amusing and irreverent view of the world. He added a mustache to a reproduction of the Mona Lisa and gave it an insulting title (LHOOQ, 1919), and he also exhibited a common porcelain urinal (Fountain, 1917). Invented a new category of artworks that he referred to as ready-mades.

Brancusi (1876-1957)

Painted The Kiss, with its abstracted, block-like figures.

Chuck Close (b. 1940)

Photorealist artist, with his portraits

Duane Hanson (1925-1996)

Photorealist artist, with his witty sculptures of ordinary people,

Roy Lichtenstein (1923-97)

Pop artist, adopted the imagery of comic books and recreated them on such a large scale that the pattern of dots used to print them was made massive.

Georges Seurat (1859-91)

Post-Impressionist. Placed an emphasis on the scientific rules of color. He applied his colors in small dots of complementary colors that blended in the eye of the viewer in what is called optical mixing. The results were vibrant, though the emphasis on technique also resulted in static compositions.

Henri Matisse (1869-1954)

Post-Impressionist. Used colors so intense that they violated the sensibilities of critics and the public alike. Taking their cue from van Gogh, these artists no longer thought their use of color needed to replicate color as seen in the real world. Their wild use of arbitrary color earned them the name of fauves, or "wild beasts."

Philip Johnson (1906-2005)

Postmodernist architect, known as one of the leading modern architects of the International Style. In 1970, He suggested the radical idea that one of the functions of art was decoration, and with the AT&T Building (1984; now 550 Madison Avenue), he added a finial to the top of the standard office tower.

Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806)

Promoted by Madame Pompadour. Fragonard studied with Boucher, and his works strongly reflect Boucher's influence.

Honoré Daumier (1808-79)

Realist

Jean François Millet (1814-75).

Realist

Gustave Courbet (1819-77)

Realist with a flamboyant and outgoing personality who outraged conventional audiences by showing a painting of ordinary workmen repairing a road at the official government sponsored Salon. This work, called The Stonebreakers (1849 50), also had political implications in the context of a wave of revolutions that spread across Europe beginning in 1848.

Donatello (1389?-1466)

Renaissance artist who is widely considered the founder of modern sculpture. The influence of classical antiquity on his sculpture was strong, as evidenced by his best-known work, a bronze statue of David (c. 1420s-60s). This work was the first known freestanding nude statue to have been cast since antiquity. Toward the end of his life, his sculptures reflected a greater emphasis on naturalism and the expression of character and dramatic action.

Giorgia Vasari (1511-74)

Renaissance author and artist, gathered the biographies of great Italian artists, past and present, in The Lives of the Artists.

Masaccio (1401-28)

Renaissance painter, is given credit for putting Brunelleschi's theory into practice, as he used both linear and aerial perspective in his frescoes.

Théodore Gericault (1791-1824)

Romantic artist

William Blake (1757-1827)

Romantic artist

Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944),

Russian artist who led the Expressionist group in Germany, who around 1913 began to paint totally abstract pictures without any pictorial subject.

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)

Second place winner in a Florence competition to design the doors for the city's new baptistery, so he decided to focus on architecture. He won a competition to complete the dome of the cathedral in Florence, which had remained unfinished because no one had been able to construct the huge vault that was required to span the open space. He used a double-shelled dome design that has been imitated by many later architects. Also credited with developing linear(single-vanishing point) perspective

Édouard Manet (1832-83)

Sometimes referred to as the first Impressionist. Although he refused to consider himself as one of the Impressionists, his work, which showed light by juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors, nonetheless greatly inspired and influenced the generation of artists following him. His painting Le Dejéuner sur L'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) (1863) included in the Salon des Refusés in 1863, an exhibit of works rejected by the "official" Salon—was singled out for ridicule. He based his work on an engraving with a classical subject matter, but he showed contemporary clothed men with a nude woman as part of the group.

Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

Son of a sculptor, was a child prodigy who received recognition from the Pope at age seventeen. He was a talented sculptor, architect, painter, and draftsman. He worked as a designer in the theater, and many of his works reflect the influence of his theatrical background. His most important masterpiece, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647-52), is set into the altar of the Cornaro Chapel. The space includes a concealed stained-glass window that bathes the figure of the saint in dramatic gold lighting, as if she were on a stage.

Joan Miró (1893-1983)

Surrealist

René Magritte (1898-1967)

Surrealist

Salvador Dalí (1904-89)

Surrealist

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)

The greatest Renaissance portraitists. Born in Germany, he is best known for his work in England. He became court painter to King Henry VIII of England, and his portrait of Henry VIII shows not only his talent for presenting details, but also his ability to capture the psychological character of his subjects.

Andy Warhol (1928-87)

The icon of pop art, achieved the kind of popularity usually reserved for rock stars. His soup cans, Brillo boxes, and images of movie stars were created with a factory like silkscreen approach that he used to mock the art world.

Piet Mondrian (1872-1944)

Total abstractionist, Dutch artist of De Stijl canvases

Kazimir Malevich (1878-1935)

Total abstractionist, Russian painter of De Stijl canvases

Joseph Cornell (1903-72)

Twentieth-century artist who filled open boxes with a variety of objects that visually created symbolic and metaphoric statements.

Robert Indiana (1928-2018)

Used stencils that had been originally used to produce commercial signs to create his own artistic messages.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Won first place in a Florence competition to design the doors for the city's new baptistery, and he depicted the sacrifice of Isaac, who appears as a classical Greek figure. He was then asked to make a second set of doors for the cathedral, which took 25+ years to make. Michelangelo called the doors the "Gates of Paradise"

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Work that he called Impression, Sunrise (1872), and the critics seized on this mere "impression" as a means by which to ridicule the movement. He urged his fellow artists to work outdoors.

Vincent van Gogh (1853-90)

Young Dutch painter used theories of contrasting color and very direct application of paint, set about capturing the bright light of southern France. His vigorous brushwork and twisting forms were designed to capture an intense response. Developed the idea that the artist's colors should not slavishly imitate the colors of the natural world, but should be intensified to portray inner human emotions. The intense and jarring yellows, greens, and reds in the poolroom of Night Café (1888), considered a place of vice, illustrate this very influential idea.

Giovanni Battista Piranesi

engraved the Colosseum in 1757

Botticelli (1444?-1510)

his best-known painting, The Birth of Venus (c. 1482), established an image of female beauty that has lasted through the centuries. His long necked Venus with her languid pose and flowing hair was one of the first paintings of a full-length nude female since antiquity.

Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)

innovator of a new genre of painting called the fête galante. Paintings of this genre generally depicted members of the nobility in elegant contemporary dress enjoying leisure time in the countryside.

Jacques Louis David (1748-1825)

painted the Oath of the Horatii (1784), which illustrated republican virtues. Joined members of the new government as the master of ceremonies for the grand revolutionary mass rallies. Later he became a dedicated painter to Napoleon Bonaparte, and in this capacity he painted large propagandistic canvases that would seem to undermine his earlier revolutionary ideals.

Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE)

sought to analyze historical and contemporary art in his text Natural History

Diego Velázquez (1599-1660)

the court painter of the Spanish court of King Philip IV of Spain who tried to emulate the court of France. Method of building his figures from patches of color, rather than starting from a drawing, became a model for many later artists. His work influenced Impressionism.