ACBS 160D1

At approximately what point in time (and among what Hominin) did cave paintings of animals begin to appear? (Note: BP=before present

40,000 BP among Homo sapiens

Based on evidence from archaeological sites and genetics, domestication of the horse happened when?

5000-6000bp

The beginning of cattle "pre-domestication" is dated to about 11,000 BP, and by ________ cattle bones are fully within the size range of modern domesticated cattle.

8000 bp

Which of the following characteristics would make a wild animal a poor candidate for domestication by humans?

A long flight distance

Examples of social-economic consequences of domestication include all of the following EXCEPT?

Ability to digest milk into adulthood

Robert Bakewell became an important figure in England for advancing livestock breeding

All are correct

The "Sally-Anne False Belief" test

All are correct

The practice of putting exotic animals on public display or have them perform for us, as in zoos and circuses, may satisfy a human desire

All are correct

Çayönü Tepesi is a remarkable and valuable archaeological site because

All are correct

In the video "The Beak of the Finch: Speciation of finches on the Galapagos", when evolutionary biologists Rosemary and Peter Grant quantify dates breeding took place, number of years bred, number of offspring, and how many offspring survived to sexual maturity, they are:

Analyzing evolutionary fitness

There are 3 foci or themes that will appear throughout this course. Select one that will NOT be covered in this course.

Appropriate methods for training your dog and cat.

Which of the following is the ancestor to modern cattle?

Aurochs

Which pathway of domestication did our pet dogs and cats and some of our farm animals (chickens, pigs, ducks, geese) take?

Commensal pathway

Through which pathway were donkeys domesticated?

Directed pathway

What is the best example of human and dog evolved attunement (either through artificial or natural selection)?

Dog puppies without prior experience show a high sensitivity to human gestures and voice commands

What is domestication? Select all correct statements about the domestication process.

Domestication is a kind of symbiotic "mutualism". Part of the domestication process includes human bringing an animal into captivity to controls it's reproduction so that it cannot breed with wild animals over generations. Breeding animals selectively to keep desirable traits is part of the domestication process.

Animal X lives in the same area as a village of humans. Over time, humans have become more comfortable with Animal X and increased their interactions. The humans in the village like to hunt Animal X for food and will sometimes capture groups of Animal X so that they can breed it in an enclosed space. However, the humans do not influence which of the animals breed, and they cannot approach the animals. True or False: Humans have domesticated Animal X.

False

If a young animal is taken or "adopted " from the wild and raised with humans so that it is completely tame, it is considered domesticated.

False

Researchers found that hunter-gatherers that use dogs today always take good care of all their dogs by providing food, medicine and shelter.

False

Studies done on Culture of Honor in Mexico and Costa Rica show that there are strong cultural differences between farmers and herders, where farmers are more willingness to practice revenge.

False

The Industrial Revolution ushered in large-scale "agribusiness", which paid local family farms to grow and manage their livestock.

False

The origin of cockfighting can be traced to the Romans as part of the empire's popular gladiatorial games.

False

The silkworm, first domesticated in Mesopotamia around 3000 BP, encouraged trade using donkey caravans along the "Silk Route".

False

We can say with confidence that Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs applies to humans only.

False

All domestic cats are derived from which of the following species?

Felis silvestris lybica

What category of animals was second to be domesticated (after the dog)?

Food Animals

Although studies show that dogs have an emotional attachment to their owners, according to one study, which do dogs work harder for?

Food treats

There are several interesting features of the Çatal Hüyük site, that give us clues about the importance of cattle, including (select all that are correct)

Housing with entrances at the top, likely for defensive reasons, Tightly packed settlement with no streets, enabling a separation of living space from animals, Agricultural fields to produce food for cattle and people

The Human "Cute Response" likely stems from humans' attraction to

Infantile features of babies

Which of the following is NOT true of the Neolithic Revolution?

It began about 100,000 years ago.

In the American West, "Cowboy Ethics" is remarkably similar to key aspects of the Culture of Honor. Which of the following is NOT a component of Cowboy Ethics?

Know when to hold them know when to fold them

A study that attempted to discern whether humans could identify specific cat meows, such as ones made in affiliative or distress contexts, resulted in which of the following?

Most people thought all cat meows sounded emotionally negative

When American pioneers moved west from the east, they encountered hostile Native Americans that were very different from the ones Cortes or Pizzaro had encountered. Which of the following is NOT true about the natives they encountered?

Natives used long range rifles from atop mesas to gain a strategic advantage

Why are there fewer breeds of cats compared to breeds of dogs?

People have had many more uses for dogs and have created more breeds to suit the many uses

What drove ancestral humans to spread out of Africa?

Population expansion and the need for large hunting territories

The following describes a type of explanation for domestication/early farming: Internal factors encouraged/attracted humans to adopt these practices in more benign, even bountiful contexts and it does not require resource depression to be set into motion. This theory is known as the:

Pull theory

What is the definition of "neoteny"?

Retaining infantile or juvenile features into adulthood

As described in the textbook (Intro & Chapter 1), humans generally place animals into different categories according to their use. For example, animals considered as pets are generally not eaten. However, in some cultures animals have multiple uses, and as a result a pet animal might also be eaten. One example of a country where pet dogs are also eaten is

SK

The earliest evidence of sheep and goat domestication comes from the region of

SW asia

Based on research, what type of environment is most preferred by humans at a young age?

Savanna

Humans generally place animals into different categories according to their use. For example, animals considered as pets are generally not eaten. However, in some cultures animals have multiple uses, and as a result a pet animal might also be eaten. One example of a country where pet dogs are also eaten is

South Korea

Regarding wild horses, which of these statements are true?

The Przewalski's horse nearly went extinct in Eurasia but is being conserved today. The Przewalski's horse is the only remaining truly wild horse. The North American mustang is actually a feral horse.

Why is it surprising that 70% of Americans consider themselves to be "dog people"?

There are more cats as pets in the United States than there are dogs.

Typical savanna trees with a dense canopy and low branching trunk are preferred across cultures over more familiar trees such as oak, conifer, palm, and eucalyptus. Why might this be?

They invoke a subconscious attraction people have to the savannah terrain inhabited by our evolutionary ancestors. AND They were important to our small-bodied ancestors as sleeping sites and for escaping predators.

Pigs require shade and water because

They lack sweat glands

What is so important about the Vienna Wolf Science Center experiments?

They make sure wolves and dogs and reared and housed exactly the same so that this does not affect research results.

Which of the following would be a benefit of adopting a mixed-breed dog?

They may not be susceptible to specific health issues seen in pure-bred dogs

How did scientists "stump" Clever Hans and prove that he wasn't in fact a brilliant equine?

They showed that Clever Hans couldn't answer questions if no one around him knew the answers

Use of fire was an important development because it allowed our ancestors

To cook meat for digestion

Modern types of pastoralism include all EXCEPT

Transmontane

As an example of a close relationship between sheep and sheep-owner, the 2001 epidemic of Foot & Mouth disease led to a large increase in sheep-owner suicide.

True

If an animal has the same neuroanatomical structures for emotions, such as the limbic system which controls emotions in humans, then the animal may also experience emotions or have "sentience".

True

The English words "capital" and "chattel" refer to wealth, and their origin is related to the word "cattle".

True

The toxoplasma parasite may cause cat urine to be perceived as an attractant by people and rodents.

True

Regarding Welfare and Well-being, select the correct statement.

Well-being is the mental or subjective component of overall Welfare.

In "The Stranger Test" video, which of the following demonstrates that dogs have a close attachment bond to their owners, similar to attachment between a child and mother?

When the owner leaves the room, then returns, the dog quickly reunites with the owner.

One of the ancestral forms of camel in North America was

a "giant" camel, much larger than modern camels, that was adapted to the Canadian arctic

An efficient hunting-gathering mode of subsistence among our men and women ancestors involved

a division of labor where men provided food from hunting and women provided food from gathering

The human mental capacity of "mind-reading" (known as "Theory of Mind") would have helped our ancestors

all are correct

The approach taken in this course to understand the complexity of our relationships to non-human animals ...

all choices are correct

The available genetic evidence indicates that modern dogs evolved from

an animal most similar to the gray wolf

One way to describe and understand the biological connection between humans and other animals is

as types of ecological interrelationships that include 3 common type of symbioses

As our early ancestors became full-time predators—hunters of large game—they would also have evolved psychological adaptations that

attracted them to savanna-like landscapes allowed them to see the world from a prey animal's perspective allowed them to understand and empathize with what a prey animal feels

The animals listed below followed the prey pathway to domestication, except one. Which of the following domesticated animals did NOT follow the prey pathway?

cat

According to the textbook, pigs likely followed the _________ pathway(s) to domestication.

combination of prey and commensal

In defining well-being, Maslow's hierarchy of needs included 3 general categories:

existence, relatedness, growth

The development of new _______ was crucial to advances in stock breeding and growth of the meat industry in the 19.

feeds

Which statement is incorrect? The path to domestication of the camel...

followed the prey pathway because ancient rock art shows they were hunted

Although it is unclear whether goat attunement to humans is due to domestication, one experiment, where goats were given a difficult problem, showed that

goats look at the experimenter, seemingly requesting help in solving a problem, when the experimenter is turned toward them

Some problems due to breeding programs of intensive selection for a single trait include... (select all that apply)

gradual changes in the animal's behavior that may go unnoticed but that have damaging effects, unintended detrimental health consequences to the animal

People of different cultures put non-human animals into different categories or groupings. These categories primarily reflect

how the animal(s) are used

The prehistoric site of Solutre in France provides evidence that horses were hunted by

hunter gatherers on horseback...?

Before the emergence of the genus Homo, our Australopithecus earlier ancestors

included a lot of plant material in their diet, as indicated by their relatively small back (molar) teeth ????

In many non-Western cultures, non-human animals are

incorporated into their spiritual or religious beliefs

The genetic changes in human populations that allowed people to digest milk sugar (lactose)...

is an example of the profound changes in humans caused by our relationship with cattle

Peter Singer's ethical position is often considered to be highly controversial or even inflammatory because

it grants legal personhood to all animals

The reason why Maring clans in the highlands of New Guinea go to war is because

it's connected to the mass consumption of pigs beforehand and the takeover of horticultural lands by the winners

In humans, the rare "Williams-Beuren" syndrome is potentially relevant to understanding the genetic basis of tameness. One relevant trait of this syndrome is ...

leads to extremely high sociability and trusting behavior

The "human-animal" distinction

likely originated with the domestication of animals, and subsequently justified by Western philosophers

There are 3 common types of symbioses

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Which of the following is NOT a component of the commensal pathway to animal domestication?

not cac ?

Under the leadership of Munich Zoo director Heinz Heck, scientists in Nazi Germany launched a program...

of breeding domestic cattle with characteristics of the extinct aurochs

Because for millions of years our ancestors' survival depended on recognizing the potential danger and also food value of animals

our brains' visual system evolved to quickly and efficiently recognize animals

Dogs can be bad for our health. According to the CDC and other reports, serious harm to our health can occur by all the following EXCEPT one:

overexertion while walking a pet

Anthropomorphism is

the attribution of human mental states (thoughts, feeling, motivations and beliefs) to nonhuman animals or objects

Sedentary sheep and goat pastoralism led to new forms of ecosystem engineering including

the creation of pastures with desirable plants for animal food and elimination of undesirable plants

According to Evolution by Natural Selection, what is "fitness"?

the extent to which an individual's traits (genes) are represented in subsequent generations due to better survival or reproduction

Archeological evidence from the Neolithic shows that

the first permanent settlements were still small, consisting of about 20 mud-walled houses.

Research with young infants' responses to visual images of schematic spiders suggests that

the human brain has evolved to preferentially process visual images of animal stimuli that were important to our ancestors AND infants pay special attention to life-like schematic images of spiders

Evidence for the possibility that fish feel pain includes

the presence of many pain receptors around the mouth

Which of the following statements accurately describes early horticulturalists?

they were hunter-gatherers that settled and became the first farmers.

The invention of the Saharan saddle, allowed camel riders to

travel the longer distances through the Sahara on camelback

The archeologist Stephen Mithen has argued that the capacity to read an animal's mind, to see the world from an animal's perspective, first appeared in fully modern humans. In Mithen's view, earlier pre-modern ancestral humans, although successful hunters,

used mind reading only for other humans but not for other animals

The "Kikkuli" horse training method of the Hittites

was a harsh endurance method that was appropriate for chariot warfare

The creation of the Chicago Union Stock Yards

was an effort to consolidate into one large facility the previous smaller stock yards

When did our ancestors first start making tools according to archaeological evidence? (Note: mya= million years ago)

~2.5 mya