ACC Anatomy & Physiology Test Prep

Hydroxyl group

-OH: Hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom

Identify 3 main parts of a nucleotide

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Define pH

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration

Define isotope

An element that has the same number of protons and behaves identically in chemical reactions but has a different number of neutrons

How do cells react in hypertonic solutions

Cell will shrivel and can die from water loss

Describe how a dehydration/synthesis reaction is used to make a reaction

Cells link together to form polymers by removing a molecule of water as two molecules bond

The system that transports gases to cells in the rest of the body is the ____________ system.

Circulatory

Name an example of a monosaccharide

Glucose

What does the structure of triglycerides consist of

Glycerol (3 carbon molecule), 3 fatty acids

What does the structure of phospholipids consist of

Glycerol, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing group, 2 fatty acids; has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Basic unit for mass

Gram

What is the chemical symbol for potassium

K

Function of phospholipids

Makes strong flexible membranes like those around the yolk of an egg

The brain and spinal column are part of the __________ system.

Nervous

Phosphate group

OPO3(2-): Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Functions of cellulose

Plant cell walls are composed of this

What are examples of proteins in cells

Receptors, storage, enzymes

Name an example of a polysaccharide

Starch

How do cells react in isotonic solutions

The cells volume remains constant, gains water at the same time it loses it

Define atom

The smallest unit of matter that retains the property of an element

Which organ system eliminates wastes and regulates fluid levels and pH?

Urinary

Carboxyl group

-COOH: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and hydroxyl group

What is the multiple associated with the prefix kilo

1,000

What is the multiple associated with the prefix milli

1/1,000

What is the multiple associated with the prefix micro

1/1,000,000

What is the multiple associated with the prefix nano

1/1,000,000,000

What is the multiple associated with the prefix deci

1/10

What is the multiple associated with the prefix centi

1/100

Define hyrdolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

Define polymer

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers, linked together by covalent bonds

Define denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function

Define monosaccharide

A simple sugar with a molecular formula, the simplest sugar

Define element

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means

Define buffer

A substance that minimizes changes in pH

How do buffers work to keep the pH within a narrow range to maintain homeostasis

Accepts H+ ions when it's in excess and donates H+ ions when it's depleted

How does the R group in each of the 20 different amino acids determine how each amino acid is different

All 20 amino acids are grouped according to whether their R groups are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Identify amino acids as the monomers joined to make proteins

Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins are constructed, they are linked together by peptide bonds

Define ion

An atom with an electrical charge resulting from the gain or loss of an electron

Identify the relationship between temperature and pressure

As temperature increases, gas molecules move faster and collide more frequently; as temperature increases, so does gas pressure.

Identify the relationship between volume and pressure

As volume decreases, gas pressure increases; as volume increases gas pressure decreases

Functions of deoxyribose

Backbone of DNA

Functions of ribose

Backbone of RNA

Functions of glucose

Broken down by our cells, the energy released is used to make ATP an immediate source of energ

Carbonyl group

C=O: Carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom

What type of biomolecule is glucose, fructose, glycogen, etc.

Carbohydrates

Why is carbon a versatile element

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large and complex molecules, which build the structures and carry out the functions required for life. Carbon can form bonds with up to 4 other elements at the same time.

How do cells react in hypotonic solutions

Cell will gain water and swell, may burst

Describe how a condensation/hydrolysis reaction is used to make a reaction

Cells break down polymers using a digestion process by adding a water molecule

What are the 5 parts of an amino acid

Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group, H atom

Function of steroids

Cholesterol maintains flexibility of a cell membrane/steroid hormones direct our cells to do specialized tasks

What does the structure of steroids consist of

Cholesterol, sex hormones

Why is the shape of a protein important

Determines its function

Name the system that does the following: Ingests food, digests food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates wastes.

Digestive

What is the function of a lysosome

Digests older cell parts/food, breaks down damaged organelles and recycles their molecules

Name the system that includes these properties: glands are part of this system, it produces hormones, it coordinates the activity of other organ systems.

Endocrine

What is exocytosis used for

Export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides, occurs outside the cell

What is the chemical symbol for iron

Fe

Functions of fructose

For males it is the source of energy for sperm; in males and females it converts into glucose.

What is endocytosis used for

Import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell, occurs inside the cell

What type of bond forms when electrons are transferred

Ionic bond

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

It serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER (shipping and receiving) Receiving - endocytosis Shipping - exocytosis

What are the molecules that are hydrophobic

Lipids

Basic unit for volume

Liter

Basic unit for length

Meter

The ________ system maintains body posture.

Muscular

Amine group

NH2: Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and the carbon skeleton

What is the chemical symbol for sodium

Na

What type of bond forms when electrons are shared equally

Nonpolar covalent bond

What are the monomers that join to make nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Define hydrogen ion (H+)

Nucleus of a hydrogen atom separates from an accompanied electron

Describe the tertiary level of a proteins structure

Overall 3D shape; covalent bonds are important here

What type of bond forms when electrons are shared unequally

Polar covalent bond

Define polysaccharide

Polymer made up of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions that function as storage molecules or structural compounds

Describe the primary level of a proteins structure

Precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains

Functions of SER

Production & storage of carbs & lipid

Functions of RER

Protein synthesis

Describe the quarternary level of a proteins structure

Proteins with more than 1 polypeptide chain

Functions of sucrose

Provides a source of energy and raw materials to all the parts of a plant

The __________ system produces gametes and sex hormones.

Reproductive

Name the system that includes these properties: assists with sense of smell, helps to regulate pH, and allows for gas exchange between the lungs and blood.

Respiratory

Basic unit for time

Seconds

Describe the secondary level of a proteins structure

Segments of the chain that are coiled/folded into local patterns; hydrogen bonds are important here

Which system protects internal organs?

Skeletal

Define acid

Substance that donates H+ to solutions, usually starts with a H (0-6)

Define base

Substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

Define monomer

Subunit that serves as the building block for a polymer

Name an example of a disaccharide

Sucrose

What is the function of the mitochondria

Supplies energy/ATP for the cell

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Transports materials (proteins) around the cell

What are 3 types of lipids

Triglycerides (fats), steroids, phospholipids

Define disaccharide

Two monosaccharides linked together by a dehydration reaction

Define molecule

Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

Which of the following systems regulates fluid levels in the body?

Urinary, Lymphatic, Circulatory, Integumentary

Functions of glycogen

Used by animals as short-term energy storage

Functions of starch

Used by plants for longer term energy storage

Functions of galactose

Used for energy

Functions of lactose

Used for energy

Function of triglycerides

Used for long term energy storage in plants and animals

Identify hydrophobic substances and describe their interactions

Water-fearing substances such as oils or fats that do not mix well with water

Identify hydrophilic substances and describe their interactions

Water-loving substances such as wood, cotton, or leather that are soluble in water