AD102 - Review

At what age is the brain considered to be fully developed?

25

For how long does the high from amphetamine generally last?

4 to 6 hours

Please select three of the stages of change.

Action Contemplation Pre-Contemplation

The earliest stage of alcohol related liver disease is known as ______________?

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Potential medical uses of barbiturates include:

All of the above

The neurotransmitter (other than dopamine) associated with marijuana is ____________?

Anandamide

Please select two common withdrawal symptoms for stimulants.

Anhedonia Emotional Depression

The inability to form new short term memories that may result from benzodiazepine use is known as ___________ _______________?

Anterograde Amnesia

Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines?

Because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death

The psychological effects of marijuana withdrawal include which of the following? #1. anger #2. depression #3. anxiety #4. irritability

Effects 1, 2, 3 and 4 only

Please select three symptoms of Post Acute Withdrawal (PAWS).

Emotional Overreaction or Numbness Anhedonia Memory Problems

The natural pain killers produced by the human body are known as:

Endorphins/enkephalins

The intense memory and recollection of positive experiences related to substance use and other compulsive behaviors is known as ____________?

Euphoric Recall

The effect an hallucinogen has on the user depends on which of the following factors? #1. The user's mind-set #2. The physical setting in which the drug is used #3. The amount taken or dosage #4. How recently the user has eaten

Factors 1, 2, and 3

An individual who is under the influence of heroin will have dilated pupils.

False

Benzodiazepines are dangerous when taken with other downers therefore, the benzos should be discontinued immediately.

False

Lyrica, Lunesta and Ambien are common barbiturates?

False

Marijuana is not addictive and does not produce compulsive use?

False

Sedative hypnotics are also effective for pain relief?

False

The effects of psychedelic drugs are consistent and predictable?

False

The most rapid route of administering a drug to reach the brain is intravenously.

False

True or False: Individuals with HIV may receive treatment and become cured from the disease.

False

What infectious disease is a precursor to AIDS?

HIV

The condition related to long term marijuana use characterized by uncontrollable vomiting is known as ___________________?

Hypremisis

The hallucinogenic substance being used in some countries to treat addiction is known as

Ibogaine

Which of the following is NOT a long term mental/ emotional side effect of stimulant use?

Increased confidence

Which statement is true regarding intravenous drug use?

Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses.

What substance is being researched as a potentially viable treatment for PTSD?

MDMA

Which of the following statements is true?

Many heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids

Please select the two primary goals of treatment.

Motivation towards abstinence Creating a drug free lifestyle

Please select the three major classes of downers/depressants.

Opiates Sedative Hypnotics Alcohol

When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, which of the following occurs? #1. The user becomes exhausted. #2. Emotional depression sets in. #3. The user becomes hyperactive. #4. Extreme confidence sets in.

Results 1 and 2 only

Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body in which of the following ways? #1. increase the brain's electrical activity #2. increase the brain's chemical activity #3. increase central nervous systems activity #4. increase peripheral nervous systems activity

Results 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following are signs of addiction?

There is continued use despite experiencing physical or psychological problems and consequences.

Which of the following most accurately describes the addiction profile for psychedelics such as psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, and peyote?

They do not generally produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior and are not considered addictive.

Barbiturates may initially produce stimulant like effects prior to sedation occurring?

True

Benzos are commonly used to treat symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

True

Drug use creates risk to the immune system because of increased exposure to viruses, bacteria and communicable diseases.

True

Hepatitis C is the most common blood borne infection in the United States.

True

Opiates limit the release of and block receptors for substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell.

True

Please select three common methods used for drug testing.

Urine Blood Hair

What three areas make up the brain's reward pathway?

Ventral Tegmental Area Nucleus Accumbens Pre-Frontal Cortex

What is the name of the neurotransmitter that is active in the brain's reward pathway?

dopamine

Chronic stimulant use results in the ____________ regulation of serotonin and dopamine receptor sites.

down

Illnesses such as Tuberculosis, Pneumonia or Hepatitis C are known as _____ infections when found in individuals with AIDS.

infectious

There are several routes of administering drugs, and some reach the brain faster than others. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the routes of administration from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?

inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to which of the following? #1. hereditary predisposition #2. altered brain chemistry #3. craving for the high #4. desire to avoid the crash

options 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which chemicals are most responsible for the psychedelic effects of magic mushrooms?

psilocin and psilocybin

Which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high?

smoking crack cocaine

What is the neurotransmitter primarily responsible for mood control?

Serotonin

Opiate related overdose death is typically a result of:

Severe respiratory depression

Which of the following describes changes in the brain of a person who is addicted to alcohol or other drugs? #1. The reward/control circuits of the addiction pathway are hijacked by changes in brain chemistry altered by substance abuse. #2. The "go" circuit becomes overactive and drives compulsive substance use. #3. The "stop" circuit does not function properly and is overridden by the "go" switch. #4. Drug cravings hijack survival mechanisms in the old brain and override rational actions of the new brain.

Statements 1, 2, 3, and 4

Please select three potential long term effects of trauma.

Strained Relationships Unpredictable Emotions Physical symptoms such as headaches or nausea

Trauma significantly impacts which system in the brain?

Survival

Which of the following is NOT a method of transmission for HIV?

Sweat

Down regulation of a brain cell's receptors occurs when a person uses drugs and:

The cell retracts receptor sites to slow down message transmission because There are too many neurotransmitters

One potential medical use of cocaine is:

Topical Anesthetic

An emotional response to a terrible event such as abuse, rape or natural disaster is known as ___________?

Trauma

Please select three common symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal.

Tremors Anxiety Nausea

Acute withdrawal from heroin is not life-threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics can be.

True

The physical, mental and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function.

t

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to:

the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the central nervous system

Cross-tolerance is defined as:

when a person develops tolerance to other, similar drugs in the same category (e.g., two or more depressants such as heroin and morphine)

The three main groups of sedative hypnotics are...

Benzos, Barbiturates, Z-hypnotics

What three areas of the brain are most significantly impacted by drugs?

Brain Stem Limbic System Cerebral Cortex/Pre-frontal Cortex

What area of the brain is responsible for balance, posture and coordination?

Cerebellum

People who smoke marijuana commonly present with which physical ailment?

Chronic bronchitis

The most advanced type of alcohol induced liver injury is characterized by severe scarring and disruption of the normal structure of the liver -- hard scar tissue replaces soft healthy tissue. This is known as _____________?

Cirrhosis

The small tentacle like branches on the nerve cell that are responsible for receiving messages from other cells are called

Dendrite

Please select the four major neurotransmitters impacted by stimulants.

Epinephrine Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine

What area of the brain is the last to develop?

Frontal Lobe/Pre-frontal Cortex

Sedatives greatly increase what inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA

A disease characterized by inflammation of the pancreas that is often a result of chronic alcohol use.

Pancreatitis

Please select the two sedatives sexual predators have been known to use to intoxicate potential victims.

Rohypnol GHB

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drug's effects. Considering this fact, which of the following symptoms would be expected from opiate withdrawal? #1. bone, joint, and muscular pain #2. insomnia and anxiety #3. high blood pressure, rapid pulse #4. pinpoint pupils

Symptoms 1, 2, and 3 only

The gap in between two nerve cells that neurotransmitters are released into is known as the

Synapse

The crossing of senses such as when visual inputs become sound is known as __________?

Synesthesia

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating the "fight or flight response.

t