ADB Final

The historical and moral conflict between doing what an individual wants to do (primal urges) versus what he should do (common sense, reason) is mirrored in the conflict that arises between the old brain and the new brain when addictive drugs and behaviors are involved.

True

The sense of relaxation and well-being that smokers receive from a cigarette is actually the sensation of the withdrawal symptoms being subdued.

True

Three main categories of drugs used in sports include therapeutic drugs, performance enhancing drugs and recreational and mood altering drugs.

True

Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.

True

A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ______ and is located in the ______ and the ______.

alcohol dehydrogenase; stomach; liver

Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics

Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not as strong are called.

amphetamine congeners

Hashish is made from

cannabis resin

One of the reasons why there is increasing use of medications to treat addiction is because

certain drugs can lessen craving

Which of the following techniques is not an aspect of motivational interviewing?

confronting clients in an effort to help them get beyond their denial

The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse is:

dopamine

Easy access to alcohol, a permissive societal view of drinking, unsafe living conditions, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare and drug recovery programs are examples of what factors associated with increased alcohol use?

environmental

Which of the following statements are true about the way opioids affect the brain's neurochemistry?

#1. Opioids act like endorphins. #2. Opioids can block substance P.

Which of the following describes changes in the brain of a person who is addicted to alcohol or other drugs?

#1. The reward/control circuits of the addiction pathway are hijacked by changes in brain chemistry altered by substance abuse. #2. The "go" circuit becomes overactive and drives compulsive substance use. #3. The "stop" circuit does not function properly and is overridden by the "go" switch. #4. Drug cravings hijack survival mechanisms in the old brain and override rational actions of the new brain.

Which of the following are common mistakes made by alcohol and other drug prevention and education efforts on college campuses?

#1. They often overlook and do not recognize the level of sophistication most college students have regarding most aspects of alcohol and other drugs. #3. Prevention messages often appear condescending to the average student.

Chronic heavy drinking can contribute to which of the following diseases?

#1. cancer of the stomach and esophagus #2. malnutrition #3. hypertension (high blood pressure) #4. cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal irregular heart rhythms)

Marijuana withdrawal has been associated with which of the following symptoms?

#1. inability to concentrate and marijuana cravings #2. chills, aches, and sweating #3. sleep disturbances and slight tremors #4. decreased appetite and stomach pain

Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body in which of the following ways?

#1. increase the brain's electrical activity, chemical activity, CNS, PNS

Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C?

#1. sharing of contaminated needles #2. drug-induced high-risk sexual practices

Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration.

False

The further cocaine gets from its original production source, the more pure it becomes.

False

Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants.

True

The legality of alcohol and tobacco, coupled with pervasive advertising of these substances, reduces the effectiveness and limits the credibility of many prevention programs.

True

Down regulation of a brain cell's receptors occurs when a person uses drugs and:

the cell retracts receptor sites to slow down message transmission because there are too many neurotransmitters

Compulsive shoppers have described the relief from depression and the subsequent high from buying in terms similar to those describing

the high derived from cocaine

Which of the following are examples of environmental factors that can make a person more liable to abuse a psychoactive substance?

#1 Drinking and/or other drug use is common in the home and family environment. #3 Physical and emotional stress are the norm in the home, work, or school environment. #4 An environment in which physical, emotional, or sexual abuse occurs.

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include which of the following?

#1. over-the-counter and look-alike downers, including antihistamines #2. skeletal muscle relaxants #3. sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines

Which of the following are warning signs that someone may be abusing inhalants?

#1. recurring or frequent headaches #2. chemical odor on the body #3. inflammation of the nasal lining

In 1937 marijuana became illegal in the United States largely because

#1. the chief federal drug regulator wanted a new mission and purpose after alcohol Prohibition was repealed, and he chose marijuana #2. smoking of marijuana by Mexican migrant workers became demonized because the workers were perceived as a social and economic threat

Which of the following best defines codependency?

An individual depends on the addict to fulfill some need of his or her own.

Which of the following statements is true about anorexia?

Anorexics have a distorted perception of their body's shape and size.

The three parts of the public health model used to explain the prevention model are

B. host, environment, and agent

Addiction generally affects only the person with the problem and does not affect family members or family dynamics.

False

Coerced (legally mandated) treatment is not as effective as voluntary treatment.

False

Dendritic "spines" ("memory bumps") grow in the synapse when the nerve is stimulated by sensory input.

False

Most sedative-hypnotics are from natural sources.

False

The phrase "supply reduction" refers to prevention programs that prevent people from wanting to use illicit drugs.

False

The type of drug a person uses has little impact on the symptoms of his or her co-occurring mental health disorders.

False

There is a national registry of prevention and treatment programs, but program results are anecdotal rather than evidence based.

False

When a psychiatric diagnosis is made while a person is in the earliest stage of treatment for substance abuse, the psychiatric diagnosis is most likely to be accurate.

False

Women have a higher percentage of body water than do men of comparable size, so there is more water to dilute the alcohol they drink.

False

Ketamine is most similar to which drug?

PCP

Which of the following is a sign of addiction?

There is continued use despite experiencing physical or psychological problems and consequences.

Which of the following statements is true regarding conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder among children and adolescents?

They are strong predictors of alcohol and drug use problems.

"Addiction" is the disease, whereas inhalant abuse, steroid misuse, or compulsive gambling, eating, shopping, or sex are the manifestations of the disease.

True

Alcohol interacts with more types of receptors, neurotransmitters, and genes than do marijuana and cocaine.

True

Children who grow up in a home with a drug-using or alcohol-abusing family member take on distinctive roles that affect their personalities.

True

Compulsive behaviors (e.g., binge eating, anorexia, bulimia, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion, and Internet addiction) affect many of the same areas of the brain that are influenced by psychoactive drugs.

True

The life span of a chronic high-dose drinker is

15 years shorter than that of the general population

In the United States, approximately what percentage of hospital admissions are due to medical complications related alcohol use?

25-30%

Contaminated needles spread which disease(s)?

A. HIV/AIDS B. hepatitis C. chlamydia D. all of the above- ANSWER

A person who has a preexisting clearly defined mental illness before becoming involved with drug abuse could fit which of the following assessment profiles?

An individual who uses drugs to self-medicate mental health symptoms

Which gene signals a susceptibility to both alcoholism and gambling?

DRD2A1 allele gene

Attempts to solve the problems of drug abuse, addiction, and crime focus on demand reduction, supply reduction, and reduction of drug potency.

False

Formication, the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (e.g., coke bugs, meth bugs, and snow bugs) are crawling under one's skin, is caused by the visual hallucinogenic effects of stimulants.

False

In addition to their psychedelic effects, "all arounders" almost always depress the central nervous system.

False

Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented.

False

Psychedelics come only from natural plant sources.

False

The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its central nervous system target, the less the reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.

False

Anterograde amnesia is the term used to describe an inability to remember what happened during a psychedelic trip.

True

The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function.

True

The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods.

True

On which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) have the most significant impact?

cardiovascular system

Which of the following are visual indications that a person may be on MDMA (ecstasy)?

dilated pupils and twitching eyelids

Which disorder is similar to compulsive shopping?

hoarding

Which of the following best describes how the first cigarette of the day affects a smoker?

increases blood pressure and heart rate

There are several routes of administering drugs, and some reach the brain faster than others. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the routes of administration from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?

inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion

Listed below are three different sequential variations of drugs in the opiate family. Which one accurately represents the order in which the drugs were discovered and used (from left to right, representing oldest to newest drug forms).

opium, morphine, heroin

Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ____________ that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.

painful stimuli

Which of the following is the correct sequence for stages of change?

pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination (preparation), action, maintenance and relapse prevention

Psychiatric medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-anxiety drugs, are prescribed to

rebalance irregular brain chemistry

Which of the following is a thought or psychotic disorder?

schizophrenia

Which level(s) of prevention is/are most likely to include intervention?

secondary and tertiary prevention

Drugs that stimulate which neurotransmitter have the potential to treat sexual addiction?

serotonin

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to

the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS

According to the textbook, the "lag phase" refers to which of the following statements?

the time between initial use of alcohol or other drugs and the development of severe consequences due to the use or abuse of the substance

Which of the following statements are true regarding mental illnesses?

#1. Environmental influences, such as extreme stress, can unbalance neurochemistry and increase a person's susceptibility to mental illness. #2. Drug use can trigger a mental illness when the user is predisposed to depression or schizophrenia. #4. Physical and sexual abuse in childhood is common among women who have borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternation between periods of mild and deep depression.

False

Drinking experience, not heredity, affects a person's ability to tolerate a given amount of alcohol.

False

Drug tolerance to benzodiazepines develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing (metabolizing) a drug that is used regularly.

True

Endogenous craving associated with initial abstinence is a type of drug hunger brought about by the depletion of brain neurotransmitters during drug use.

True

False-negative results, not false positives, constitute the majority of urine-testing errors.

True

PCP can be recirculated from the body fat to the brain, causing an actual drug "flashback."

True

Psilocybin mushrooms cause less disassociation, panic, and psychotic reactions compared with LSD.

True

Which of the following statements are true about plants and plant byproducts that produce psychedelic effects?

#1. Plants with psychedelic properties have been used in religious, magical, and social ceremonies throughout history. #2. There is a type of mold that can infect rye plants and produce an LSD-like experience. #4. Certain types of cactus produce psychedelic experiences when eaten.

When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, which of the following occurs?

#1. The user becomes exhausted. #2. Emotional depression sets in.

Which of the following have been identified as risk factors for substance abuse among veterans and military service members?

#1. the stress and the anxiety of combat and deployment #2. the regional availability of indigenous drugs like cannabis (hashish, marijuana) and opiates (opium, heroin) #3. social norms that support a heavy-drinking culture within branches of the military

The effect an all arounder has on the user depends on which of the following factors?

#1. the user's mind-set #2. the physical setting in which the drug is used #3. the amount taken or dosage

Which of the following are common errors that new and inexperienced addiction counselors make in group treatment, according to the textbook?

#1. unrealistic and preconceived notions of how the group will progress #2. an inability to recognize the stages of therapy and stages of change #3. failure to drop the professionalism "mask" #4. failure to plan and establish ground rules and not adequately integrating new members into the group

Cyber-addiction and gaming addiction, including MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games), are characterized by which of the following actions?

#1. using the computer or video games for 40 hours or more per week #2. losing track of time while logged on #3. neglecting responsibilities #4.feeling irritable and anxious when offline

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding 12-step programs?

#2. There are more than 50 major topics (e.g., Narcotics Anonymous, Sex Addicts Anonymous, and Overeaters Anonymous) covered by 12-step groups operating around the world.

Which of the following are principles of effective treatment?

#2. Treatment needs to be readily available. #3. No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals. #4. An individual's treatment and services plan must be continually assessed and modified when necessary.

Substance-abuse treatment facilities often avoid accepting dually-diagnosed patients, seeing them as too disruptive or inattentive to participate in group therapy.

True

Substance-induced disorders are mental health problems caused by alcohol and other drug use.

True

Susceptibility to blackouts and brownouts is also a marker for susceptibility to alcoholism.

True

The effects of amphetamines last longer than the effects of cocaine because amphetamines can block enzymes from metabolizing neurotransmitters, which creates a continued overstimulation.

True

The inability to resist an impulse that is originally pleasurable but ends up becoming harmful is called an impulse-control disorder.

True

When a person who has developed tolerance to caffeine subsequently withdraws from the caffeine, it results in physical pain, extreme fatigue, and depression.

True

Which of the following constitute the three phases of a psychotherapeutic approach for treatment of dual diagnosis?

#2. maintaining abstinence #3. continuing psychotherapy along with psychiatric medication #4. achieving abstinence

Although alcohol is absorbed at different rates, metabolism occurs at a relatively defined continuous rate.

True