ADCS Prefinals
ATIS Clearance Delivery Ramp/Ground Control Tower/Local Control TRACON
ATC Divisions
Windsock Wind Tee Tetrahedron Segmented Circle
Examples of Wind Indicators
TAXIWAY MARKINGS
It has yellow markings that may include centerline, runway holding position, edge, shoulder, holding position, and taxiway intersection markings.
Runway Taxiway Apron Terminal
Parts of an Airport
- Visual Runway - Non-Precision Runway - Precision Runway
Runway Classifications
True
True or False: Each runway usually has one or more parallel taxiways, with several smaller taxiways allowing landing aircraft to get off the runway quickly.
RUNWAY SIDE STRIPE MARKING
delineate the edges of the runway. They provide a visual contrast between runway and the abutting terrain or shoulders.
Taxiways
is a PATH FOR AIRCRAFT at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals, and other facilities. They mostly have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete. are the roadways that airplanes use to get to and from the runway. They connect the runway with the ramp and parking area.
Runway
is a defined area in an airport designated for the takeoff and landing of aircraft. It is typically a long, flat surface, often paved with asphalt or concrete, and it plays a crucial role in ensuring safe and efficient aircraft operations.
Airport
is a designated area of land and facilities that is specifically designed and equipped for the arrival, departure, and maintenance of aircraft.
Terminal
is a key infrastructure component facilitating air travel. Serving as the gateway between land and air, it houses essential facilities such as check-in counters, security checkpoints, departure and arrival gates, baggage claim areas, and customs.
TAXIWAY CENTERLINE
is a single continuous yellow line. 6 inches (15 cm) to 12 inches (30 cm) in width. Provides a visual cue to permit taxiing along a designated path.
Controlled Airport Uncontrolled Airport
2 Types of Airport
RUNWAY DEMARCATION BAR
A painted marking that indicates the beginning and end of the runway safety area limits of the runway typically yellow. Delineates a runway with a displayed threshold from a blast pad, stop-way or taxiway that precedes the runway. is 3' (1m) wide and yellow, since it is not located on the runway.
ENGINEERED MATERIALS ARRESTOR SYSTEM
A safety feature installed at the end of runways. Composed of engineered bed materials designed to crash and deform under the weight of aircraft. It is sometimes called as arrestor bed.
(1) single runways (2) parallel runways (3) intersecting runways (4) open‐V runways
Basic Runway Configurations
RUNWAY THRESHOLD BAR
Delineates the beginning of the available runway for landing when relocated or displaced. is 10 feet (3m) in width and extends across the width of the runway
Clearance Delivery
Delivers pre-departure clearances to pilots which contain important information they need before they can initiate their departure, which may include assigned route, initial altitude, and any other relevant instructions.
Security Screening
Ensures the safety of air travel by screening passengers and their belongings for prohibited items, enhancing aviation security. Passengers undergo body and luggage scans, and security personnel use advanced technology to detect potential threats while maintaining efficiency.
ARRIVAL GATES
Facilitates the orderly disembarkation of passengers after a flight lands. For international arrivals, it's the point where passengers enter the country. Immigration and customs processes often take place here, with officials verifying travel documents and checking for any items requiring declaration.
- Check-in Counters - Security Screening - Departure Gates - Arrival Gates - Baggage Claim - Customs & Immigration - ATC Building/Tower
Facilities you can find in a terminal
BAGGAGE CLAIM
Is the final step in a passenger's journey, where they retrieve their checked luggage. Conveyor belts rotate luggage for passengers to collect. Automated systems and well-designed layouts minimize the time passengers spend waiting for their luggage.
Tetrahedron
It is a wind direction indicator that points to the direction from which the wind is blowing or COMING. (indicating that landings should be in that direction) provide no indication of wind speed. it is a triangle/pyramid on its side and will swing with the wind, pointing into the wind, essentially like a weathervane on an old barn a country farm.
Terminal
Its primary function is to efficiently manage the flow of passengers and cargo, providing a seamless transition from ground to air travel. play a pivotal role in ensuring the safety, convenience, and overall organization of air transportation.
Tower/Local Control
Manages aircraft movements in the immediate vicinity of the airport, including providing clearances to aircraft for takeoff and landing, traffic separation, emergency response, etc.
White
Most common color used for runway markings.
ATIS
Provides a continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information for arriving and departing aircraft with essential data about the current conditions and general environment of the airport. typically includes details about current weather information, runway information, ILS information, etc.
TRACON
Provides safe and efficient sequencing and separation of arriving and departing aircraft in the vicinity of the airport.
Ramp/Ground Control
Responsible for the airport "movement" areas as well as areas not released to the airlines or other users. They are generally in charge of traffic along all taxiways, inactive runways, holding areas, and intersections between movement areas.
Check-in Counters
The initial point of contact for passengers. They provide necessary information, receive boarding passes, and drop off checked baggage. Airlines allocate specific counters, and passengers can either check in at physical counters or use self-service kiosks, streamlining the check-in process.
RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTS
The lights are white near the approach end of the runway and transition to alternating white and red lights at 3,000 feet from the end of the runway. The final 1,000 feet of runway is indicated by all red centerline lighting. are spaced fifty feet apart and are required for all CAT II and CAT III runways as well as for some CAT I runways.
WINDSOCK (Note: Each stripe of a windsock indicates a 3-knot increment)
The oldest and most common wind indicating device. also called as "wind cone". It is a cone-shaped device built of durable, flexible material. • When the wind blows through the large end of the cone, it causes the small end to stand out and point downwind.
ENHANCED CENTERLINE
The purpose of this enhancement is to warn the pilot that he/she is approaching a runway holding position marking and should prepare to stop unless he/she has been cleared onto or across the runway by ATC.
Wind Tee
The stem (bottom) of the "T" is pointing in the direction where the wind is GOING (indicates that landings should be in the opposite direction). Think of this: a small airplane (with the wings represented by the crossbar or top of the "T") landing into the wind.
Wala, basahin niyo lungz. Baka isama eh HAHAHAHA
The stripes of the threshold also determine the width of the runway depending on how many stripes are there. Runway Width Number of Stripes 60 feet width (18 m) = 4 75 feet width (23 m) = 6 100 feet width (30 m) = 8 150 feet width (45 m) = 12 200 feet width (60 m) = 16
Wind Direction Indicators
These are usually located in a central location near the runway and may be placed in the center of a segmented circle, which identifies the traffic pattern direction if it is other than the standard left-hand pattern. Determine the runway to be used for landings and takeoffs.
TAXIWAY SHOULDER MARKINGS
These are yellow lines perpendicular to the taxiway edge, from taxiway edge to pavement edge, about 3 meters.
CUSTOMS & IMMIGRATION
These areas manage the legal and security aspects of international travel. Officials use advanced technology and thorough procedures to maintain border security and enforce import regulations.
RUNWAY TOUCH DOWN ZONE LIGHTS
These lights consist of groups of three white lights placed to the left and three white lights placed to the right of the runway centerline lights. These lights start 100 feet before the runway threshold and continue 3,000 feet down the runway or to the midpoint (whichever is less).
TAXIWAY EDGE (DASHED DOUBLE YELLOW) LINES
These markings are used when there is an operational need to define the edge of a taxiway or taxi lane on a paved surface where the adjoining pavement to the taxiway edge is intended for use by aircraft (for example, an apron).
RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS
These markings identify the locations on a taxiway where aircraft MUST STOP when a clearance has not been issued to proceed onto the runway.
Runway Designator
This identifies the runways orientation from the magnetic north. This is used to identify the heading that will be used for landing and takeoff.
SINGLE RUNWAY
This is the simplest of the runway configurations. When winds are light both ends can be used for both arrivals and departures When winds are strong only one end can be used for operations The capacity depends on air traffic mix and type of control. • Capacity: 50-100 operations per hour.
RUNWAY LIGHTING DECISION BAR
This line of lights is placed 1000 ft from the runway threshold and is used as a visible horizon to help a pilot transfer from instrument flight to visual flight.
• the landing runway indicators • the traffic pattern indicators • the wind cone.
Three components of a segmented circle:
• Determining the active runway • Issuing landing and takeoff clearances • Issuing landing information • Sequencing landing aircraft • Coordinating with other controllers • Issuing weather and NOTAM information to pilots • Operating the runway and approaching light systems.
Tower Duties
False
True or False: "Lead-on" lights are color-coded with a different color pattern as lead-off lights.
False (Aiming points may be included on runways 4,000' or longer used by jet aircraft.)
True or False: Aiming points may be included on runways 5,000' or longer used by jet aircraft.
False: (Being centered on the taxiway centerline does not guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects.)
True or False: Being centered on the taxiway centerline guarantees wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects.
False (Visual Runways could also include threshold markings if intended for international operations.)
True or False: Visual Runways could also include threshold markings if intended for domestic operations.
False When a threshold is relocated, it closes not only a set portion of the approach end of a runway but also shortens the length of the opposite direction runway.
True or False: When a threshold is relocated, it closes not only a set portion of the approach end of a runway but also lengthens the length of the opposite direction runway.
False When approaching the holding position marking, pilots must not cross the marking without ATC clearance.
True or False: When approaching the holding position marking, pilots can cross the marking without ATC clearance.
False When the threshold is relocated, the closed portion of the runway is not available for use by aircraft for takeoff or landing, but it is available for taxi.
True or False: When the threshold is relocated, the closed portion of the runway is available for use by aircraft for takeoff or landing, and it is available for taxi.
False (1911)
True or False: aviators and some linguists report that around the year 1811 the slang word "taxi" was in use for an "airplane".
INTERSECTING RUNWAY
Two or more runways that cross each other. This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year. Capacity: 70 - 175 operations per hour
• Two intersecting runways at near threshold • Two intersecting runways at each one's mid-point. • Two intersecting runways at far threshold.
Types of Intersecting Runway:
• CONVERGING PATTERN o Open V with dependent operations toward the intersection. • DIVERGING PATTERN o Open V with dependent operations away from the intersection
Types of Open-V Runway
• CLOSE PARALLEL • INTERMEDIATE PARALLEL RUNWAYS • DUAL-LINE RUNWAYS • FAR PARALLEL RUNWAYS
Types of Parallel Runways
Runway Markings
Used to provide pilots with directions and to assist them operationally.
CHEVRON
Used to show pavement areas aligned with the runway that are unusable for landing, takeoff, and taxiing. cover blast pads or stop ways. is colored yellow.
Precision Runways
Used when the runways are served by nonvisual precision approach aids such as an Instrument Landing System (ILS).
• Protecting aircraft from the elements • Providing a secure environment for maintenance activities • Storing aircraft and aviation equipment
Uses of Hangars (Explain each use)
- aircraft parking stands - jet bridges - ground support equipment for services like refueling - baggage handling - maintenance - markings and lighting for guiding aircraft.
Various facilities and equipment found on the apron
RELOCATED RUNWAY THRESHOLD
When a portion of a runway is closed, the runway threshold is relocated as necessary. Yellow arrowheads are placed across the width of the runway just prior to the threshold bar.
RUNWAY END/THRESHOLD LIGHTS
When approaching a runway, pilots see green lights, indicating the start of the runway. From the opposite direction, red lights signal the end of the runway and warn pilots to either take off or stop before reaching them. AKA runway threshold identification lights (RTIL).
DEPARTURE GATES
Where passengers board their flights. They serve as departure hubs, and clear communication about boarding times and procedures is essential. Passengers wait in gate areas equipped with seating, shops, and amenities. Airlines use digital displays and announcements to keep passengers informed.
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS
are crucial for pilots to see the outlines of runways during lowvisibility conditions. They are typically white, except for the last 2,000 feet of instrument runways, which are yellow.
RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS
are installed at many airfields to provide rapid identification of the approach end of a particular runway. The system consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold. may be either omnidirectional or unidirectional facing the approach area.
RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS
are installed at taxiway/runway intersections. used to enhance the visibility of taxiway/runway intersections during low visibility conditions.
Hangar
are large, enclosed structures that are used to store and maintain aircraft. They are typically made of metal or concrete and have large doors that can be opened to allow aircraft to enter and exit. are an essential part of airport operations, as they protect aircraft from the elements and provide a secure environment for maintenance activities.
Visual Runways
are marked with the runway number and a dashed runway centerline.
TAXIWAY HOLDING POINT
are often utilized anywhere aircraft are normally requested to hold.
TRACON controllers
are responsible for coordinating with En-Route Centers as aircraft transition from the terminal airspace to the broader general airspace.
PARALLEL RUNWAY
are two or more runways at an airport that are substantially parallel to each other. can significantly increase the capacity of an airport by allowing more aircraft to take off and land at the same time. Capacity depends on no. of runways and spacing b/w them.
LAND AND HOLD SHORT LIGHTS
are used to indicate the hold short point on certain runways which are approved for LAHSO. consist of a row of pulsing white lights installed across the runway at the hold short point.
RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS
are used to outline runways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These Provide an additional layer of safety for operating Aircraft.
Customs
checks for restricted goods.
DISPLACED THRESHOLD LIGHTS
consist of a row of red edge lights running parallel along each side of the runway along with groups of three red lights to the left and three red lights to the right of the runway centerline similar to the configuration of touchdown zone lights.
ILS HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS
consist of two yellow solid lines spaced two feet apart connected by pairs of solid lines spaced ten feet apart extending across the width of the taxiway.
ENHANCED TAXIWAY CENTERLINE
consists of a parallel line of yellow dashes on either side of the normal taxiway centerline. are enhanced for a maximum of 150 feet prior to a runway holding position marking.
Controlled Airport
has an active control tower, and all movements must be approved. The control tower regulates the flow of traffic in the airspace around the airport as well as on the ground.
Uncontrolled Airport
has no active control tower. This type of airport relies on pilot-to-pilot communications for traffic awareness and safe separation.
Non-Precision Runways
have an existing instrument approach procedure utilizing air navigation facilities with only horizontal guidance.
RUNWAY THRESHOLD MARKINGS
helps identify the beginning and the end of the runway that is available for landing.
RUNWAY CENTERLINE MARKING
identifies the center of the runway and provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings. consists of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps.
RUNWAY (TDZ) TOUCHDOWN ZONE MARKERS
identify the touchdown zone for landing operations and are coded to provide distance information in 500 feet (150m) increments. These markings consist of groups of one, two, and three rectangular bars symmetrically arranged in pairs about the runway centerline.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL BUILDING/TOWER
is a tall structure with adequate visual reference that provides for a safe, orderly, and expeditious traffic flow in the vicinity of an airport (on the ground or air).
LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS (LAHSO)
is a tool that allows air traffic control to conduct simultaneous arrivals on intersecting runways. It's a clearance to land and then stop before the intersecting runway or taxiway.
Segmented Circle
is a visual indicator that provides traffic pattern information to pilots at airports without a control tower.
Taxiway
is the path that connects the end of the runway to the terminal area, apron, and hangar. They mostly have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete.
RUNWAY ENTRANCE LIGHTS
provide a warning to aircraft crossing or entering a runway from intersecting taxiways that there is conflicting traffic on the runway.
TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LEAD-ON LIGHTS
provide visual guidance to persons entering the runway.
TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LEAD-OFF LIGHTS
provide visual guidance to persons exiting the runway. They are color-coded to warn pilots and vehicle drivers that they are within the runway environment or instrument landing system (ILS) critical area, whichever is more restrictive.
Apron
refers to the area where aircraft are parked, loaded, unloaded, refueled, and boarded. It is a paved surface located outside the terminal building and runways where airplanes taxi to and from parking positions. a critical part of airport infrastructure and plays a crucial role in the ground operations of an airport.
RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
refers to the number and relative orientations of one or more runways on an airfield.
RUNWAY AIMING POINT MARKING
serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. These two rectangular markings consist of a broad white stripe located on each side of the runway centerline and approximately 1,000 feet from the landing threshold.
DISPLACED THRESHOLD
serves the purpose of keeping a safe glidepath for approaching aircraft especially when there are obstruction along the arrival path or before the runway. This area can be used for taxiing or for takeoff.
TAXIWAY EDGE LINES
used to define the edge of the taxiway.
Immigration
verifies passports and entry requirements.
OPEN-V RUNWAYS
•Two runways that diverge from different directions but do NOT intersect form a shape that looks like an "open-V" The runway uses a strategy wherein the operations are away from the "V" yields highest capacity.
