Addictions (Final)
Complications when using barbs
"Hang over", loss of libido, interferes with the normal sleep stages and suppress the duration of REM
LSD psychological effects (2)
30-60 minutes, perceptual distortions, synesthesia and visual illusions
What percentage of dreams are REM dreams?
85
Subjective experience
Depends on individuals expectations and personality.
PCP
Discovered in 1957 as an experimental surgical anaesthetic
Which of the following likely contributes to higher rates of SUDs within the Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual community?
Increased negative feedback & stress experienced by members of the GBL community
Janis has been married to Paul, an alcoholic, for 34 years. Her role in her circle of friends is to help other wives of alcoholics, giving them empathy and support, while also telling regular stories of what Paul did that week due to his alcoholism and how she dealt with it. Her friends frequently tell her what a good, devoted wife she is. Janis is most likely utilizing which of the following coping styles described in your text?
Martyr
Pain
Oldest problem known to medicine, most common complaint.
Salvia
Only legal hallucinogenic - onset of effects felt within 60 seconds and last from 30 seconds to 30 minutes - low abuse potential
Morphine
Overdoses among the highest in opiates
Which of the following likely contributes to higher rates of SUDs within the Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual community?
Use of drugs for arousal and disinhibition effects
Opium poppy
Used as analgesic for 3500 years; cultivation as far back as 10 000 years (India, China, Southeast Asia)
In chapters 18 and 19, the text notes that there are several groups of addicts who are somewhat marginalized and fit into the category of "hidden faces of addictions". Who are the key groups that were mentioned?
Women, elderly, homeless, same-sex individuals, ethnic minorities, disabled/handicapped
Another reason why mental health professionals are uncomfortable with the concept of Codependency is that it ____________ , according to your text.
disempowers the individual
Typically, the incidence of substance use disorders __________ after a person becomes homeless, per your text.
does not increase
Which of the following subsets make up two-thirds of the older population with AUDs?
early onset alcoholism
When historians review the phenomenon of "patent" medicines, an often overlooked fact is that ___________, according to your text.
one-third of those addicted to these compounds were men.
As noted in class, up to ______ percent of the women with an SUD (substance use disorder) been exposed to some form of physical or sexual violence, or sexual abuse.
over 50
Researchers have found a 7-10 percent decline in psychological test performance in adolescent drinkers. This decline appears to be:
permanent with lifelong consequences.
A rarely discussed relapse trigger is the individual's:
sense of smell.
Surprisingly, treatment noncompliance is ___________ , per your text.
very common for the treatment of most medical conditions
Depression can be fairly common in older adults. This reality is compounded and complicated by:
vitamin mal-absorption for those who may also have a drinking problem
Students going to medical school are faced with significant stresses in their programs. What percentage of medical students meet the criteria for diagnosis of alcohol abuse?
18%
Approximately ______ of Hispanic persons who ended their lives were legally intoxicated at the time of their deaths.
29%
LSD psychological effects (3)
3-4 hours, distorted sense of time, magical powers, and been known to be suicidal
It has been discovered that if clients abstain from all chemicals for __________ , they are unlikely to relapse.
6 years
Under normal conditions, cocaine can be detected on urine toxicology tests for:
72-96 hours after the person's last use of this compound.about 8 hours after the person's last use of c. this compound
Underage drinking appears to be a "rite of passage" for many teens. In the United States,although most college students cannot legally purchase alcohol until the age of 21, research suggests that ____ of college students view drinking as a central part of their social lives.
90%
Transient isolated use
A short history of solo inhalant abuse by individuals
Common routes of administration (Cocaine)
Inhalation, intranasal, sublingual
Routes of administration (Heroin)
Intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, inhalation (Chasing the dragon)
Herion
Semi-synthetic, meaning that it stems from the resin of the poppy flower (which is natural) and synthetic chemicals are added. thought to be twice as powerful as morphine (Schedule 1)
Side effects of barbs
Slurred speech, DT's, risk of bronchitis and pneumonia, respiratory arrest and hypothermia
When stressed, adults tend to _________________ , per your text.
activate regions of the brain involved in habitual responses
Using the medical or disease model as a template, the addictions ___________ , per your text
can be arrested, but never cured
Women who have an alcohol abuse disorder are 7 times as likely to suffer from ________ as men with an AUD.
depression
What is the term used to describe the level of emotional growth or maturity achieved by an individual?
differentiation
Alcohol can be detected in a urine sample:
for about as long as they would test positive on breath analysis.
As noted in the text regarding the elderly, alcohol abuse/addiction
is the third most common psychiatric problem in the elderly
Men suffer from depression __________ as/than do women, according to your text.
less often
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is _________ in women who smoke as compared with men.
more likely
As discussed in Ch. 18, when compared to their non-drinking counterparts, women with an AUD are 23 times more likely to do what?
more likely to commit suicide
College students who drink have distorted perception of drinking amongst their peers. As a group, college students tend to _______ the number of their peers who are drinking.
overestimate
Patients who have a substance use disorder and a chronic pain disorder might not respond to prescribed medications because of:
partial tolerance to medications being prescribed.
An often unrecognized source of drugs of abuse for women with SUDs are _______, per your text.
physicians repeatedly prescribing a medication in good faith
One potential "benefit" of being raised in a dysfunctional home, that the author states the proponents of the Codependency construct seem to overlook, is the development of ________.
resilience
Fentanyl
'Fake oxy" Powerful synthetic opiate, 50-100x stronger than morphine.
Amphetamine
(Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine) used to treat behavioral disorders
Methylphenidate
(Ritalin, Concerta) used to treat ADHD
A woman who has an alcohol use disorder is _______ times as likely to commit suicide as a woman who does not drink, or who drinks socially.
23
The use of energy drinks is very popular amongst college students. They are _____ more likely to leave the bar intoxicated and also significantly more likely to plan to drive home than non-energy drink users.
300%
As a general rule, women who drink will need to consume only _______ as much alcohol as a man to become intoxicated.
60%
Data suggests that ________ percent of women will struggle with a substance abuse disorder at some point in their lives.
7.1
Post synaptic Density-95
A protein in the brain that is altered with the use of cocaine, responsible for the networks that control memory and learning.
Albert Hoffman
Accidentally ingested a small amount of contaminated grain and experienced hallucinations; further experimentation led to the creation of LSD
Stimulant drugs
Are defined as psychoactive drugs that induce temporary alertness, both mentally and physically.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the drinking patterns of college students?
Binge drinking male college students required a higher number of drinks to get drunk than did female students.
Common street names for cociane
Blow, snow, bazooka, Columbian
History of hallucinogens
Dating back to approximately 400 years (Peyote), used in religious ceremonies, healing rituals and as a method of predicting the future.
Hallucinogens
Distinct from all other illicit drugs, act as a psychoactive agent which works primarily on the neurological system, inducing psychological changes.
When addictions are present, families seem to develop some "unwritten rules" about how to respond to the addiction. Which of the following is NOT one of the "rules" commonly enforced in families with SUD, as described in your text?
Don't feel responsible for the abuser
LSD psychological effects (4)
Emotional numbness
LSD psychological effects (1)
Experience a sense of eurphoria, laugh, cry, and release inner tension
Friedrich W. A. Sertuner
First isolated active ingredient of opium, called morphine, after the Greek God of dreams, Morpheus
Treatment
Harm reduction, post-hospitalization is focused on psychological intervention
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the drinking patterns of college students?
Most students soon discover that there is an inverse relationship between the level of alcohol consumption and academic performance.
Treatment (Benzos)
Under the supervision of a doctor or monitored facility - after, must deal with anxiety (CBT)
Medical use of herion
Used to relieve severe pain: extreme trauma, pains experienced post-surgery, or pain felt in the later stages of cancer.
Women who abuse cocaine appear to:
begin to abuse cocaine at an earlier age than do men who abuse it.
Enabling behaviors might be initially motivated by which of the following factors?
desire to support & protect one's partner
Women who abuse methamphetamine:
have pre-existing anxiety in about 33% of cases.
A popular misconception about urine toxicology testing is that it:
identifies people who are impaired by the substances identified.
As noted in the text, the concept of codependency
is such a broad concept accepted in the field of addictions. But that acceptance has been openly challenged by many addictions professionals due to its broad definitions and ambiguity.
One factor that has been identified as predictive of the probability of individuals' ability to achieve long-term abstinence:
is their coping skills.
Which of the following social barriers play a role in making it less likely that women with addiction problems will actually enter substance abuse rehabilitation than men?
limited funding for treatment
During courtship and the first year of marriage:
many alcoholics consciously strive to limit or hide their drinking disorder.
The "Adult Child of an Alcoholic" parent model postulates that:
many children learn to cope by becoming "overly" responsible.
The reasons why Native Americans develop substance use disorders:
may be different for those persons who live on identified reservations.
Some of the barriers to treatment of homeless individuals with SUDs include _________.
medical problems
Hazardous use of alcohol is defined for the elderly as ________ in one sitting.
more than 3 drinks
It has been estimated that _____ of women who describe their primary sexual preference as other women will have an alcohol use disorder at some point in their lives.
more than half
Communications in Codependent relationships is:
often limited to "safe" topics that will not trigger conflict.
What term is used to describe the notion that people with problems need professional counseling, suggesting that they are simply incapable of coping with difficult life issues without the help of a professional?
therapism
One reason why women might feel inhibited or uncomfortable in a mixed-gender treatment group is that.
they may struggle with past victimization and sexual abuse issues
Researchers have found that women in rehabilitation programs frequently report that ___________ , per your text.
they were actually introduced to the drug(s) of abuse by their partners
The abuse of stimulants (other than energy drinks) by college students is much higher than the average within the general population of people their age. What are they being used for?
to help cram for examinations
A child raised in a home with SUD may be somewhat protected from the full impact of the SUD if there are healthy parental alternatives or mentors in the child's life.
true
Historically, women with substance abuse problems have faced greater social condemnation than men.
true
In an ideal family, for a child, one of the main developmental goals is to emotionally separate from one's parents.
true
Which of the following likely contributes to higher rates of SUDs within the Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual community?
"Gay Bars", where drugs and alcohol are readily available, playing a central role in the GBL community
An estimated ________ percent of the general population in this country suffers from a chronic pain disorder.
20
In addition to the percentage of substance abusers who eventually learn to abstain from substance use, what percent of treatment graduates develop a pattern of more or less problematic use?
20%
The rare social user of marijuana will have detectable traces of THC and its metabolites on standard urine tests for:
3-5 days.
Research has suggested that the "false positive" rate for some commercially available urine toxicology testing kits is as high as:
30-35%
Research suggests that ____ percent of persons on methadone maintenance programs present with a severe chronic pain syndrome.
37
The brains of adolescents and college students are still growing and being molded; research suggests that the adolescent brain is ____ times more vulnerable to alcohol-induced brain damage as the adult brain.
4-5
It has been estimated that ______ percent of clients with a substance use disorder who successfully complete treatment develop a progressive form of the disorder that might prove fatal.
40
College students share many of the same "protective mechanisms" as the general population that can significantly reduce alcohol consumption. Active religious involvement during the college years has been found to reduce the student's risk for developing an Alcohol Use Disorder by _____.
40%
Research has found that ___ of college undergraduates engage in having episodic drinking at least once every two weeks.
40%
Researchers found that college students who had consumed "energy drinks" while drinking were ______ more likely to drive home despite being heavily intoxicated when compared to students who had not consumed "energy drinks" while drinking that evening.
400%
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the drinking patterns of college students?
45% of college students interviewed said they had engaged in binge drinking.
Between __________ and __________ of those who successfully complete an inpatient substance abuse rehabilitation program will experience at least one relapse in the first year following discharge.
50% ... 90%
According to research, women with a substance abuse disorder are ______ more likely to die as a result of their SUD, when compared to women of the same age who do not abuse chemicals.
50-100%
Chronic isolated use
A history of continuous solo abuse of an inhalant lasting 5+ years, with a history of serious legal problems, and possible evidence of brain damage
Chronic social use
Abuses for 5 years or more with others
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "adult children of alcoholics" purported by the ACOA movement?
Adult children are loyal to no one
Production of opium
Afghanistan produces 82% of all opium in the world.
When addictions are part of a marriage, which of the following is NOT one of the shifts in relationship patterns following marriage as described in your text?
Alcohol abusers tend to drink less after marriage.
Barbiturates
Are a group of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics, which generally describes their sleep-inducing and anxiety-decreasing syndrome. (Category II)
Scope of the problem (Inhalants)
Boys are more likely to abuse than girls.
Medications used to treat opiate addictions
Buprenorphine, naltrexone, methadone, Suboxone, Naloxone
Main site of action for narcotics/analgesics
CNS
Which of the following interventions helps family members learn to deal effectively with an addicted family member?
Coping Skills Training
Phenylalkylamines
Core structure similar to that of neurotransmitters nor-epinephrine (Mescaline, salvia, and MDMA)
Indoleakylamines
Core structure similar to that of neurotransmitters serotonin (psilocybin, DMT and LSD)
Effects of an inhalant
Dependent on: the chemical(s) being abused, the intensity of exposure, the body size of the abuser, the abuser expectations for the effects, setting, general state of health
Cocaine
Derived from the coca plant (leaves)
Three classes of compounds used to treat pain
General anaesthetic agents, those used to block nerve transmission of pain from source of injury to the brain, those that reduce/block person's awareness of pain with CNS
Codeine
Generally prescribed for mild to moderate pain
Routes of administration (Amphetamine)
Intranasal, rectally, orally, injection
Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic disorder
Is addiction to one or more medications (Barbs and Benzos)
MDMA
Isolated in 1912, originally used in treating PTSD in 1960
All addicted families have learned some unspoken "rules of conduct" as a way to survive. Codependent persons are often taught that:
It is not permitted for me to have problems of my own.
Benzodiapzepines
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, provide long-term anxiety control without the risk of physical depended (Control acute anxiety) also been found to help with seizure control, and recovering from strains
Two common steps in producing cocaine
Solvent extraction and Acid extraction
Which of the following statements is TRUE about so-called "party" colleges?
The rate of alcohol use by students at these colleges is higher than rates at colleges not considered "party" schools.
Which of the following statements about substance use disorders and sexual minorities is not true, per your text?
The topic of men whose sole preference is sex with other men and who also abuse chemicals has been ignored by researchers.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the drinking patterns of college students?
They are more likely to drink with the goal of getting drunk compared to their non-college peers.
Transient social use
This occurs for a brief period of time in response to social situations, usually involving 10-16 years of age
Methadone
Used commonly to treat addiction to other opiate drugs such as herion, oxycodone and hydromorphone. Synthetic analgesic
Caffiene
Used in acetaminophen and aspirin to help relieve headaches, also used as a skin aid to help reduce and redness or itchiness on the skin
Modern barbiturates
Used in surgical procedures, migraines, seizures, control of swelling of the brain, and lethal injection
Significant moments for hallucinogens
WW2, US used LSD as a potential chemical warfare agent - CIA, as a means for interrogation
Which of the following may affect how a woman responds to a drug versus a man?
a lower body mass than men
The terms enabling and codependency are often misused or sometimes they are used interchangeably, however they are actually quite different. Enabling refers to _______ while codependency refers to_______.
a specific relationship - a specific behaviour
It has been suggested that the "Adult Children of Alcoholics" movement is a bit of a phase or social response that:
allows the "baby boomer" generation to bask in the glory of being a "victim" of self-identified trauma.
Essentially, Codependency might be viewed as:
an extreme form of a normal relationship pattern that becomes exaggerated by the addiction.
Of course, clients' attempts to "deceive" the urine toxicology test so that it does not identify actual substance abuse:
are common.
As a general rule, with reference to the people who are sometimes part of the "hidden faces" of addictions, substance abuse professionals
are more likely to feel poorly prepared to work with homosexual addicts
For women especially, according to your text, substance use/abuse might begin as an
attempt to self-medicate primary feelings of low self-worth
Opioid treatment contracts:
attempt to strike a balance between the legitimate need for treatment of chronic pain disorders and treatment noncompliance.
The Damage Model of the alcoholic home is said to
automatically assume that all children raised in alcoholic homes suffer a unique form of psychological harm
According to your text, "codependency" and "enabling" are ________ .
basic constructs to help the professional categorize behavior more effectively
For women between the ages of 40-50 it has been found that _________ is a significant risk factor for the development of a substance use disorder.
being married
Those individuals who are least likely to break down in a stressful situation are those who:
believe that they can cope.
The lowest level of intimacy between partners is when ________ per your text.
both partners have similar levels of alcohol abuse
Alcoholic families have ways of maintaining the dysfunctional "unwritten rules" that have been created as the addiction has developed over the years. Adult children who break the "no talk" rule, even decades after they leave the home:
can be emotionally "expelled" from the family.
An emerging body of evidence now suggests that binge drinking in young adult years is now a risk factor for _______ later in life.
cardiovascular disease
According to your text, along with the issues of codependency and enabling, one common characteristic of the alcoholic marriage is
conditional love
The stance that substance abuse rehabilitation must be effective the first time and that the individual must not ever relapse again:
demonstrates a double standard for substance abuse rehabilitation programs as opposed to other disease treatment programs.
Surprisingly, it is not the stress itself that triggers a relapse but:
demoralization and depression in the face of stress.
As part of the family recovery process, by learning how to "let go" of their attempts to control a dysfunctional person's behavior, the Codependent person is expressing:
detachment from that person
Similar to addicts, codependents must also change and adapt in their recovery process. One of the important cornerstones of recovering from Codependency is ___________.
detachment; learning how to detach from the addict's dysfunctional and addictive behaviors
Some of the barriers to treatment of homeless individuals with SUDs include _________.
difficulty keeping appointments
Some of the barriers to treatment of homeless individuals with SUDs include _________.
difficulty obtaining prescription medications
A codependent's difficulty maintaining appropriate boundaries for him/herself is often described as ___________. It becomes hard to tell where one person begins and the other person ends.
enmeshment
One motivating factor for "familial denial" regarding the addiction is to __________ , per your text.
escape the social consequences inherent in personal dysfunction
In an interesting social experiment, 75 million "baby boomers" are now reaching retirement age, and __________ according to your text.
estimates suggest that the alcohol use disorders are the third most common psychiatric diagnosis for this age cohort
It is important to only use the term "Codependency" when referring to family members.
false
The average male with an AUD who enters treatment will have more severe medical problems than the average female with an AUD entering treatment.
false
According to your text, essentially codependency might be viewed as a
genetic personality disorder pattern
Enabling behaviors might be initially motivated by which of the following factors?
genuine love and concern for family members
Which of the following terms does the author of the text use to describe the phenomenon of college students "feeling protected" against all but the most severe repercussions of their alcohol use?
group insulation
It has been suggested that Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) groups MAY NOT be as helpful to women as they are for men. One factor that may play a role in this, according to your text, is that women tend to experience higher levels of _______ than men.
guilt and shame
Research has found that most substance abuse professionals _________.
have received inadequate training to work with people with disabilities and SUDs
Codependency and enabling:
have some unclear definitions, are not largely accepted in the addictions field, and are beginning to fade into obscurity.
Which of the following social barriers play a role in making it less likely that women with addiction problems will actually enter substance abuse rehabilitation than men?
having a spouse with a SUD
Which of the following social barriers play a role in making it less likely that women with addiction problems will actually enter substance abuse rehabilitation than men?
having sole custody of children
Coping skills training:
helps family members learn how to cope with the dysfunctional person and his or her behavior.
Which of the following may affect how a woman responds to a drug versus a man?
hormones related to her menstrual cycle
One way to deal with a client who wishes to share a secret with a staff person is for that staff person to:
inform the client that any information revealed will be made part of a chart note, and thus available only to other staff members and not to other persons in treatment.
The most common form of medication misuse in older persons is _________ according to your text?
intentional underutilization for financial reasons
Codependency:
is a learned relationship pattern
The recovery success rate from a substance use disorder:
is about three times that seen in cases of lung cancer.
The risk of addiction for cocaine:
is higher for women than it is for men.
Urine toxicology testing:
is not a perfect therapeutic tool.
According to your text, to "enable" another person is to ____________ .
knowingly behave in a manner that protects another person from the natural consequences of his or her alcohol or drug use disorder
Moderate drinkers are _________ likely to have a prescription filled ____ a nondrinker being treated for the same condition.
less ... than
Available evidence would suggest that women tend to be ___________ to alcohol's negative effects as compared with men.
more vulnerable
There is evidence to suggest that women who abuse MDMA are ________
more vulnerable to MDMA-induced neurological damage than men.
In contrast to younger alcoholics, the elderly alcohol addict will
often require weeks instead of days to fully detoxify from alcohol's effects
In support of the pseudo-stability (the illusion of family stability) found in homes where one parent has a substance use disorder ____
parental roles are often left unfulfilled, unless others assume those tasks.
A proximal factor for a relapse is one that ___________ , while a distal factor is one that predates the relapse by a significant period of time.
precedes the relapse by a short period of time
Codependency is characterized by:
preoccupation with another person's behavior, and attempting to control that person's substance use.
Continuing on with the topic of the impact of addictions in families, somewhat surprisingly, as the "dance of addiction" continues, the family may begin to
restructure its day-to-day activities, sometimes making it easier for the addicted member to continue to use alcohol/drugs, without even confronting their behaviour
According to your text, and as discussed in class in the chapter dealing with families and addictions, within the alcoholic marriage boundaries become blurred and there is often a _________ between the marital partners and sometimes the children.
role reversal
Enabling behaviors might be initially motivated by which of the following factors?
social pressure to be a "good" spouse or child
As the addiction progresses, women tend to be __________ as compared with men who drink.
solitary drinkers
Which of the following may affect how a woman responds to a drug versus a man?
taking birth control pills
Persons living with the after effects of a traumatic brain injury ____________
tend to use alcohol or illicit drugs to self-medicate their frustration over their inability to function at their former level.
A point of confusion for mental health professionals is that:
the behaviors of Codependency often overlap with those of love relationships. Rarely do you see a codependent spouse who is not an enabler as well.
The text notes that children can be affected by parental alcoholism in a number of ways. Which of the following is NOT a way that they are most likely to be affected?
the development of a strong sense of who they are with solid emotional boundaries
Which of the following likely contributes to higher rates of SUDs within the Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual community?
the fear of "coming out" in treatment may prevent them from addressing underlying identity and addiction issues.
Even in cases where hair samples test "positive" for substances of abuse:
the hair sample does not accurately indicate when the substance was used.
In contrast to the Damage Model noted in a previous question, the Challenge Model looks at addiction in families a little bit differently, and is based upon
the reality that as children mature, they can develop a psychological resiliency to their parent's drinking and recover from much of the hurt and turmoil
The Damage Model holds each of the following assumptions EXCEPT:
there are certain characteristics of healthy homes
In spite of protests to the contrary, it has never been proven that growing up in a home where there is parental alcoholism is sufficient to cause psychosocial problems for a child. True or false?
true
In spite of their general reluctance to initially attend treatment, substance abuse treatment programs appear to be as effective for ethnic minorities as they are for the majority population.
true
True or False: About 20% of college students abuse illicit drugs, which is a very similar rate found in their non-college-bound peers.
true
On the other hand, (still regarding alcoholic marriages as noted in the previous question 17), intentional emotional detachment on the part of a spouse is an expression of _______________, according to your text
unconditional love
Women using hormone based birth control:
will require longer periods of time to biotransform a given amount of alcohol than a woman who had ingested the same amount of alcohol but was not using such birth control.
Patients who have a history of substance abuse: _______________
will suffer needless pain as do non-abusers.
According to the text, research has found that
women who are depressed and who have a substance use disorder are more likely to have a primary depression than men who seem to develop depression as a result of a substance use disorder
Men tend to start to abuse marijuana at a(n) __________ as/than women.
younger age
In addition to social differences between members of an ethnic minority group and the mainstream culture:
younger members of that ethnic group tend to identify more with the ideals of the dominant culture, weakening traditional prohibitions against drug abuse.