Addictions Final Multiple Choice
A person with a phobia of spiders will not go into the basement of his home due to his fear that there are spiders there. His avoidance behavior is being a) Negatively reinforced b) Positively reinforced c) Punished d)Classically conditioned
a
A therapist who keeps a jar of a clients' favorite candy on his or her desk could be said to be using a very simple form of a) Contingency management b) Classical conditioning c) Higher order conditioning d) Negative reinforcement
a
According to Patterson's family management models a) Chronic antisocial behavior is the direct outcome of a breakdown in parental family management b) Under times of stress, parents with antisocial tendencies tend to give up on parenting c) Parents train children to be aggressive, but are not influenced by other children's behaviors d) 70% of the coercive behavior of antisocial children is provoked by an aversive attack on them.
a
Based on the information presented in class, which of the following groups of US students has typically had the lowest levels of use of nearly all drugs? a) African American students b) Native American students c) Hispanic and Latino students d) White students
a
CRA fundamentally seeks to increase drug-free positive reinforcement and to undermine rewards associated with drug use a) True b) False
a
Deprivation of natural freedom and reinforcement seems to increase risk of addiction in both rats and humans a) True b) False
a
In Cooper's model of alcohol use, a) Coping motives for drinking are proposed to mediate the relationship between negative emotions and alcohol problems b) Enhancement motives for drinking are proposed to mediate the relationship between negative emotions and alcohol problems. c) Enhancement motives for drinking are proposed to moderate the relationship between Negative emotions and alcohol problems. d) Coping motives for drinking are proposed to moderate the relationship between negative emotions and alcohol problems.
a
In a study by Logue, Sher, & French on the characteristics of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) a) It was concluded that personality traits associated with ACOAs may actually represent a Barnum effect b) No differences could be detected between ACOAs and non-ACOAs on any of the measures used c) ACOAs were less psychologically healthy than non-ACOAs d) ACOAs were found to possess very different personality traits from adults who were not children of alcoholics.
a
In the study by Johnson et al described in class, the relationship between Religious Involvement and Coping motives for drinking was mediated by a) Spiritual well-being b) Spiritual struggles c) Alcohol consumption d) Search for meaning
a
Italian-Americans seem to have fewer alcohol related problems relative to Irish-Americans probably because: a) they give their children wine at an early age, in a family setting, but disapprove of intoxication at any age. b) they forbid children and adolescents to drink, but allow adult men to drink large quantities of alcoholic beverages. c) they value hard liquor more than beer and promote drinking in pubs and away from home d) they cultivated individual responsibility and sobriety that came with Catholic indoctrination e) the Mafia made sure that children and adolescent did not indulge in alcoholic beverages before they turned 21
a
Meyer (2003) described _______________________ as the excess of physical, mental, or emotional pressure, strain, or tension experienced by members of stigmatized cultural groups because of their minority status a) Minority stress b) Achievement anxiety c) Prejudice d) Discrimination
a
The best way to tell the difference between positive and negative reinforcement is that a) In positive reinforcement consequence is added, while in negative reinforcement, something is removed. b) Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior that preceded it, while negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of the behavior that preceded it. c) Positive reinforcement involves pleasurable stimuli, while negative reinforcement involves aversive stimuli d) Positive reinforcement involves escape, while negative reinforcement involves approach
a
What type of conditioning is involved in Aversion Therapy? a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Punishment d) Observational Learning e) Social learning f) negative reinforcement
a
Which of the following has the most support as being a mechanism by which AA helps people quit drinking? a) Providing a non-drinking per group b) Helping others to help yourself c) Establishing an identity as an addict d) Spiritual transformation
a
Which of the following is NOT one of the CRA Procedures described in Miller et al. (2019)? a) Vouchers for clean drug screens b) Functional analysis c) Planning use of time d) Sobriety sampling e) Skills training
a
Which of the following is NOT one of the submodels in Sher's "heuristic, overarching model of the causal factors operating in children of alcoholics: a) The addictive personality submodel b) The deviance-prone submodel c) The negative affect submodel d) The enhanced reinforcement submodel
a
AA is the only mutual help group available for people with alcohol use disorders a) True b) False
b
According to Bales, the _____ attitude is common among Irish and Irish Americans a) Ritual b) Utilitarian c) Abstinence d) Convivial
b
According to the ________ hypothesis, abuse of intoxicants serves to release individuals temporarily from their ordinary responsibilities. a) Repudiation of the Middle Class Values b) Time Out from Social Obligations c) Social Facilitation d) Achievement Anxiety
b
Bert and Ernie want to cure the Count of his habit of counting chunks of junk. They hire Placido Flamingo to sing grand opera every time he starts counting. The Count hears the horrible signing and generally flees in terror. What is the procedure used to stop his counting? a) Negative reinforcement b) Punishment c) Positive reinforcement d) Classical conditioning
b
Escape learning typically involves a) Positive reinforcement b) Negative reinforcement c) Classical conditioning d) Punishment
b
Grounding a child as a consequence for the child misbehaving would be an example of a) classical conditioning b) punishment c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement
b
The _____ attitude, as described by Bales, views alcohol use as a way of furthering self-interest or personal satisfaction. a) Convivial b) Utilitarian c) Ritual d) Abstinence
b
The central concept in CRA is a) Negative reinforcement b) Positive reinforcement c) Classical conditioning d) Punishment
b
What model of learning is usually invoked to explain the behavior of "needle freaks"? a) Punishment b) Classical conditioning c) Negative reinforcement d) Operant conditioning
b
Which of the following European Union countries has very low rates of alcoholism and relatively low rates of automobile accidents, but high rates of Liver problems: a) Germany b) Italy c) Israel d) France
b
Which of the following behavioral treatment approaches involves attempting to desensitize people to drug related cues: a) Contingency management b) Cue exposure therapy c) Systematic desensitization d) Aversion therapy
b
Which of the following statements about alcohol expectancies is false: a) Heavier drinkers have more alcohol expectancies than lighter drinkers. b) Children who have never drunk alcohol have no expectancies for the effects of alcohol. c) In a study by Lang, men who become aggressive after drinking alcohol do so because they expected alcohol to make them aggressive. d) None of the above statements is false.
b
Which of the following statements about family factors and alcoholism is FALSE: a) A disproportionate number of alcoholics come from large families b) Younger children in a family have a greater likelihood of displaying behavior problems than the oldest child c) Teens whose mothers are more religious are less likely to engage in various problem behaviors d) Teens in single parent and stepparent families report greater alcohol consumption than those in intact families
b
Aversion therapy involves a) Operant conditioning b) Social learning c) Classical conditioning d) Punishment
c
CRAFT stands for a) Creating Responsible Aftercare for Families Together b) Creative Reactions Against Family Termination c) Community Reinforcement and Family Training d) Community Responsibility And Functionality Training
c
Grounding a child as a consequence for the child misbehaving would be an example of Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning Punishment Positive reinforcement
c
In higher order conditioning a) a CR that has previously been extinguished returns in the presence of a new CS b) a UCS is presented without regard for the UR c) additional neutral stimuli are presented along with original CS and UCS d) a postive reinforcer is presented along with a negative reinforcer
c
In one of Sher's submodels, school failure, temperament/personality, and emotional distress all lead to ___________, which in turn leads to pathological alcohol involvement a) Cognitive dysfunction b) Life stress c) Peer influence d) Poor coping abilities
c
Negative reinforcement _______ the frequency of a response by _______ something aversive a) increases/ adding b) decreases/ removing c) increases/ removing d) decreases/ adding
c
One explanation for why Jewish Americans have lower rates of alcoholism than the general population may be that Jews hold a ____________ attitude towards alcohol use. a) Convivial b) Abstinence c) Ritual d) Utilitarian
c
Pavlov was a a) Phrenologist b) Psychologist c) Physiologist d) Behaviorist
c
Recent research on the Tension Reduction Hypothesis of alcohol use suggests that Tension Reduction Alcohol Outcome expectancies (the belief that drinking alcohol helps you relax) may moderate the relationship between Stress/Tension and Alcohol use. This means that: a) Stress causes alcohol use b) Stress causes Tension Reduction Expectancies and Tension Reduction Expectancies cause Alcohol use c) Stress leads to alcohol use only when people are high in Tension Reduction Alcohol Outcome expectancies d) Tension Reduction Alcohol Outcome Expectancies cause alcohol use, but only when people are low in stress/tension
c
Which of the following is not one of the three types of social influence listed in class: a) Being offered alcohol and drugs b) Modeling c) Social facilitation d) Perception of norms
c
Which of the following is not one of the three types of social influence listed in class: a) Being offered alcohol or drugs b) Modeling c) Social Facilitation d) Perception of Norms
c
A ____ consists of a culture within a larger culture a) Disadvantaged groups b) Social class c) Encultured group d) Subculture e) Ethnic group
d
A _______ is characterized by systematic opposition to the dominant culture a) Subculture b) World view c) Social group d) Counterculture
d
According to studies by Johnson and colleagues (Drerup, Sheets, etc.), which of the following potential mediators of the effect of religiousness/spirituality on alcohol use has the biggest effect on alcohol use? a) Spiritual well being and purpose in life b) Religious struggle c) Beliefs about alcohol d) Social influences e) Personality traits
d
Based on research on peer influences on drug use: a) Peers may socialize one another into drinking or drug use b) People often choose to associate with peers who are similar to themselves c) Peers have little or no influence on adolescent drinking or drug use d) A and B
d
Based on the power point slides and class lecture notes on how AA works, which of the following does research suggest is probably NOT a mediator of the effect AA attendance on maintaining sobriety? a) Having a non-drinking peer group b)Enhanced self-efficacy for not drinking c) Being an AA sponsor d) Having a spiritual transformation
d
Bert and Ernie are trying to train Big Bird to peck at a red traffic light. Every time Big Bird pecks at the red light Bert and Ernie give him a sack of birdseed (It only takes Big Bird about 30 seconds to down an entire sack of birdseed.) Which of the following terms best describes the procedure Bert and Ernie are using to train the huge yellow bird a) Sesame seeding b) Punishment c) Classical conditioning d) Positive reinforcement e) Negative reinforcement f) Observational learning
d
What was the most commonly reported negative consequence of playing drinking games among people who play? a) Date rape b) Throwing up c) Missing class d) Hangover
d
Which of the following predicts good treatment outcome? a) The client has hit bottom. b) The therapist is a person in recovery. c) The client admits that he or she is an alcoholic. d)None of the above are predictors of good treatment outcome
d
Which of the following were identified in lecture as groups that traditionally have been at lower risk for alcohol abuse in the US? a) Chinese & Chinese Americans b) Irish & Irish Americans c) French d) Jews e) A and B f) A and C g) A and D
d
According to data from 1995, out of black, white and Hispanic men, _____________ men had the highest rate of abstention from alcohol and _______________ had the highest rate of heavy drinking. a) black/white b) white/white c) hispanic/black d) white/hispanic e) black/hispanic f) black/black
e
According to one study on families and alcohol abuse a) children tend to imitate parent drinking style when the parents drink at low to moderate levels. b) children tend to avoid heavy drinking heavily if one or both parents was a heavy drinker. c) if one parent is codependent, children also tend to become codependent. d) all of the above e) "a" & "b"
e
For which of the following types of drug use problems has CRA been found to be effective? a) Alcohol b) Opiates c) Cocaine d) Marijuana e) All of the above
e
Which of the following statements about AA is (are) true? a) Court mandated AA is not an effective treatment for alcohol use b) AA involvement (working steps and attending meetings) is positively correlated with treatment success. c) AA is the only self-help group available for people addicted to alcohol d) All of the above are true e) A and B are true f) B and C are true
e
Which of the following statements about Children of Alcoholics is TRUE a) Although COAs do experience elevated levels of depression and anxiety, many do not experience mental health or behavioral problems b) The majority of COAs show no evidence of significant mental health problems c) The portrayals of ACOAs and codependency in many clinical training texts are inconsistent with empirical studies d) There is a great deal of heterogeneity in families in which alcoholism is present e) All of the above are true f) none of the above are true
e
Which of the following statements about race/ethnicity and alcohol/drug use is (are) true? a) The abstention rate for alcoholism is higher among black men than among white men. b) Asian Americans have lower rates of alcoholism than found in the population at large. c) All Native American tribes have similar rates of alcoholism. d) Third or fourth generation Italian Americans generally have fewer drinking problems than first or second generation Italian Americans.. e) "a" and "b" are true f) "a" and "c" are true
e
Which of the following statements about race/ethnicity and alcohol/drug use is/are true? a) The abstention rate for alcoholism is higher among black men than among white men. b) Asian Americans have lower rates of alcoholism than found in the population at large c) All Native American tribes have similar rates of alcoholism. d) Third of fourth generation Italian Americans generally have fewer drinking problems than first or second generation Italian Americans e) A and b are true f) A and c are true
e
Which of the following statements about reported drug use by High School students of different race/ethnicity is (are) true? a) In 2003, lifetime marijuana use was higher in white students than in blacks or Hispanics. b) In 2003, current cocaine use was more prevalent in Hispanics than in whites or blacks. c) In 2003, inhalant use was more prevalent in blacks than in whites or Hispanics. d) none of the above are true e) "a" & "b" f) "b" & "c"
e
Which of the following statements is/are true about Falk's research on Schedule Induced Behavior a) Rats who were given restricted access to a desired commodity demonstrated behavioral excesses b) Rats who were given restricted access to a desired commodity f drug solution regardless of the taste. c) Rats who were given restricted access to a desired commodity drank a lot of drug solution, but only when the water containing the drug also contained sweetener d) A and b e) A and c f) None of the above
e
What type(s) of populations might Contingency Mangement be UNHELPFUL for? a) Clients who already show little or no drug use during treatment b) Homeless clients c) Methamphetamine users d) "Mandated" clients who face numerous social and economic issues e) 1 and 2 f) 1 and 4 g) 2 and 3 h) 3 and 4
f
