Administrative Professional Certification Review

RAM

Random Access Memory

ROM

Read Only Memory

Rich Text Format

.rtf file format; saves documents so they can be interchanged between programs without significant loss of document formatting

Four primary financial statements used by organizations are:

1. Income Statement (aslo called Statement of Earnings & Statement of Operations 2. Balance Sheet (also called the Statement of Financial Position) 3. Statement of Cash Flows 4. Statement of Owner's Equity

Microfilm

A reduced scale version of printed material that is easier to store and less prone to aging.

Organizational Structure Types

Autonomous Internal Simple Structure Functional Structure Divisional Structure Project Structure Matrix Structure

Spatial

Barriers, privacy providers, doors, windows, glare factory, work flow, and special needs are key considerations

BIOS

Basic Input/Out System-the first software loaded when a PC is powered up

Memory Error Code

Beep, Beep, Beep

Letter Styles:

Block, Modified Block, and Simplified Style of business letter writing Pages 156-158 Block- Date, Name, Address, City/Zip, Attention Line, Salutation, Subject Line, Body, Complimentary Closing, Name, Title, Ref. Initials, Enclosure Notation, Carbon copy, and Post Script-ALL ON THE LEFT SIDE Modified Block- Date and Complimentary Close, Name, Title-RIGHT/MIDDLE, Name, Address, City/Zip, Attention Line, Salutation, Subject Line, Body, Ref. Initials, Enclosure Notation, Carbon copy, and Post Script-ON LEFT SIDE Simplified Style-Date, Name, Address, City/Zip, Regarding Line, Body, Name and Title, and Ref. Initials-ALL ON LEFT SIDE

Address Elements in Alphabetic Filing

City (first) State or Province (second) (not abbreviated) Street Name (third) Directional Quadrant (North, South) (fourth) Street, House, or building number (fifth)

Courier Service

Commonly-used mode of transporting documents overnight

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connect words or groups of words that are used in the same way ex: and, but, for, no, so

Terminal-Digit Numeric Filling Rules

Considered one of the most efficient numeric filing systems. The final numeric unit is considered firs, the middle unit is next, and the primary unity is last. File Name: 50-12-01 Primary Unit:01 Secondary Unit: 12 Final Unit 50

Dump

Data back-up

Differentiated roles

Different members have varied roles on teams. Their various positions are connected with expected behaviors for those positions

Matching Principle

Expenses must be matched with revenues incurred. Some costs may have been incurred in a period other than the one in which the revenue was received. As revenues and expenses are properly matched, the net income for the firm is correctly obtained for each revenue period.

Basic Behavioral Science Research Designs

Field Study, Case Study, and the Experiment

Most common filling supplies used in business include

Folders, Guides, Labels, and OUT Indicators

Spreadsheet and Database programs contain:

Formula bar, Cells, Rows, and Columns

Contingency Leadership Theory

Fred Fiedler involves style and the amount of control one uses in a leadership situation. While taking into account both high or low relationship behavior and high or low task behavior, the following four leadership styles are used in this approach: Selling, Telling, Participating, Delegating, and Situation Control

Scientific Management Movement

Frederick W. Taylor (father of it) a scientific method is used to determine the best way to accomplish a job. The following management activities were important in the development of scientific management: Time Studies and Motion Studies

GANs

Global Area Networks involving many local area networks around the world

Ergonomics

Greek ergos (work) and nomos (natural laws); science involves the study of physiological and psychological factors interfacing the work environment and the individual.

Functional approach to management

Henri Fayol in the administrative or total entity-overall approach to management.

Situational Leadership Model

Hersey and Blancard...includes 4 leadership styles: Autocratic, Consultative, Participative, and Laissez-faire

Team Make Up

Homogeneous-similar Heterogeneous-different

Leadership Skills

Interpersonal, Conceptual, & Technical

Levels of conflict

Intrapersonal Conflict (within one individual) Interpsersonal Conflict (two persons) Intergroup Conflict (group) Interorganizational Conflict (two companies)

Jay Hall & Competence

Jay Hall 1980s

Adams' Equity Theory

John Stacey Adams in 1963

Conflict Process Model

Kenneth Thomas Stage 1. Frustration, Stage 2. Conceptualization, Stage 3. Behavior, Stage 4. Outcome

F5 key in MS Office 2010

Key to make MS Office 2010 "go to" different pages or locations in documents

Filing by Personal Names

Last name (first) First name or initial (second) Middle Name or initial (third) Title of Person (Fourth) When a personal name is hyphenated, consider the name as a signle unit. Prefix is part of the name it precedes Do not spell out abbreviated names when indexed Titles, suffixes, and degrees used are the last indexed unit. Ignore punctuation marks.

Active Content

Material found on a website that provides interactivity or is delivered by streaming video and audio

Main interface components found in graphical user interface software application include:

Menu Bar, toolbar, ruler, area of document, scroll bars, and status bar

Negotiation or Action Teams

Negotiating, surgical and sports teams are examples. Involved in brief performance activities

Networking is a three-step process

Network Identification Network Building Network Maintenance

Primary Data

Original documents, information from files, interviews, questionnaires, personal observations, research studies, Facts collected specifically for the problem or project at hand.

One Minute Management

Paul Hersey, Kenneth Blanchard, and Dewey Johnson, leaders should take an extra minute of time to be sure that their focus is on what will have the greatest impact in the positive motivation of followers toward performance and goal acheivement

PRICE system that focuses on productivity improvement

Pinpoint, record, involve, coach, evaluate

Types of Revenues

Sales Revenue (by selling food to customers), Service Revenue (mowing and trimming customer's lawns), Interest Revenue (earned on bank deposits and on money lent to others), and Dividend Revenue (earned on investments in the stock of corporations)

Formal Meeting Minutes include:

Same as Informal meeting minutes but in more detail Cover the 5 W's of journalism-who, what, when, where, why, and how Organizational or Corporate Bylaws and procedures Record of Attendance Minutes from the previous meeting Record of committee or officer reports Record of persons making motions Record of voting to verify a quorum was in attendance All meeting decisions and actions taken along with a summary of meeting points of discussion Items to be carried over for discussion in the next meeting Meeting's adjournment Name and title of the individual recording the minutes

Types of Employment Interviews:

Screening Interviews, In-depth interviews, Interviews held by others in the organization, and stress interviews

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self Actualization, Esteem, Social, Security, and Physiological...must over come physiological to move up to security and so on...

Gang Scanning

Sequential scanning of multiple originals using previously-defined settings

Short-term Capital Assets vs. Long-term Capital Assets

Short-term have been held by the entity for less than a year while long-term have been held over a year

Newsletters

Small articles of information by which one can continually inform customers of updates in the business. One or two pages on 8 1/2" x 11"; or 11"x17" folded paper

Team Size

Social Loafing (act of individuals in large groups reducing their work effort) & Process Costs (costs of team coordination increase as the team becomes larger)

Stages of the creative process

Stage 1. Preparation, Stage 2, Solution Generation, Stage 3. Incubation, Stage 4. Alternative Evaluation

Types of leases:

Standard (true) Lease, Lease with the option to purchase the equipment, conditional sales contract, sale-leaseback

Leader-follower relationships move from one phase to another:

Stranger, Acquaintance, and Maturity Phases

Summary, conclusion of a report

Summary of the report

Leadership Continuum

University of Michigan researchers. Three main leadership roles have been identified in connection with this continuum: Close Supervision, General Supervision, Laissez-Faire Supervision

Active Records

Used often, utilized in present operations, easily accessed, and referred to at least three times monthly

VB Script

Visual Basic Scripting language has been developed by Microsoft. Similar to JavaScript and enables Web authors to have interactive controls on their Web sites.

WANS

Wide Area Networks-two or more LANS located in different physical locations are connected together

WATS lines

Wide Area Telecommunication Service

Interjections

Words to express emotions: Examples: wow! My Goodness! Ouch!

Decision Tree

a chart that helps the manager determine how much participation should be used in a situation

File Manager

a computer utility that is designed to assist with disk and file management

Data Sampling

a group of respondents derived from a population

Tondonitis

a physical condition involving the inflammation of a person's tendon because of tendon stress or repeated motion activity

Proprietorship

a single owner, called the proprietor, who often manages the business. Tend to be small retail stores or professional business.

General Supervision

a standard leadership style falling in the middle of the leadership continuum between close and laissez-faire leadership

Laissez-Faire Supervision

a style involving little or no subordinate supervision

Conceptual Leadership Skill

ability to analyze, think logically, and use other mental aptitudes

Face Validity

acceptance of a technique or measure simply on the basis of whether it appears to be valid

Cartographic Drawings and Materials

aerial photographs, diazo prints, blueprints, and architectural drawings

Multiple Regression

aims to find a linear relationship between a response variable and serveral possible predictor vaiables

Security Features

allowing or disallowing access of users to the system, software, data, files, and other resources provided on the network

Order Lead Time

average time between order placement and receipt

Appeal Tactic

both personal & inspirationals

Abstraction

contains important points of a document compiled in summary form

Profit Sharing

distribution of a portion of the profits made by the firm

Alphabetical filing system

filing by subject, alphabetic correspondence by name, and by geographical area filing.

Byte

group of adjacent bits

Structured Interview

interview follow a specific ordered set of question

Adjective Rating Scale

listing a number of traits along with providing a performance range for each

Proofreading Marks

made in the column of the typed document being evaluated for correctness-page 132-134

Chip Microform

piece of film with a micro-image

Electrostatic Photocopying

plain bond

Capital Expenditures Budget

plan for major purchases

Software Suites

programs performing various tasks; designed to work together

Network Maintenance

provide on-going support of network members

Microrecords

records that are small in size

Shoehorning

takes place when a lot of information is crammed into the smallest available spaces

Document Redesign

the most prominent elements should be the most important

Inflation

the rise in the price level

Management Bargaining Tools

1. Lockouts, 2. Blacklists, 3. Court injunctions, 4. yellow dog contracts

Accounting Cycle

1. Source Documents 5. Adjustments made 2. Journal Entries 6. Adjusted Trial Balance Run 3. Ledger Posting 7. Closing Entries Made 4. Trial Balance Run 8. Financial Statements

Microfiche

a film sheet including a number of images that are compiled in a grid-like format.

Flash Drives

a read-write device that can be attached to a computer via a USB port connection

Convenience Sampling

a sample that is easy to obtain but is not a valid representation of the population (ex. interviewing people at a shopping mall versus taking a pure, scientific random sample)

Reader programs

allowing holders of special format files to read or view documents; such as PowerPoint Reader enabling individuals who do not have the full-featured PowerPoint program to view PowerPoint files

Interrole Conflict

an individual must fill conflicting roles

Consistency

basic rule of written communications

Hardware Requirements and Compatibility

cable configured in an appropriate topology (token ring or bus); network operating system software; individual computers to be used on the network

Nominal Research Data Type

data is nominal if the observations or values involved can be assigned a code in the form of a number where the numbers are simply labels.

Ordinal Research Data Type

data is ordinal if the observations or values involved can be ranked (put in order) or have a rating scale attached...can be counted and ordered but not measured

Revenues

delivering goods or services to customers

Field Experiments

done in the actual environment being considered

Coalition Approach tactic

finding a third party individual to help influence the targeted party

Income Tax

first enacted in the US in 1913. Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

Management Accounting

focuses on information for internal decision making by the company's managers

Organizational Development (OD)

focuses on programs and techniques designed to change people and their working relationships

Participating Style of leadership

followers have the ability to accomplish the task but are not willing to do the work or they need emotional support

Delegating Style of leadership

followers want to do the job but they need help in the task's accomplishment

Bar Code Reading

for retail sales and postal service data reading

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

for the banking industry (to facilitate the processing of large numbers of financial documents)

Common and Preferred Stock

forms of capital stock issued to stockholders of a company

Open-Shelf Files

forms of lateral filing cabinet (also called side-open file cabinets); popular systems when easy access and relatively low cost are desired in record storage. Slant files are a type of this filing cabinet. They come with a rolling base allowing each row of files to be moved (when you have 5 files, only 1 aisle at a time can be accessed, leaving four rows of files pushed together, an aisle, and one file row accessible

Static Budget

geared to a single level of activity only; compares budgeted amounts to actual cost and then shows the difference between the two amounts. This difference is also known as the Variounce

Diversity

gender, age, ethnicity, etc

Spirit Duplication Method

glossy-bond finish

Semi-autonomous teams

have managers who allow team members some autonomy (freedom) over their own positions; set their own goals

Common Stockholders

have the right, after creditors and preferred stockholders, to receive the balance of liquidated corporate assets, also have the right to sell their interest in the company to others and to authorize the purchase of fixed assets.

Corel Office

includes WordPerfect (word processor), QuattroPro (spreadsheet), Internet web page development tools, and other graphics-oriented and organizational software applications

Institutional Advertising

indirect form of advertising, such as TV programs without commercial breaks

Accession Log

lists assigned numbers used in a numeric storage system.

Goodwill

major concern

Contingency Leadership Approach

most effective leadership approach varies from one situation to another, according to Fred Fiedler.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

network connections provide home computers access to office networks and the internet

Mid-Career Plateau

occurs during the maintenance stage of employment in a person's adult years. few opportunities for advancement due to the lack of openings

Group Order Ranking (order of merit)

ranking of employees into categories by rank

Margin Trading

refers to buying securities on credit

Conditional Indorsments

require that a certain condition be met before the instrument can be transferred.

Comparative Research

research made up of research involving several organizations or situations and then making an estimate regarding the similarity or differences in the data

Line Chart

show trends or functional relations

XY Scatter Charts

showing a distribution of data points along one or two dimensions

Strip Microform

small film lengths

Corporate Owners

stockholders/shareholders

Orientation

team members experience some anxiety with regard to how they will fit into group. o Development Level: Low o Commitment: High o Team Member Competence: Low

Delphi Technique

team members never meet face-to-face, but a group is polled through a series of anonymous questionnaires

Layoff

temporary separation of a person from a business due to financial or other contraints

Income Statement

the net income or net loss of the business, presents a summary of an entity's revenues and expenses for a period of time. Also called the statement of earnings or statement of operations

Piracy

the theft of intellectual property for economic gain

Independent Variables

two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events provides no information about whether or not the other event will happen; the events have no influence on each other

Ring Network

two or more computer systems (with independent central processing units) tied together enabling them to communicate with one another. Usually found within one building or location.

Intersender Conflict

two or more sources provide conflicting instructions

Duplex-Numeric Filing Rules

use two or more sets of code number for records. Records are filed in consecutive order by the primary number; they are then filed sequentially by the second number, and so on. Sets are separated by commas, periods, dashes, or spaces. ex. International Board 1 Strategic Planning Committee 1-10 District 1-10-1 Planning Document 1-11 Board Meeting Documents 1-11-1

Teletypewriters systems

used for direct transmissions of data by telephone, independent of TWX

Quality Circles

used to help identify, analyze, and create solutions to various work-oriented problems.

Asterisks (*):

used to indicate more information or detail is found below in the document

Trend Analysis

when comparisons are made over a period of years; shows patterns that are helpful in forecasting and budgeting

Stress Interviews

when job candidates are posed difficult questions relating to their potential employment

Information redundancy

when the same information is maintained in more than one location (duplicate copies)

Scroll Microforms

wide film used for automatic retrieval systems

Widow-Orphan

widow is a word or brief phrase isolated at the beginning of a page or column; an orphan is a short word left on its own at the bottom of a page, column, or paragraph

Tone

your communication

Person-Role Conflict

your company asks you to fill a role contradicting your personal values

Impoverished Managers style (Leadership Grid)

(1,1 on the grid) give little of themselves and expect little of others

Country Club Managers style (Leadership Grid)

(1,9 on the grid) have low concern for production and high concern for people

Middle-of-the-road Managers style (Leadership Grid)

(5,5 on the grid) satisfied with modest performance and moderately concerned for their employees

Authority-Compliance Manager style(Leadership Grid)

(9,1 on the grid) are task oriented; their concern for production is high, and their concern for people is low

Accounting Equation

(Economic Resources) (Claims to Economic Resources) Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity

Psychological Format

(deductive or direct) Terminal Section, Introduction, Body OR Introduction, Body, Terminal Section

Logical Format

(inductive or indirect) Introduction, body, terminal section

Venture groups

(project teams) plan entry into new service or business areas. One manages and are made up of specialists an managers from different organizational functional groups

Robbins and Hunsaker regarding the creation of effective teams

*Establish a common goal *Provide and maintain a mix of team member personalities *Assess strengths and weaknesses of the team *Develop specific goals *Obtain consensus on the goal *Invite and encourage team member accountability *Build the team through providing chances *Nurture trust

Rules of Graphic Design

*Use type fonts to help convey the message and create the look you want *Learn how to apply graphic design rules to various forms of documents *Avoid mistakes that can detract from your document *Try different applications of graphic design *Understand the nuances of internet web site design versus hard copy *Plan ahead on pre-press issues *Learn the file formats that are preferred *Ask about the turnaround time for the project *Verify how the service bureau prices their work *Ask about the handling of corrections or changes *Verify that you will get color results desired from the print job

Adobe Acrobat

.pdf file format; this format preserves original document appearance, formatting, etc., so that it can be viewed and printed just as it was created

Aperture Cards

80-column keypunch cards with a description keypunched and printed across the top of the card. Included in the card is a microimage of one or more documents

Cross-functional teams

A group of people from different departments or areas working together.

Functional team

A group of people from one department or area working together.

ABC's according to Blanchard & Lorber

Activators-things that need to be done before good performance Behaviors-desired performance Consequences- what follows the desired performance

Progress Reports

Also known as status reports, keep the reader informed about activities, problems, and progress related to a large project. Large projects may require regular submission of reports-daily, weekly, or monthly.

Supplementary Data/Appendices of a report

Appendix, bibliography, and index

Video Error Code

Beep, Bit, Beep, Beep

CANs

Campus Area Networks-involving two or more LANs

Human Side of Enterprise, McGregor

Characteristics of an effective work team: *Atmosphere is informal, comfy *A lot of discussion about work-related issues *Task are well understood & accepted *Members listen to each other *Disagreements occur *People freely express feelings and ideas

Classes of common stock

Class A and Class B are issued to differentiate between specific rights and allowances stockholders may have.

Comparative Analysis

Comparative Statements--balance sheets, income statements, retained earnings statement compared--list the entire statement for two or more consecutive years; its is up to the accountant to determine if the increase or decrease from year to the next in each account listed is shown, along with the percentage change from one period to the next.

Types of Markets

Consumer, Producer, Reseller, Industrial, Institutional, Government markets

Types of listening

Content Listening-listening for a message Empathic Listening-listening to understand feelings Critical Listening-listening to understand a message's meaning from various levels

Informal Meeting Minutes include:

Date, Time, & Location of the meeting List of individuals who were present at the meeting Summary of decisions that were made including a brief review of key items discussed Notes regarding follow-through items with associated names of persons responsible to carry them out and completion or "report back" dates Information regarding the next planned meeting

Likert Scale Basic Steps

Define the focus, Items to judged need to be generated, have the items rated by judges, select the items that have high correlation, and administer the scale

Path-Goal Leadership Theory incorporates four leadership styles

Directive, Supportive, Participative, and Achievement-Oriented

Straight-Numeric Filing Rules

Each digit is a filing unit, with the first digit going in the primary unit location 123, 124, 125

Qualitative Research include

Ethnography, Phenomenology, Unstructured (intensive) interviewing, Direct Observation, Participant Observation, and Content Analysis

Development of Networks

File Server Type, Nodes, Gateway Processors, Peripherals, Security Features, Software, Access to Functions & Features, Network Cabling Requirements, Network Software Backup, Electronic Mail Communication, Hardware requirements & compatibility

FTP

File Transfer Protocol; data can be transferred from one location to another by using this

Traditional Pull-Down Menus:

File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Table, Graphics, Tools, Window, Help page 74-89 shows each pull down function

Life Cycle Theory of Leadership

Hershey and Blanchard encourages leaders to use varying styles of leadership (tell, sell, participate with, or delegate to subordinates) based on the subordinate's maturity level

Qualitative Measurment

If it records attributes or characteristics, a measurement not involving numbers

Quantitative Measurement

If this number expresses dimensions or capacities, a measurement involving numbers

Full and Complete Disclosure in Accounting

In order to not mislead the reader, financial reports must contain information clarifying items contained in the report.

Alphabetic Filing Procedures

Inspecting, Indexing, Coding, and Filing

Filing Procedures

Inspecting, preparing, and releasing materials

Team member roles

Listener, Process Observe, Knowledge contributor, people supporter, collaborator, mediator, challenger, gatekeeper

LAN

Local Area Network, a communication system set up to transmit data from one point to two or more other points at the same time within a department or work group in an organization. Fist called disk servers

Geographic Files

Location, Subject or company, Specific individual name. Based on encyclopedic or dictionary arrangment

ALT Key

Microsoft Office provides "badges" in its software programs that contain key tips for all tabs.

Field Study

Observation, personal interviews, questionnaire surveys, archival records, information, and statistics

Types of Budgets

Operating Budget, Financial Budget, Capital Expenditures Budgets

Portable Dictation Units

Optical Character Readers (OCR) and specialized OCR software are used in conjunction with word and data processing equipment

Reports are made up of the following

Prefatory Parts Introduction Body Summary Supplementary Data

Archival Records

Preserved for permanent storage, retained because of their historical or ongoing value or importance, often stored in inexpensive, off-site locations,, and generally maintained due to their legal, historical, or financial value to an organization.

Life Cycle of a Record

Record is created, then stored and retrieved as desired or needed. It is place back in storage for temporary safekeeping before destruction. If a record is deemed to be of great importance or historical value by the records manager, it is retained for permanent preservation. *Create-Distribute-Use-Maintain-Dispose*

Consistency in Accounting

Reports and records should be prepared in a similar and consistent fashion as previous reports, unless the accountant otherwise makes a footnote disclosure to the financial statement and the reason for the change

Marketing Research

Research data involving the systematic collection, recording, and analysis of data about issues relating to the marketing of services and goods

Income Statement Summarized:

Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Margin on Sales Gross Margin on Sales - Expenses = Operating Income Operating Income - Other Expenses and Taxes = Net Income

Five secrets to business success

Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Atlantic. 1. enjoy what you are doing, 2. create something that stands out, 3. Create something that everybody who works for you is really proud of, 4. be a good leader, 5. be visible

Team and Group Problem-Solving Steps

Step 1. Problem Identification Step 2. Problem Clarification Step 3. Cause Analysis Step 4. Discussion of possible solutions Step 5. Selection of Solution Step 6. Plan implementation Step 7. Follow-through assignments agreed upon Step 8. Action plan developed for follow-through

Pronouns

Take the position and function of nouns but do not specifically name them - He, she, it, they, him, her, them

Continuum of Managerial Behavior

Tannenbaum and Schmidt, attempts to show that managerial power and influence decline as managers allow other group members more voice in group decision making

Douglas McGregor (McGregor's Influence)

Theory X (negative view of people) and Theory Y (positive view of people) approaches to individuals and human motivation.

Adams' Equity Theory

Theory is built on the belief that employees become demotivated towards their jobs and employer if they feel that their inputs are greater than their outputs. Inputs include effort, loyalty, commitment and skill. Outputs include financial rewards, recognition, security and sense of achievement. According to Adams, employers should attempt to achieve a balance on inputs and outputs.

Boot Disk

a disk from which the computer can be started and perform certain basic functions, without the aid of the computer hard disk drive

Sink

a drop or band of white space at the top of each page; provides consistency and brings life to a publication; brings attention to all document elements below it; and adds contrast and makes headlines more dramatic

Accumulated Depreciation

a form of contra asset assigned to building and equipment accounts

Ultrafiche

a form of microfiche that stores very minute-sized images (reduced 90 times or more)

Close Supervision

a leadership style that includes close supervision wherein the leader checks subordinate work to be sure it adheres to standards

Standard Deviations

a measure of the spread or dispersion of a set of data. The data values in a sample are not all the same. This variation between values is called Dispersion.

Interviewee

a person who is interviewed

Analyzer

a program involved in the deletion of related program files and registry entries

Random Sampling

a sample where a group of subjects (the sample) is selected for study from a larger group (the population) Person is selected by chance and each member of the population has a known, but non-equal, chance of being included in the sample

Convey a formal look, use:

a script-type font

Geographical Indication

a sign used on goods or products that come from a specific geographical location

Records Management

a system controlling stored records in the office

Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems

a systems user can readily access information from one or more files in a rapid manner

Cluster Sampling

a technique where the entire population is divided into group and a random sample of these clusters is selected. All observations in the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Nodes

a termination point for two or more networked communication links; the number needed must be considered, in addition to physical locations on the LAN cabling where work stations or peripheral devices such as printers, modems, etc., can be attached or connected to the system.

Infrared or Heat Transfer

a thermographic process; copy paper is exposed to infrared rays; the printed areas hold the heat of the infrared rays that cause the paper to become dark in the heated areas

Limited-Liability Partnership

a wayward partner cannot create a large liability for the other partners

Prepositions

a word that shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns and some other words in a sentence; Ex. You can sit BEFORE the desk (or IN FRONT of the desk). The professor can sit ON the desk (when he's being informal) or BEHIND the desk.

Negotiable Instrument

a written document signed by the maker and payable to bearer or to the order of a person or entity on demand or at a certain time-Checks, Drafts, Promissory Notes, and Certificated of Deposit

Agency Shop

all employees are represented by the union and must pay dues to the union; but they don't have to join it-legal in some places

Electronic or Data-Based Records

all magnetic media, sound recordings, video recordings, negatives, x-rays, and micrographics

Shared-Logic Systems

allow more than one terminal station to share the capacity or logic of the central microcomputer and printout unit.

Bibliography

alphabetized list of sources utilized in preparation of the body of the material, A document showing all the sources used to research information.

Conjunctive Adverbs

also; besides; for example; however; in addition; instead; meanwhile; then; consequently; moreover; accordingly; furthermore; nevertheless; otherwise; yet; hence; therefore

URL

an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator; typed or inserted into the location window of a web browser.

Option

an addition to a command; it is a choice from a menu or dialog box in a graphical user interface

Subject Records Management

an alphabetic system enabling an organization to retain and retrieve records based on a specific topic

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

an application involved in the management of a variety of programming functions

Multimedia Software

an application software type that includes multimedia authoring, video and audio editing, and other related software programs.

Pretest-posttest control group design

an experimentation form that involves two groups: one group that is involved in an activity and one group that is not involved. There are members in both groups who are randomly selected to be included or left out of the activity

Certificate Authority (CA)

an individual or organization that can issue and verify digital certificates that guarantee a web site on the Internet is legitimate

Internet

an inexpensive medium through which digial data can be readily and easily transmitted

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)

any injury or disorder of a person's tendons, ligaments, muscles, nerves, or joints that is a result of repetitive work performed

Advertising

any paid impersonal communication and promotion of concepts, goods, and services

Recency

appraising by supervisor based on most recently remembered factors

Avoidance Style

are passive and avoid or ignore the problem rather than trying to solve it; sympathetic parent or obedient child ego state is used, confrontation is put off

Current Assets

assets such as cash and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash, sold, or consumed either one yr or in the normal operating cycle

Intangible Assets

assets such as copyrights, trademarks, and so forth.

Non-Current Assets

assets such as land, building, and equipment

Interviews

assist in obtaining a balanced view of the overall issue being examined before conclusions are made

Cyber Terrorism

attacks on computer networks to cause damage for financial or political reasons

Technical Leadership Skill

attainment of specialized information or knowledge and an understanding of how it should be applied to meet the needs at hand

Workstation Design

attractiveness and usability are main features to consider

Participant Observation

based on data gathered when the researcher actually becomes part of what is being observed

Unstructured (intensive) interviewing

based on open-ended questions asked during interviews

Phenomenology

based on social research performed in an attempt to understand the individual's perspective; this type of research is done when empathy is important

Direct Observation

based on the researcher's actual observations of behavior

Functions of Management

basic function of management include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling

Numeric Filing System

basic numeric filing and chronological filling. Processed more accurately than alphabetic. Most common.

Unit of Measurement Concept

basic, most commonly used measure of money is adopted by accounting as the standard unit of measure

Corporate Culture

behavior, values, and belief systems that are accepted and practiced by members of an organization

Commas (,):

between clauses of a compound sentence, separate interrupting words, to set off an introductory element, to set off an afterthought, etc.

Block Codes

blocks of numbers held for specific filing purposes

Open Shop

both union and nonunion workers can be employed

Pie Chart

break lump sums into manageable portions, effectively used to show the result of opinion polls

Cracking

breaking into a computer network to show off or gain access to data or information

Cross-Functional team

bringing members together from various functional areas and organizational levels

Employment-at-Will

business doctrine allowing employees and employers to enter into (and exit from--termination-at-will) an employment relationship at any time for any reason

Financial Statements

business documents that report on a business in monetary terms.

Sole Proprietorship

business owned by one person and operated for one's own profit

Government Organizational or Unit Names are indexed:

by the name of the government entity that has direct responsibility over the agency (first) by the function of the unit or agency (second) By the designation of the unit or agency (third) Index national government entities by the name of the national government first (ex. United State Government) Governments foreign to the indexing entity should list the name of the country first (Commonwealth of Australia would first list Australia) Schools are typically listed with the most distinctive name first, followed by location names such as cities and states or provinces. When symbols are used as part of an organizational name, index this component by the way it is actually spelled.

Voice messaging/mail

caller can leave a message for a call recipient to listen to later

Digital Signals

calls that are sent in batches or groups of data bits

Analog signals

calls transmitted using a process that corresponds to a physical change (sound)

Positive Language

can be done, read or hear things from the positive point of view, Language that creates goodwill and gives more options to receivers than negative language.

Multiple-Station Systems

can be tied together, networked, or linked with a mainframe computer or server computers. The share the intelligence of a CPU and can perform other functions besides rod processing.

Terminal Digit Numeric Filing

can help avoid misfiling by number and other problem areas of general numeric filing. Numbers are read from right to left.

Columns

cells running vertically from the beginning to the end of the document

Network Software Backup

centralized vantage point

Corporation

charter is an initiating process for the legal entity

Research

collection and analysis of data and evidence relating to questions and issues addressed by researcher. Involves inquiry, exploration, and study using the scientific method

Mixed Punctuation Style

colon after the salutation and a comma after the complimentary closing

Aesthetic

colors and their impact on the interior environment, carpeting, drapery, furniture, pictures, plants, and similar concepts make up this factor.

Domain Affiliations for URLs are:

com=commercial net=network resources org=organization (usually non-profit) edu=education gov=government int=international mil=military

Document Tracking Systems

combination of micro processing equipment and color-coded storage

Hybrid Networks

combine various network topologies (ex. ring, star, and bus topologies)

Advice or Involvement Teams

committees, involvement groups and quality circles that can be set up for a short or long duration

Tickler Files

commonly used chronological files designed to remind the secretary of particular assignments needing completion. They are used for rewording of future work and helping the secretary keep track of completing assignments.

QWERTY

commonly-used keyboard type; named for the top 6 alphabetical keys on the left-hand side of the keyboard; comes in a standard and ergonomic layouts

D. McGregor's Hot Stove Rule of Discipline

compares administration of employee discipline with touching a hot stove. Consists of advance warning, consistency, impartiality, and immediacy

Paired Comparison

comparing each employee with all other employees in the group

Factor Comparison

comparing the employee on an individual basis with various factors

Standalone Operating System

complete computer operating systems designed to run personal computer, notebook computers, and other mobile computers. (ex. DOS, Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, and Linux)

Problem-solving Teams

comprised of individuals from various areas of a department. Often called Quality Circles, project groups, safety groups, audit groups, or task forces. 6-12 members who meet once a week for an hour to consider ways to make improvements in quality, efficiency, or the overall work environment.

Star Networks

comprised of one central processing unit that handles common data used by one or more terminals; comprised of a single central processing unit (CPU) and one or more CRT terminals that are linked to the CPU and utilize the capabilities of the CPU.

Paralanguage

comprised of vocal messages, or subtext such as: Vocal Tone, Facial Expressions, Facial Movements, Gestures, Touch, Personal Space, Space Arrangement, Posture, Body Stance, Physical Appearance, Personal Attractiveness, and Time

Object

computer data item and the attributes, characteristics, and procedures associated with the item (computer graphic, sound, video, or text)

Microform Storage and Retrieval Systems

computer output microfilm or microfiche; microform storage and retrieval systems involve manual filling combined with a computerized index system; they can also be fully automated, as in the case of computer-assisted COM

Application Software

computer programs created to make work more productive

File Server Type

computer where the main network software is installed and through which data from individual PCs are uploaded and downloaded

Time Studies

concerned with the amount of time it takes to accomplish a specific taks

Open Punctuation Style

contains NO punctuation mark after the salutation and complimentary closing

Wiki-Type Web Site

contains contents that can be reviewed and modified by anyone who has access to the site

Perpetual

continuous process of inventory valuation

Case Records

contracts, purchase orders, loans, requisition, and research projects

Qualified Indorsments

convey the fact that the indorser does not guarantee the payment of the instrument-may include without recourse.

Diffusion Transfer

copies require two chemically-coated sheets

Download

copy of a data file from a main file source to a peripheral device

Boards

corporate standing committees comprised of trustees or directors, who oversee the management of organizational assets, set and approve policies and objectives, and keep abreast of progress made toward the attainment of organizational objectives

Cost Principle in Accounting

cost represents the money or resources foregone in order to obtain other goods and services.

Prefatory Parts of a report

cover, title fly, title page, letter of authorization, letter of transmittal, table of contents, table of tables, and abstract

Minutes

coverage of meeting proceedings, A summary of the events and business conducted during a meeting. The official record of a meeting and are kept by the secretary of an organization.

Label

data value (ex. a column heading that describes the data that are included in the column underneath the label)

Human Relation Movement

dealing with human problems in the working environment-a non-quantitative approach took place during the 1920's and 30's.

Liabilities

debts payable to outsiders. These outside parties are called Creditors. Examples include Accounts Payable, Notes Payable and Salary Payable.

Cyber-Cowboys/Cowgirls Network Type

decentralized and well-connected decision makers

Autonomous Internal Units:

decentralized, independent business units that have their own products, end-user markets, goals, etc.

Dewey Decimal System

decimal numeric system, usually three number digits precede the decimal point. Each subject is grouped together by numbers 650 General Business Workflow 651 Business Assignments 651.1 Current Assignments 651.2 Completed Assignments, classification system used to organize materials within the library. like topics are grouped together in numbered categories ranging from 000-900.

Operations Approach

decisions are made based on various operations to be performed and on how these operations should be carried out.

Dividends

declaration date by the corporation; on this date the recording entry for dividends payable is made; the recording date is given on the declaration date, as well as the payment date.

Master Budgets

detail all financial planning areas of a business; the income stataement is projected from budgets prepared by sales, production, raw materials, direct labor, overhead, and operating expense areas. The balance sheet may be prepared after the cash and captial expenditures budgets have been prepared.

Economic Order Quantity

determined by finding the point where ordering costs equal carrying costs, thus minimizing total costs

Payback Period

determining how long it will take the organization to recover the amount it cost the business to purchase or lease the equipment.

R.B. Lacoursiere

developed 5 stage team development model: Orientation, Dissatisfaction, Resolution, Production, and Termination

Electronic Social Networks

developed to connect individuals and organizations on a global basis with the focus placed on mutual interest

Differentiated Status

different levels of rank and status found among members of groups

Dr. Stephen Covey "Seven Habits of Highly Successful People"

discusses time management from a perspective of 'organizing and executing around priorities.' He suggest there have been 4 generations of time management: Generation 1: the recording & use of notes Generation 2: generation of calendars and appointment books Generation 3: existing time management field of study Generation 4: Self-management, versus time management

Decentralized Systems

dispersed at various physical locations

Control Panel

display area provides instructions and information regarding the reproduction equipment; step-by-step instructions on how to complete a copy job are often included; help is also provides if a job becomes interrupted due to a paper jam

Formula Bar

display is found underneath the menu bar and toolbar of the spreadsheet program display; displays data and formulas being entered into specific cells on the spreadsheet.

Cable Distribution

distribution of copyrighted information via cable distribution is covered internationally under the Berne Convention affecting copyrighted data.

Convenience Copiers

duplicating machines that are easily accessed by those using them

Compromise Style

each party works in a give-and-take manner to work things out; use the adult ego state; need for harmony between parties is emphasized; no simple solution available to parties and when the issues involved are important & complicated

Unappropriated Retained Earnings

earnings that have not been set aside for uses other than reinvestment or contractual saving obligations

Assets

economic resources that are expected to benefit the business in the future. Cash, merchandise inventory, furniture, and land are assets. Claims to those assets come from 2 sources: Liabilities and Owner's Equity

Coding

emphasizes the topic or key words used in the material. the secretary actually records notations relative to how the record will be stored.

Telecommuting

enables individuals to do much or all of their work in a setting other than the traditional office (home)

Foundations

endowed institutions that grant funds for research projects, charities, and other similar causes

Over-the-Counter Markets

engage in buying and selling stock and bonds not involved in the major stock exchanges. Unlisted Securities are traded in this type of market.

Phototypesetting

equipment (hardware and software) used to obtain typed text in specialized font styles in varying sizes. Includes keyboard entry or text that is stored on a floppy disk.

Endless Loop Dictation

equipment in word processing centers allows continuous input by word originators and continued output by word processors

Book Value

equity value per share, is found by determining the dollar amount in stockholder's equity, or the dollars invested in shares outstanding, divided by the number of shares outstanding. Amount for which the common stock was originally sold.

Owner's Equity

equivalent to an owner's claim to assets of a firm after claims of debtors

Small Business Administration (SBA)

established in the US Congress in 1953 to help small business compete in a brisk system.

Peat Marwick's firm

established the 6 time management principles: 1. Create a daily to do list, 2. List goals and set priorities (A,B,C...), 3. Do A's first 4. Handle each piece of paper only once, 5. Do it now!, 6. Ask "What is the best use of my time?"

Patents

exclusive rights given by the government to use specific processes or to make a particular product or invention

Path-Goal Leadership/Expectancy Theory of Motivation

expectancy (valence) theory state that a person's motivation to do something is based on one's desire to do something and depends on whether or not he/she can accomplish what must be done.

Body of a report

explanation and presentation of data, the bulk of the report or proposal.

Behavioral Science Experiments

factors such as testing, history, maturation, instruments used, and the selection process add to a mix that can make it very challenging to do behavioral science experiments

Synetics

fantasizing and role playing are used to generate creative ideas

Xerographic

fiber optics processes utilize plain paper and are considered superior copying processes. They are also the most popular forms of copy processes today. An image is produced on a drum using a combination of tools that interface one with another: Light, Laser, or CRT light sources: the copier drum; toner; and plain paper.

Duplex-Numeric

file number system allows for two--duplex--or more sets of numbers for coding

Middle Digit Filing

files to be ordered based on the center or middle digits of the code

Commercial Banks

financial institution that loans money, maintains checking accounts and other services.

Intelligent Character Recognition

for law enforcement, customs, and other uses; this form of data recognition involves the reading of handwriting on forms, various types and sizes of printed data, and other special graphics and images; data is then converted to ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Exchange) format.

Regression Analysis

form of analysis deals with the establishment of reasonable mathematical models for the relationships between the variables being considered. Correlation analysis tries to measure the strength of the relationship.

Functional Teams

formal team, ongoing groups made up of managers and employees from within the organization. Likert calls the role the linking pin function

Network-based Organizations

formal, informal, and electronic networks

Leadership Grid

formally called the Managerial Grid by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton

Subdirectories

found at lower levels and fan off from other directories like branches of a tree

Device Manager

found in Windows-based systems can assist you in locating devices that are connected to your computer and assisting in the driver installation process

Microsoft Office button

found in the upper left-hand corner of the window. Used to obtain commands to open and save workbooks

Jay Hall & Competence

found that a majority of workers need to show their competence...need to perform well. Encouraged management to provide a positive work environment that enables people to reach their potential. Also found that high-achieving managers have a strong interest in both individuals and productivity.

Periodic Transfer of Documents

from active to inactive record storage locations take place after a specific amount of tiem...one period transfer method

Retained Earning

funds kept within a corporation without being paid out as dividends to stockholder. They equal profits of a firm since its origination, less dividends, losses, or transfers to contributed capital.

Correspondence Files

general correspondence such as letters, memos, telegrams, reports; in addition to short-lived correspondence such as requests for product information

Alphanumeric Filing Rules

generally use a combination of subject names and numbers. First, alphabetic divisions or topic headings and their subheadings need to be established. Next, number categories can be assigned.

Chronological Numeric Filing Rules

generally used for records that are stored by date of receipt or action. Typically, the most current dates is listed first, with older dates listed thereafter. Index by year (first), Index by month (second), Index by day (third)

Periodical and Book Sources

give current information on the latest books and periodicals published by category

Trademarks

give one the right to use identifying symbols, terms, and names

Bar Charts

great visual representations of comparative data

Informal team

group of individuals who get together outside of the formal organizational structure to accomplish a goal

Quality circles

groups of workers who meet regularly to discuss issues related to productivity, 6-12 employees and supervisors

Outsource

having an organization outside of the company perform compensated services

Point of Sale Machines

heat-sensitive paper

Mimeograph Duplicating Method

high-absorbency bond paper

Comparative Statement Analysis

horizontal and vertical comparisons are analyzed by the accountant. Horizontal Analysis-constitutes the comparison of amounts and percentages for a particular item or account over a period of two or more years. Vertical Analysis-shows percentage and total comparisons for two or more years in vertical columns on a single sheet.

Network Cabling Requirements

how the system and all its components will be set up and interconnected

Anatomical

human body structure, size, and movement in the office

Screening Interviews

human resources department of the organization meets with an individual to determine if he/she is a good candidate for a position

Null Hypothesis

hypothesis that is to be rejected or disproved.

Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies

identified the Hawthorne effect. Performed in the 1920s &1930s.

Questionnaires

identify individual perceptions as to the degree that a certain issue or question possesses a specific characteristic

Role Ambiguity

if behaviors are not clearly defined, this takes place

Hacking

illegally breaking into a computer network to change, delete, or steal data

Surface Charts

illustrating the distribution of sea-level pressure

Sumptuary Taxes

imposed on items (liquor) to increase the end-purchase price of the goods and thereby discourage their use.

Severance Taxes

imposed on material taken from the ground such as minerals and other resources such as timber

Bookmark

in browsers, bookmarks provide for the saving of addresses (URLS) or web pages so they can be revisited in the future

Encyclopedias

include an alphabetical assortment of subject matter, usually illustrated with pictures and graphics

Current Liabilities in Accounting

include any debts due within the current year or accounting period.

Revenue examples:

include funds earned from rent, services rendered, and interest; realized and recorded when the sale is made or when the service takes place

Outline for a report

include important points to cover and provide basic framework for report compilation

Reference Sources (general)

include information on many areas of interest and information

Directories

include information pertinent to individuals in business, industry, and professions

Record

information created, received, and maintained as evidence and information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business...according to the International Organization for Standardization based in Geneva, Switzerland (ISO 15489)

Wikis

informational sites that can be modified by anyone with access to the site

Longhand

input; the process involves longhand writing with pen or pencil on paper that is later read and input onto a computer by keyboard

Brackets ([]):

inserted material, parenthetical material within other parenthetical material

Flat Installation

installation of software from its original media (ex. DVD or CD) directly to a computer hard drive

Silent Installation

installation of software without prompts shown during the installation process

Unattended Installation

installation of software without the need for the presence of a software user

Headless Installation

installation performed without video display output or a monitor connected

Clean Installation

installation that takes place in an environment where there are no obstacles to the installation process

System Software

interfaces the computer end-user, computer hardware, and application software

Locus of Leadership

intersection, or meeting point, of the following three factors involved in a leadership transaction: leader, follower, and the situation

Predictive interview

interview held as a measurement to help determine how an individual may behave in the future.

Just-in-Time

inventory approach used in management makes items available for production or resale just when they are needed

"N-15, EOM"

invoice amount (less sales returns) must be paid not more than 15 days after the end of the month of purchase.

Video Conferences

involve microphones, cameras, display monitors, and other electronic systems that can facilitate the communication of audio and visual data

Industrial Designs

involve the aesthetic appearance or ornamental aspect of an item

Conglomerate Mergers

involve the grouping together of unrelated companies that are not customers, suppliers, or competitors in business

Composition Process

involves document creation activities

Transformational Leadership

involves leadership through providing a vision or mission for organizational members to work toward. Researchers Tichy and Devanna suggest that there are three stages in the transformational leadership process: need for change, shared vision is created, and the change is institutionalized

Fixed Order-Interval System

involves product ordering at a pre-determined interval

Duplicating Process

involves the making of a master and the creation of copies of that master

Stabilization

involves the reflection of light from an original document onto a special paper; Chemicals are required, the process is slow, and copies must dry before they can by used

Gelatin or Dye Transfer

involves the use of special paper and chemicals used in the development process; only a few copies can be made from an original

Apprenticeship Training

involving professional development in mechanical or electrical skill areas, and it can last for a two or more yr period of time, the trainee works on the job earning less that the skilled person who has completed an apprenticeship program.

Mind Mapping

involving the transformation of complex net-like fields into a manageable structure; appropriate key words are used in note taking to facilitate both recall and creativity

Convey a youthful message, use:

irregular letterforms or fonts that are crayon-like

Object

is an entry in the computer database that contains data about things such as users, volumes, and printers

Reorder Point

is the inventory level at which point a new order needs to be placed

Preferred Stock

issued a particular amount of dividends before common stockholders.

Continuity or Going concern concept

it is assumed that a business life span will continue on indefinitely-or at least one year

Parentheses {()}:

items that interrupt the main thought of sentences

Hyphen (-):

join certain prefixes to base words (self-mastery)

Braces ({}):

join related material, often in legal document, tables, and graphics work

Punctuation marks

join things (Hyphen) separate things (commas, colons, semicolons, apostrophes, and dashes), group things by enclosing them (parentheses, dashes in pairs, quotation marks, and commas in pairs), and show the end of things (periods, exclamation marks, and question marks)

Partnership

joins two or more individuals as co-owner. Many retail stores and professional organizations of physicians, attorneys, and accountants.

Syndicate

joins two or more person in a certain activity that usually is financial in nature. Most common syndicate is the underwriting syndicate. It is an organized group of investment banking firms that band together to sell large issues of corporate stock or bonds.

Charge-Our Records

kept for all borrowed records so that follow-through can take place to ensure records are returned to their proper location

Centralized Files

kept in one location for the entire organization of department

Modifier Key

keyboard key that provides meaning when depressed in combination with one or more other keys. In the warm reboot process, the computer operator depresses the CTRL+ALT+DEL keys simultaneously one time.

DVORAK

keyboard which emphasizes different placement of vowel and consonant keys and punctuation marks in an attempt to streamline the typing process and create greater efficiency and productivity in keyboarding

Measurment

label or number attached to a unit of observation.

Poster Design

large one-page items that are designed to let people know about events, designed to be put in public places

Banner Design

large signs containing simple messages, hung in public places to announce themes and events; best to use fewer than six words

Scanners

laser technology to scan and digitize images are popular computer peripherals used to image data

Laissez-faire style

leader allows the follower to do the work with little input

Participative style

leader obtains the participation of the follower and provides little direction

Consultative style

leader sells the follower on what needs to be done and oversees the job at major stages

Selling Style of leadership

leaders use this style when followers are not able but willing to do the task

Conditional Sales Contract

lessee to gain tax benefits (as it makes the organization the owner of the equipment, for tax purposes)

Corporate Income Taxes

levied on corporations based on the amount of net income earned by the business.

Scroll Bars

linear areas on the right side and lower portions of the program display allowing the user to scroll up/down and side/side in documents exceeding the size of the displayed document view.

Crop Marks

lines printed or drawn on a document to indicate the correct document size

Linkers

link or combine one or more objects or programs into one executable program

Business and Financial Sources

list current data on business and the professions

Wall Street Journal

list major stock market transactions every working day.

Individual Ranking

listing all employees in order from highest to lowest performance

Thomas' Register of Manufacturers

lists many makers of office equipment and supplies

Industrial Arts Handbook

lists periodicals in various areas of business, technology, and science

McRae's Blue Books

lists sources of industrial products and equipment in the nation

Comparative Analysis form (software)

lists the vendor or manufacturer and the comparable factors involved

Simple Structure

little formalization with wide spans of control

E-vents

live, multi-user social-video activities communicated on-line

Network Identification

locate the right people to connect with

Centralized Copiers

located at a central location in a facility

Menu Bar

located at the top of the program view, shows a list of options and commands such as File, Edit, Format, Tools, etc

Ruler

located below the toolbar display in word processors, show were margins, tabs, indents, and other related settings are determined

Toolbars

located beneath the menu bar of the display and include buttons that can be clicked upon to invoke commonly-used commands such as print, open folder, save to clipboard, insert text, etc.

Cell Address

location of a cell on the spreadsheet stating both the specific row and column where the cell intersection is located (D6-column D, row 6)

Logger

logs and keeps track of when installations took place

Watcher

looks for installation programs such as files with the extension .EXE

Confidence Limits

lower and upper values or boundaries of a confidence interval, the confidence limits are the values that define the range of a confidence interval

Telecopiers

machines that, when linked with a telephone, make facsimile copies of material sent via electronic impulses over telephone lines or via microwave radio relay systems

NetWare

made file sharing simpler and more reliable because access was controlled by the server rather than by the clients; provided a more secure environment because user access could be restricted to only specified areas of the disk's subsystem; and it allowed a greater degree of data integrity by preventing access to file control information such as directories

Area of document

majority of the program view in which text or data are inserted or edited

Legitimization tactic

making something legitimate or authoritative in order to get another to become involved or help out

Field Experiment

manipulation and control of variables take place in a natural setting

Outstanding Customer Service

mark of dedicated professional who is committed to high standards and the success of the organization

Product Differentiation

marketing manager tries to show differences or distinction in his/her product versus the competition

Request for Proposal (RFP)

may need to be developed for various third-party individuals or vendors if software development must be done externally

Accounting Equation

measures the resources of a business and the claims to those resources

Constant Dollar Method

measuring income

Optical (CDs, DVDs) and Magnetic (computer disks, drives, & tape)

media used in electronic records management

Role conflict

member of a group faces two or more opposing sets of expectation

Maintenance of membership arrangement

members do not need to belong to a union in order to obtain work, nor must they join a union to maintain their jobs.

Learning Organizations

mend-set of an entity, designed to adapt and change on an ongoing basis

Print Merge

merging of non-variable data with variables such as specified words, amounts, etc. (ex. names, addresses, etc.)

Persuasive Letters

message-receiver needs, wants, or may have interest in, Letters that attempt to influence the behavior and thinking of another person or group at the reading thereof

Middle-Digit Numeric Filing Rules

middle digit becomes the primary indexing unit. Middle Digit is first, Digits found on the far left-hand side is second, and digits located on the far right-hand side is third File name: 10-24-50 Primary Unit: 24 Secondary Unit: 10 Final Unit: 50

Vertical (or standard) File Cabinets

most popular type of file... the general roll out file I found in most offices-most generally in 4-drawer or 5-drawer models

Cumulative Dividends

must be paid before any common stock dividends are paid. If the preferred stock is classified as participating, its owners participate in corporate profit distribution beyond preferred dividends. Stock is similar to bonds when considering its convertibility, or its callability.

Attrition Retirement

normal reduction in size of a work force occurring through the natural couse of personnel leaving a business

Informal groups

not intentionally set up by organizations, members come together on their own due to their shared interest and goals. Sometimes called cliques

Annotation

notes added to letters or documents relative to varous related issues (notes usually made in the margin to the side of the text)

Reporting of critical incidents

noting how an employee performs in specific situations

Correlation Coefficient

number between -1 and 1 that measures the degree to which two variables are linearly related.

Value

number entered into a spreadsheet document resulting from a computation (ex. 1+2+3+1+4+3) each number entered in the example is considered a "value" Various types of values can be used-decimals, whole numbers, negative numbers, currency, scientific notations, etc.

Peripherals

number, type, ans sharing between computers; ex. printers, faxes, and modems

Endnotes

numbered consecutively throughout the document (using superscripted numbers) Cited on a separate Notes page at the end of the document

Stratified Sampling

obtained by taking samples from each stratum or sub-group of a population. Done when it is expected that the measurement of interest will vary from among different sub-populations.

Mid-Career Crisis

occurs for some during the maintenance stage of employment. An individual is not being fulfilled or self-actualized in work

Market Segmentation

occurs when the market for a product is divided into groups of consumers who share common needs

Exchange tactics

offer to do something for someone in exchange for something in return right away

Contra Asset Accounts

offset fixed assets, and therefore, they reduce the value of an asset

Copy Control

often coming in the form of a small keypad, a user can input a code to unlock the machine for use

Control Groups

often used to determine the validity of a hypothesis, the opposite of the experimental group

Chat Rooms

on-line locations where people can engage in mutual dialog

Web Conferences

on-line meetings involving two or more people containing digital content

Multimedia Content Sharing

on-line services and sites that provide shared video, photos, audio, and text-based content (ex. YouTube)

On-line Social Networks

on-line sites designed for individuals sharing common interests or values, access is generally limited to registered users

Bus Networks

one can get off at any stop along the route; connect terminals, peripheral devices, and personal computers using a common cable called a network bus.

Vestibule Training

one individual is trained by another in an atmosphere free from pressure and rigors of the normal job

Flyers

one page to promote or advertise a single upcoming event or offer. Placed in windows, hung on bulletin boards, put on car windshields...printed on standard-size paper

Intrasender Conflict

one person must fulfill two conflicting roles (type faster with less mistakes)

Automatic Document Feeders (ADF)

one sheet at a time and then make the number of desired copies, sorting the copies out in their proper sequence in a receiving tray

Sequential Interdependence

one team or group must complete its work before another team

Fiber Optics Process

optic tubes send light from an original document to a drum, with each fiver carrying only a very small portion of the overall document image. The toner is fused to the paper during the final document printing stage.

Standard (true) Lease

organization pays a monthly fee for a specified period of time. At the end of the lease, the equipment is returned to the lessor (the lease may or may not have a renewal option)

Resume Design

organized into distinct key sections such as employment, education, skills, honors, etc.; they can be easy to read

Commodity Exchange

organized market for selected commodities such as wheat, corn, sugar, gold, lead, silver, cocoa, and rubber and some livestock and vegetables.

Statement of Cash Flows

other names: statement of changes in financial position, fund change statement, funds flow statement, statement of changes in working capital, and statement of source and application of funds. Working capital is equal to current assets less current liabilities. This statement shows the change increase or decrease in working capital in a given accounting period. Includes inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing.

Interviews held by others in the organization

others in an organization meet person's seriously being considered for employment

Stockouts

out of stock or shortages resulting from carrying too few items in inventory

Expenses

outflows of resources or costs incurred by the firm while striving to gain revenue; represent the use of services or goods or the depreciation of assets; recorded in the period they are incurred; include things such as salaries, taxes, rent, utilities, supplies used, interest, advertising, and depreciation.

Access to functions & features

overall access and accessibility of users to the system and its functions and features

Divisional Structure

partially autonomous divisions or units comprise divisional structures

Entrepreneurs

people engaged in putting the concept of capitalism to work

Performance Plan

performance improvement goals to be set in addition to action to be taken to make the progress

Motion Studies

performed to analyze how a job is being performed and determine how it can be done better

Standing Committees

permanent groups dealing with ongoing organizational issues and activities; when member terms are completed, another person is assigned to the position

Assertiveness

personal conflict resolution strategy that can be utilized in a number of ways

Form Letters

personalized repetitive letters, letters with variable information, letters from form paragraphs

Informal Networks

persons interconnected on an informal basis

Total Quality Management (TQM)

philosophy driven by customer needs and satisfaction, A management philosophy of delighting customers with superior products and services by continually setting higher goals and improving the performance of every business function

Abstracting Techniques

photocopying and highlighting key points, preparation of a summary of key points in a document (such a summary in paraphrased from is called a précis)

Electronic Forms

play a key role in Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) involving the transfer of data from one computer to another; Electronic Funds Transfer (ETF) (involving the permission and transfer of funds from one financial account to another anywhere in the world) and Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are application of electronic forms.

Handheld computing devices

pocket-sized, hand-held electronic units called PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants). They are used to store and access documents and contact information.

Holding companies

popular vehicles for combining a number of companies

Interpersonal Leadership Skill

possession of emphatic, persuasive, and other positive interpersonal qualities

Coercive Power

power that is based on force or control one individual can place on another

Precis Creation

precise summary of an article, book, or document--similar to an abstract

Flexible Budgets

prepared by the managerial accountant to help the accountant see total costs or revenues incurred in a range of production units presented. Aimed toward a range of activity rather than one activity.

Initializing (formatting)

preparing a disk to receive and store data

Information Reports

present data without providing an analysis or recommendations. Designed to inform specific individuals of facts and particulars with regard to the subject, offer data, facts, feedback, and other types of information, without analysis or recommendations.

Introduction of a report

presents information about the authorization for the report

Conservatism in Accounting

principle of conservatism states that the accountant will be conservative in the measurement of financial data, thus understating, rather than overstating, organizational income and assets.

Action research

process of collecting data from organizational employees about a system needing change

Broad Banding

process of consolidating several salary grades or ranges into a smaller number of wage groups or ranges

Nominal Grouping

process of creating and evaluating various alternative in a procedure involving voting of team members

Data Migration

process of data translation from one format to another (transfer of data from one database management system to another incompatible system)

Perfect Binding

process of putting a thin layer of adhesive along the edge of document binding to hold the pages together

Virtual Installation

process of running a utility program that will help determine if there will be any problems in the installation of the actual program

Upload

process of sending a file or data from one computer to another using a modem

Refresh

process of updating the computer display to reflect the most current data

Desktop Pubilishing

process that involves a system of microcomputers, software, and high-quality printers enabling businesses and individuals to create material that has a professionally-published look.

Splitting

process used in video editing in which a video is divided into smaller scenes to simplify the editing procedure

Thermographic or Heat Transfer

processes utilize sensitized paper. These processes include diazo, thermography

Image Viewers

programs that facilitate the viewing, coping, and printing of graphics files

Justification reports

provide information, optain evaluations, and recommendations submitted to the individual who authorized the report's creation, explain or recommend something, such as the need for a purchase, an investment, additional staff, or a change in procedure or structure. Briefly provides background of the situation, introduces the recommendation(s), stresses the benefits of the action, and adds specifics.

Electronic Retrieval Systems

provide mechanical and automated file retrieval for system users. The end-user must utilize an identifier in a particular field of a database to access data without having to physically access hard-copy records. These systems are a form of vertical carousel power file managed by using database software.

Petty Cash Funds

provide money for small purchases without writing checks for each purchase. Imprest Petty Cash fund allows petty cash to be fixed in its amount

In-house maintenance (on purchase equipment)

provide much more rapid response time on repairs in comparison to the response time of external maintenance providers. Includes salaries, benefits, retraining for new equipment and technologies introduced, service department space, and related cost.

Telnet

provides a way to access a host computer and utilize it as if it were a desktop computer at your own workstation

Financial Accounting

provides information for people outside the company

Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)

provides near instantaneous access to entertainment, software, travel, news, financial, and e-mail products and services over the Internet

Rotation of Layoffs

provides some work opportunity while still allowing the employee to collect unemployment benifits

In-Basket Technique

provides the employee a chance to take a group of projects similar to the type of activities that must be performed in a specific position

One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

pseudo-experimental design involves a pretest, the activity, and then a posttest that measures performance change after the activity is completed

One-Shot Design

pseudo-experimental design involves the one-time use of a treatment and the observation of the treatment...not commonly used because of its weaknesses

Static-Group Comparison Design

pseudo-experimental design, half of the groups involved participate in the activity and half do not...both groups are then compared

Secondary Data

publication already in print (books, magazines, pamphlets, etc.), Information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose

Almanacs

published once annually; they feature news and information on economic, historical, geographic, social, and political issues

Quotation Marks ("):

quoted material, special emphasis, enclose titles of chapters, articles, short stories, poems, songs, movies, and works of art

RIFD

radio frequency identification...technology that uses electrostatic or electromagnetic radio frequencies to identify something. Includes a reader, an antenna, and a chip or tag

Normal Curve

random variable should be capable of assuming any value on the real line, though this requirement is often waived in practice. (ex. height at a given age for a particular gender in a specified ethnic group is adequately described by a normal random variable even though heights must be positive

Forced Distribution

ranking of employees based only on factors of job performance and promotability

Proportional Tax

rates are constant regardless of the size of tax base concerned

Standing Plan

referred to as policies and procedures

Quality of Work Life (QWL)

refers to a management process focusing on issues such as development of positive working conditions, financial rewards, benefits, and enhancement of relationships at work

Internal Validity

refers to specifically to whether an experimental condition or treatment makes a difference or not, and whether there is enough evidence to support the claim being made.

Federal Reserve Board

regulated the US money supply that is not only made up of cash, but also borrowed funds and demand deposits.Help stabilize the level of both economic activity and prices. Current figures for most of the Fed monetary controls in the US can be found in the Federal Reserve Bulletin.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

regulatory agency established by the US Congress for the public's protection; regulated the issuing, buying, and selling of stocks in the US

Network Building

reinforce relationships with individuals in the network

Functional Structure

related specialties are grouped together

Balance Sheet

reporting the business's assets and liabilities

Indirect Access Systems

require persons to go to a file index to locate records. Numeric, alphanumeric, and alphabetic subject file system typically use the indirect access approach.

Double-entry Accounting

requires that the left-side entry on each asset, liability, and owner's equity account be equal

Historical Analysis Research

research based on actual historical record data

Classification Research

research based on data in specific classifications

Descriptive Research

research based on data that describes some group of phenomena

Academic Research

research based on educational or academic research data

Human Resource Research

research based on human resource findings

Mixed Design Research

research involving different research designs for various independent variables used in research

Naturalistic Research

research involving systematic observations without any interruptions

Quantitative Research

research made up of numeric-based data

Qualitative Research

research made up of observation field notes, printed research data, and interviews

Government Research

research that is based on government research data

Field Research

research that is done in a natural setting away from a lab situation

Technical Reference Materials

research, product development, and technical reports

Assets

resources of an organization that can be assigned a monetary value. Tangible in nature such as land, buildings, and machinery. They may be intangible also such as patents, copyrights, goodwill, or accounts receivable.

Uninstaller

reverses changes in the log.

Protocol

rules and communication signals used for communication on a network

Convey the corporate image, use:

sans serif typefaces of standard appearance

Videoconferencing

satellite technology which is much like a live meeting where two-way communication can take place

Imaging System

scanning documents for input to optical disks, scanning micrographic images for output via COM microfiche, Creation of film images from CAP (Computer Aided Design) systems, and scanning of microfilm in aperture cards

Optical Character Recognition

scanning of pre-printed documents (to convert the data into electronic format)

Haptic

science of tactile (touch) sensation as it relates to interaction between humans and computers (joy sticks & data gloves are examples)

Demography

science of vital and social statistics such as births, deaths, marriages, and population variables

Optical Mark Scanning

scoring of tests, recording of data from surveys

Sequential Interview

screening procedure allowing for the elimination of unqualified candidates in the job search

Global Search

search of an entire document to locate a specific character, word, phrase, or other designation

Dashes (--):

set off or mark an element that emphasizes repeats, or summarizes what went before

Daisy Chan Networks

set up like the ring layout, but the connection between one pair of the stations is broken. Messages are sent up and down the line until the message is picked up at the prescribed destination.

Pitch

setting of level or degree in word processing or graphics applications

Gainsharing Plan

shares rewards of the team's efforts with all team members

Gainsharing

sharing of gains made by a group as a result of reaching or exceeding goals affecting productivity, quality, or costs

Empowerment

sharing of power with others

Bibliography

should include author name, article title, journal name, with year, volume, number, month, and page numbers, and keywords that catch the focus of the article

Area Charts

show cumulative totals over time-numbers or percentages

Diagonals (/) and Backslashes (\):

show selection or choice (and/or, him/her) fractions (1/2) shorten (w/out)

CPI (Consumer Price Index)

shows changes in the price of a market basket of goods purchased by consumers

Income Statement (Operating Statement)

shows net income or loss for a particular accounting period. Lists the company name, the words: Income Statement, For the Period Ended, and the date is listed

Leadership Grid

shows the relationship between concern for people and concern for production. It clarifies how these two dimensions are related. Five most important styles outlined by Blake & Mouton: *Impoverished managers *Country Club Managers *Authority-Compliance Managers *Middle-of-the-road Managers *Team Managers

Significance Level

significance level of a statistical hypothesis test is a fixed probability, or likelihood, of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis, if it is in fact true

Micro-opaques

similar to a microfiched, except it is a transparent sheet containing images in a grid format

Magnetic Media Files

similar to standard hard-copy filing systems; except, the shelving is set up to accommodate cassettes, cartridges, diskettes, optical disks, or computer data tapes

Rock-a-Files

similar to standard vertical files, except the front door of this file rocks out sideways to minimize space usage in front of the file cabinet

Restrictive Indorsments

simply restricts the document for a specified purpose-For Collection or For Deposit ONLY

Competency-skilled based Compensation

skill-based pay involves employee compensation for the depth, range, and types of skills of which the individual is capable, or that he brings to the organization

Status Bar

slim bar that runs the length of the bottom of the program display indicating the status of various program functions such as the document position, pagination status, or keyboard key status

Cells

small rectangular-shaped box where a spreadsheet row and cell intersect

Hot groups

small, dedicated, and high-achieving teams that work on challenging assignments

BIT

smallest unit used to store data

Interpreters

software designed to carry out program language instructions on a computer

File Compression Utilities

software designed to decrease the amount of storage space of a saved file

Public Domain Software

source-code is available for use and can be changed for any purpose

Warping

special effect utilizing multiple image frames that causes text or images to appear that they are moving from one place to another at an incredibly fast speed

Tape Files

special files used to store automated punched paper tape and keypunched cards. These files are not common today, as these media formats are not used in computing, as the past.

Coupon Design

special offers that usually accompany a flyer, mailer, newspaper ad, etc. Include the offer, expiration date, organization name, logo, and other details such as where the coupon is redeemable, rules, exclusions, and contact information

Standardized Form Reports

specific details with regard to on-going projects and programs in an organization

Special Indorsments

specifically name the party to whom the instrument has been transferred or made payable.

Confidence Intervals

specifies a range of values within which the unknown population parameter may lie. (EX. these intervals may be calculated by a producer who wishes to estimate his mean daily output or the researcher who wishes to estimate the mean response by patients to a new drug)

Convey an official appearance, use:

squared-off serif fonts

Patterned Interview

standardized and structured in a way as to facilitate comparison between interviewees

Team Norms

standards set by the team affecting and guiding team member behavior

Types of task forces

standing committees, boards, Ad hoc committees, project matrix teams, venture groups

Facebook

started in 2003, Mark Zuckerberg is the founder from Harvard University; to connect with current and past friends and associated around the globe;, The most popular social networking Web site with over 100 million active users. Users create personal "profiles" to represent themselves, listing interests and posting photos and communicating with others through private or public messages.

Hypothesis

statement about a parameter of a population. It must be decided, on the basis of experimental or sample evidence, if a statement appears to be true or false

Cell Telephone

stations available correspond to a cell or area that is two to ten miles wide. When a call is placed within a cell, a central computer makes the phone connection for the caller; when the caller moves from one cell to another, the call is switched to the new cell area.

Inferential Statistics

statistical inference makes use of information from a sample to draw conclusion about the population from which the sample was taken

Descriptive Statistics

statistics result from observed findings, data distribution, and relationships between data where there is no application of statistical tests (including reporting and summarizing on the observed findings)

Volatility

storage performance

Rotary Files

store a limited amount of material to be readily accessible to an office worker. Records are stored on a circle-shaped unit that is rotated by the worker for retrieval purposes

Electronic Forms

stored electronically without the need for hard-copy printout

Decentralized Files

stored in various locations and departments throughout the firm

Primary Markets

such as New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange in the US are initial sales points for major sellers of stock and bonds. Secondary Markets trade these items.

Transpositions

switching of numbers (for ex. recording the number 63 instead of 36 are common errors and are divisible by nine)

Shorthand Dictation

symbols; two people working together at the same time to input data for processing; it is less frequently used than longhand or machine dictation

Digital Distribution Systems

systems have brought about fundamental changes in the way data is disseminated, used, and shared

Short Selling

takes place when a person obtains securities, not owned by the seller, on the assumption that the price will drop at sometime in the future and the person can record a profit. If the price of the stock later goes up, the person making the future purchase will sustain a loss because he/she will have to pay more for the stock.

Zoom Motion

takes place when, through a series of image frames, the size and focus of an object is taken from smaller to larger or vice versa

Development or Project Teams

task forces, engineering and development teams, research and planning groups that differ with each new project

Termination-team development model

task teams end o Development Level: Excellent o Commitment: High o Team member competence: High

Excise Taxes

taxes designed to cover governmental services provided to the users of products.

Progressive Tax

taxing persons or entities at increasingly higher rates as the tax base grows in size.

Dissatisfaction-team development model

team members become frustrated over their lack of competence. o Development Level: Moderate o Commitment: Low to moderate o Team member competence: low to moderate

Consensus Mapping

team members cluster suggestions and ideas and then arrive at a consensus that is is acceptable to all team members based on overall team assessment

Ad hoc Committees

temporary task forces set up for a specific goal or purpose. Exist until the task is accomplished

Degrees of Freedom

term used by statisticians to describe the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary

Rotate Type

text that is placed at an angle to draw attention to specific material

Fault Tolerance

the ability of a system to continue operations when a major component of the system fails

Power

the ability of an individual to influence other person's behavior

Strategic Leadership

the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization

Forms Design

the arrangement and presentation of required form data. A form should provide needed, time-saving information for the organization. Forms contain completed data related to an activity, procedure, or account. Forms are generally created combining as much necessary information on one page as possible.

Form Control

the concept that forms creation design, maintenance, and discontinuance should be handled by one centralized department in an organization.

Micrographics

the creation, use, and storage of microrecords

Likert Scale

the development and administration of a survey in which individuals numerically rate specific items or behaviors

Closed Shop

the employee agrees only to hire union members-outlawed in 1947 by the Labor-Management Relations Act, also known as the Taft-Hartley Act

Preferential Shop

the employer agrees to give preference to union members in cases of hiring and layoffs

Lease with the Option to purchase the equipment

the equipment is leased for a period of time, after which the organization becomes its owner (rent to own)

Par Value of Stock

the face value or lowest value the corporation will accept in its firs issuance. Generally does not represent the real value of the stock.

Accounting

the information system that measures business activity, processes the data into repots, and communicates the results to decision makers

In-Depth Interviews

the manager interviews potential candidates for a position in his/her department

Migration

the process of transferring data from one electronic system to another

Standard Errors

the standard deviation of the values of a given function of the data (parameter), over all possible samples of the same size

Balance Sheet

the statement of financial position; shows how assets equal liabilities plus owner's equity (Balance Sheet summarized on page 218-vol. 2 book)

Typography

the study of all elements of type as a means of visual communication; includes the shape, size, and spacing of characters

Root Directory

the top-level directory found on a disk or drive

Fiber Optics

the transfer of analog (tone) and digital signals via clear glass fibers conducting light

Attribution Theory

theory that states that management perceptions of employee performance are affected by the things the manager feels the evaluated employee can control and those things over which the employee has no control

Solomon Four-Group Design

this experimental design measures four groups to help the behavioral scientist determine if change or gain has resulted from an administered activity...events involved include the pretest, the activity, and the posttest. Not all of the groups participate in each event

Posttest-Only Control Group Design

this experimental form involves two groups, but only one group is given the activity; and both groups are given the posttest

Telling Style of leadership

this style of leadership may be utilized when followers are unable and unwilling to do something or when they have a willingness to do the task but they do not know how to accomplish it

Turnaround Time

time required to complete the reprographics process

Critical events

times when something important happens, creating expectations for team member responses in the future

Underscoring (_):

titles of published works and works of art

Colons (:):

to direct attention to what occurs next

Compliance Reports

to educate individuals with regard to corporate issues impacted by legal requirements such as pension plans, tax returns, and other legally-required reporting

Partial Correlation

to examine the relationship between two variables while controlling for the effects of one or more additional variables. Contain 3 types of information: 1. list of variables for which partial correlations are desire 2. list of control variables 3. one or more order values that indicate the number of variables to control for

Data Communication Systems

to facilitate the transfer of many types of information. Leased line, in telecommunication system, involve or teletype lines, between particular points, for full-time subscribers

No-Par Value Stock

to help avoid misleading people who believe the par value of stock is the true value of the stock. Often laws provide that no-par stock is assigned a stated value.

Research Proposals

to obtain clearance or funding for research

Formal Networks

top management team and members brought together from the different company functions, units, geographic regions, and various levels of the organization

Objectivity in Accounting

transactions recorded in accounting should be supplemented by objective, verifiable evidence free from bias.

Downward transfer

transfer to a lower-level position within the organization

Lateral Transfer

transfer to the same level position within another department in the same organization

Morphing

transforming of one image into another through the use of several video frames

Wideband Data Service

transmit of data that requires more band width for transmission than regular voice or telegraph bands can handle

Jackets

transparent, plastic strips that are used to house individual microfilm strips cut from film reels

Utility Software

type of application software that includes anti-malware, Internet filters, file conversion, CD/DVD burning, Internet security, and other types of software

Case Studies

type of descriptive research involving the intensive study and gathering of detailed data about one person or group. The data is analyzed and compared or contrasted with other case studies. Are used in Sociology, Psychology, Criminology, and Anthropology

360 Degree evaluation

type of performance evaluation that gives feedback from a full range of individuals who interact with the employee being evaluated, including superiours, subordinate, and peers within the organization

Self Installation

unattended installation of software without the need for an individual to launch the installation process

Digital Piracy

unauthorized copying, access, or transmission of works in digital form

Picas

unit of measure; 10 characters per horizontal inch

Points

units of measure used in publishing documents; there are 72 in one horizontal inch

Inches

units of measure used in some formats of word processing and graphics applications

Non-directive (indirect) Interviews

unstructured and open to allow free-flowing and broad discussion

Force Style

use aggressive behavior and try to resolve the conflict by force. Use an adapted child or critical parent ego state; authority, intimidation, other forceful techniques are used

Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)

use counseling to focus on helping employees receive help overcoming problems such as substance abuse, nervous disorders, family difficulties, physical health challenges, and legal uncertainties (Directive, Non directive, and Cooperative Counseling)

Pressure Tactic

use of demands or threats or constantly checking up on someone to influence another's behavior

Ingratiation Tactic

use of flattery or praise to get someone to do something

Multi Variate Analysis

use of many variables to predict, forecast, or understand a situation

Database Management System

used in the compilation of data. Spreadsheets can update record in bulk, retrieve all records that match certain criteria, perform complex calculations, cross-reference records in different tables

Centralized Dictation System

used in word processing include discrete and endless loop, or thought tank dictation systems. Discrete media dictation systems use tapes, belts, disks, and traditional word processing center group approach

Doughnut Charts

used like a pie chart-lumping sums into manageable portions

Dataphone Service

used mainly to transmit data and some voice communication, helps facilitate information transfer, in companies, related to goods shipment and purchasing procedure

Video Phones

used to allow verbal and picture communication between callers without the need for a computer

Venn Diagram Charts

used to compare similarities and differences showing the overlapping of variables being considered

Special-purpose Teams

used to directly influence issues such as workplace safety, quality, and productivity

Anchor

used to fix the position of an object or graphic in relation to another object or data

Mini Toolbar

used when Word user wants to quickly access formatting options for selected text. With the text selected and pointed at by the mouse, the mini toolbar will appear in a dim mode. Then point at the toolbar to make it solid, then formatting options can be selected from the Mini toolbar.

Sale-Leaseback

used when a business needs to obtain capital quickly. It occurs when organization purchases equipment, sells it back to a lessor, and then leases it from the lessor

Numeric Filing Rules

used when documents and records stored use numbers as the primary referral method. Include: Straight-numeric, Duplex-numeric, Chronological, Terminal-digit, Middle-digit, and decimal

Mnemonic Coding

used when one wants parts of the code itself to take on additional meaning

Photolettering Equipment

used when the end user wants a specialized line of type (usually in large font size)

Computer-Output-to-Laser Disk (COLD)

uses on computer much like COM is used in a manual system. The data are read from optical disks, versus using microfilm or microfiche; graphic images are generated and displayed by the computer for those who have authorized access to the data

Horizontal Files

usually found in architect's offices and contain bulky material that is best stored in a horizontal position

Audio-graphic conferences

utilize microphone-speaker system, electronic tablets, and computer terminals enabling group members to speak to one another

Audio Conferences

utilize microphone-speakers for group audio interaction

Intranets

utilized by organizations to provide and distribute the following information: policy manuals, job openings, information on employee benefits, company records, and presentation materials

IRAs (Individual Retirement Accounts or Annuities)

utilized to postpone taxes; they also serve as a saving incentive, and add to retirement income security.

Extranets

utilized to provide data exchange via limited access to a company's intranet by persons external to the organization such as suppliers and customers

Service Bureau

utilized when a high degree of resolution is needed in the final product

Web Conferencing

utilizes cameras, microphones, and computers linked via telephone & computer technologies

Matrix Structure

various functional departments to work on projects led by project managers. Interwoven Horizontal and vertical dimensions comprising the structure: The horizontal dimension is brought about by the various departments involved; the vertical dimension is represented by the manager and those he or she supervises in the project.

Electronic Networks

various networks such as the Internet and other formal/informal networks are utilized to find answers to questions and obtain information for decision making and other purposes

Multifunction Systems

various related technologies into one unit; laser, printing, fax, digital scanning, and photocopy features are integrated into one machine

Application Sharing

videoconferencing feature enabling the same application to run simultaneously for all parties involved

Accounting Entity Concepts

we assume every organizational entity is accounted for separately or individually

Blogs

web-based posting of informal articles, journal entries, and photo posts usually posted in reverse chronological order

Vertical integration

when a corporation expands itself to include production, supply, or sales operations in a particular line of business

Joint Venture

when two or more persons come together to accomplish one endeavor or undertaking

Dictionary Systems

where records are arranged alphabetically with no grouping of related topics

Encyclopedia System

where records are stored under major topic names or geographic locations

Laboratory Experiment

where the researcher created an environment for experimentation in an artificial or classroom environment

Situation Control

whether or not the leader or the followers have more control over work situations

Dictionaries

wordbooks provide information needed by office workers, including correct word spellings, definitions, pronunciation, points of hyphenation, and other facts dealing with the English language

Resolution-team development model

work out difference o Development Level: High o Commitment: Variable o Team member competence: High

Phased Retirement

work reduced hours until they leave the organization...helps the worker have the chance to become phased into his or her new lifestyle and the person's replacement can be trained and phased into the job during the transition period

EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

workplace free from sexual harrassment

Dr. Stephen Covey

wrote the book, Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Trust is the highest form of human motivation. Self-management deals primarily with relationships and results.

Positive Letters

yes to the message receiver, can be done, direct, deductive approach

Social Zone

zone extends out to about 12 feet from an individual. Little touching takes place, verbalization is louder, and nonverbal cues become more important. Most general conversations take place in this zone.

Personal Zone

zone extends to about 4 feet from an individual, friends and associates are generally welcome. Some touching and persons will speak more loudly and use eye contact

Public Zone

zone is 12 feet and beyond, individuals communicate more formally in business.

Intimate Zone

zone where close friends & family are welcome. (whispering, touch, and comfort)

Hawthorne Studies

A. 1924 - series of studies at the Western Electric Company in Hawthorne, Illinoi, A series of research projects demonstrating that when workers perceived that management cared about them and/or when they felt they were getting special treatment, both morale and productivity improved.

Team Managers style (Leadership Grid)

(9,9 on the grid) have both a high concern for people and production. Proactive

Stock Market Transaction Page include:

1. Highest and lowest stock sales prices during the year. 2. Company Name (abbreviated) 3. Recent rate of dividend payment per share 4. Percentage Yield 5. Price/earnings ratio 6. Number of shares traded (in thousands) during the day 7. High/Low trading prices and closing price of the day. 8. Net change from the previous day closing price; prices are listed by a minimum fraction of 1/8th of one dollar.

12 steps comprise the accounting cycle:

1. Recognize the transaction. 2. Record documents and transactions 3. Analyze the transactions 4. Journalize the recorded transaction 5. Post the journals to the ledgers 6. Make a Trial Balance 7. Adjust the Ledger accounts 8. Prepare the Worksheet 9. Prepare the Financial Statements-income statement, balance sheet, & cash flow and retained earnings statements 10. Journalize adjusting and closing entries & post adjusting to the ledger 11 Balance and rule open accounts 12. Make a post-closing trial balance

Jack Duncan outlined four steps that should be taken using the rational change strategy:

1. Team members are extended an invitation to be involved in the change process and are provided details regarding the transition efforts needed. 2. An incentive to change must be used. 3. Communication is essential in order to help team members understand the need for change. 4. Feedback between management and individual team members needs to be ongoing

Self-managed work teams

6-8 members, A type of work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment

Phrases

A collection of words that may have nouns or verbs, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. Ex.: leaving behind the dog, smashing into a fence, before the first test

Emulation

Ability for a product to function like that of a different manufacturer

Direct Access Systems

Allow individuals to locate records by going directly to files and finding them under the record name. Alphabetical file systems are typically designed using a direct-access approach.

Ergonomics considerations include:

Anatomical, Psychological, Social, Spatial, Aesthetic, Ambient, and Communication

Owner's Equity

Capital, Insider claims begin when the owner invests assets in the business. The amount of an entity's assets that remain after its liabilities are subtracted

Centrex

Central Exchange System, direct inward dialing (DID) into any station is allowed without attendant aid.

Cybercops

Computer Emergency Response Team at Carnegie Mellon University work to stop crime activities on the Internet

Types of Microrecords

Computer-Output-Microfilm (COM) Computer-Input-Microfilm (CIM) Microfiche/Ultrafiche Aperture Cards Jackets Micro-opaque Strips, Chips, Scroll Microforms

Envelope Style and Memo Styles

Conventional Envelope Format, Computer Style Envelopes, Memo Formats (page 159-162)

Creative Alternative Development Techniques

Brainstorming, Synetics, Nominal Grouping, Consensus Mapping, Delphi Technique

Vroom, Jago, and Yetton

Created the leader-participation model that enables leaders to determine if they should use a participatory management style. First-leader has a set of management decision styles he/she can use Second-the manager needs to use a set of questions to diagnose the situation Finally-a decision tree is utilized to tell how much participation should be used under the circumstances

Self-Directed Teams (SDT)

Cross-functional work groups organized around work processes, that complete an entire piece of work requiring several interdependent tasks, and that have substantial autonomy over the execution of those tasks

Assets are generally listed on the balance sheet in 3 categories:

Current Assets, Non-Current Assets, and Intangible Assets

T Account

Debits must equal Credits for each transaction that has occurred. Debit is on the LEFT and Credit is on the RIGHT

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive and inductive refer to two distinct logical processes. Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information than the premises taken collectively. All dogs are animals; this is a dog; therefore, this is an animal: The truth of the conclusion is dependent only on the method. All men are apes; this is a man; therefore, this is an ape: The conclusion is logically true, although the premise is absurd.

Leadership styles in the Situational Leadership Model

Delegating: turn over responsibilities to followers, Participating (share ideas and help in the decision-making process), Selling (explain decisions made and allow the changed for clarification), and Telling (give instructions and supervise work carefully)

MANs

Metropolitan Area Networks connecting two or more LANs located in the same community

Paradigms of Human Interaction

Dr. Stephen R. Covey has developed 6 paradigms of human interaction: 1. Win/Win (I win, you win) 2. Win/Lose (I win, You lose) 3. Lose/Win (I lose, You win) 4. Lose/Lose (I lose, You lose) 5. Win (I win) 6. Win/Win or No deal (I win, You win)

Leadership Traits

Drive, Integrity & Honesty, Self-Confidence, Emotional Maturity, Desire to lead, Knowledge

When doing research

First: ask the right questions, Second: find information sources, Third: Finalize information sources, Fourth: process research information, Fifth: analyze gathered information, Sixth: interpret data & findings

Inactive Records

Generally accessed once a month or less, kept in a less costly storage location, retained for historical or legal reasons, and not as readily available as active records

Vertical Dyad Linkage Leadership Model

Goerge Graen. Vertical-up/down relationships, dyad-one-on-one aspect of the leader-follower relationship, linkage-connection between the leader and followers

Situational Leadership Model

Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson provide us with a model that involves the relationship between relationship behavior (supportive) and task behavior (guidance provided by the leader). Follower readiness (involving both ability to do the tasks needed and willingness to perform) is also a key factor in the model.

Boundaryless Organizations

Horizontal Corporation by management experts, designed to avoid any specific predefined organizational structure, do not have the typical horizontal or vertical boundaries found in traditional organizations. Examples: Authority, Political, Task, and Identity

Calculate LIFO Method

How inventory cost is calculated using the LIFO method: Assume a product is made in three batches during the year. The costs and quantity of each batch are: •Batch 1: Quantity 2,000 pieces, Cost to produce $8000 •Batch 2: Quantity 1,500 pieces, Cost to produce $7000 •Batch 3: Quantity 1,700 pieces, Cost to produce $7700 •Total produced: 5,200 pieces. Total cost $22,700. Average cost to produce one piece: $4.37. Next, you must calculate the unit costs for each batch produced. •Batch 1: $8000/2000 = $4 •Batch 2: $7000/1500 = $4.67 •Batch 3: $7700/1700 = $4.53

Third-Party Software contain:

Logger, Uninstaller, and Optional Tools (Watcher, Analyzer, File Cleaner)

Net Income

Income from operations can be computed by subtracting operating and general expenses from operations revenues; this is then determined by adding other non-operations income such as rental income and by subtracting other non-operating expenses

Filing by Organization Name

Index organization names in the order they are written. Index compound geographic names as a separate unit. Do not spell out abbreviation in organization names when indexed; however, index them as is the abbreviations were spelled out. Arabic numbers used in organization names are each considered as a unit and are filed in numeric order before alphabetic characters. Hyphenated numbers are indexed based on the number preceding a hyphen. Numbers spelled out are considered alphabetically Number followed by a hyphen and letter or hyphen and word is considered a single unit.

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is proposed that contains more information than the observations or experience on which it is based. Every crow ever seen was black; all crows are black: The truth of the conclusion is verifiable only in terms of future experience and certainty is attainable only if all possible instances have been examined. In the example, there is no certainty that a white crow will not be found tomorrow, although past experience would make such an occurrence seem unlikely.

Correspondence Record Filling Procedures

Inspecting, Indexing, Coding, Cross-Referencing, Sorting, Storing

Disk Server

Now called LANs; were able to restrict user access to data, but there was no control over how a directory or file was used. Clients were able to read and write files, but they could not be prevented from deleting files.

Punctuation Styles:

Open punctuation and mixed (standard) punctuation

Owner's Equity Statement:

Owner's Capital or Equity as of a specified date + Net income from the accounting period - Withdrawals made by owners

PDAs

Personal Digital Assistants; provide tools such as calendars, notepads, calculators, appointment books, and address books. PDAs are in a class of small computing devices, hence, they use an embedded operating system residing on a ROM chip (ex. Palm OS, Windows CE, Symbian OS, and Windows Mobile)

Types of Power

Personal, Position, Reward, Coercive, Expert, Legitimate, and Referent Power

Research Types

Primary, Secondary, Experimental, Field, Government, Grounded Theory, Empirical, Academic, Library, Historical Analysis, Case Study, Quantitative, Qualitative, Descriptive, Classification, Naturalistic, Longitudinal, Comparative, Cross-Sectional, Mixed Design, Marketing Research, Human Resources, Behavioral Science, and Action

Remote File Exchange

a process used to transfer data between computers (voice, text, or other data)

Materiality in Accounting

accountant will generally only consider recording transactions of material or significant cost. Items of low cost or insignificance such as pencils are generally expenses, and they must be accounted for as a group--not individual units.

Mobile Isle Filing Units

active files can be more easily accessible without having to travel back and forth between filing cabinets

Keyboard Access Files

allow the records manager to locate a document in a short time period. Each record is coded. By means of recording the code on a keyboard, the desired record is retrieved electronically.

Indexing

allows the administrative assistant to know where the paper should later be filed (this is a decision-making process)

Safety Stock

amount of extra inventory needed to avoid running out

Control

an object in a dialog box or window. Pull-down menus, radio buttons, and scroll bars are examples

Accounting Entity

an organization that stands apart as a separate economic unit

Conjunctions

and, but, or yet of a sentence, join words, phrases, and clauses

Transaction

any event that affects the financial position of the business and can be measured reliably , such as purchase of a building, a sale of merchandise, and the payment of rent. The amount on the left side of the equation MUST equal the amount on the ride side.

Mean

arithmetic average of a set of measurments

Regressive Taxation

assessment of lower rates of tax as the tax base increases in size

Comparable Worth

compensation of women as compared to men in fields and positions considered equal or comparable in value or nature (pay equity)

Production-team development model

competence and commitment remain strong o Development Level: Excellent o Commitment: High o Team member competence: High

Fragmentation

condition of a file being stored at different physical locations on a disk. The defragment process remedies this situation by reallocating data to proximate physical locations on a computer's hard disk drive.

Dysfunctional Conflict

conflict that occurs when parties interact in a way that will harm or hinder the accomplishment of an organization's goals and objectives

Functional Conflict

conflict that takes place when two parties or groups confront one another in such a way that organizational performance is benefitted

Ports

connections through which data enters and leaves the computer

Summaries

consolidate and condense main conclusions, concepts, and ideas found in longer documents

News Release

contain interesting and newsworthy material to be acceptable for publication. Covers the five W's-where, when, what, why, how

Computer-Output-Microfilm (COM)

created and used in roll form. Contains electronic impulses on magnetic computer tape that are then transferred to microfilm; contains visual images

Template

created that includes all form information plus blanks in which variable data is inserted.

Manufacturing system

creates form utility, which is the satisfaction we receive from a product's physical change

Convey a very readable document, use:

crisp, clean fonts such as Calibri

Service or Production Teams

data processing, assembly, and mining teams

Descriptive Research Data Type

data that describes or define an individual, group, or event

Expenses

decrease owner's equity by using up assets or increasing liabilities in order to deliver goods or services to customers.

Owner Withdrawals

decrease owner's equity when the owner takes assets out of the business for personal use

Media Presentations

delivered in written, oral, and audio-visual formats

Adverbs

describers of elements other than nouns (Ex. Patients often REST), Describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; answer the questions: when, where, why, and how; often end in ly. Ex.:Financially, Willfully, Abruptly, and Endlessly

Walled Garden

describes the limited access or environment allowed when controls are put in place that restrict access to any place on the Internet

Appraisal by Essay (narrative)

describing job performance in written report format

Appropriated Retained Earnings

designated funds may be retained in the company by choice or by an established contract requirement.

File Conversion Utilities

designed to convert a file from one program format to another, thus saving the time needed to re-input data

Machine-Readable Forms

designed to enable a computer to read data via a scanning process

Digital Certificates

designed to guarantee that a user or Internet web site is legitimate

Soundex Code or Phonetic Filing System

designed to help the secretary locate files of similar-sounding names

Telebraille Telephones

designed to interpret and print out verbal words both on a screen (deaf) & in Braille (blind)

Intelligent Copiers (Printers)

designed to receive data--instructions that are processed in its microprocessor--and then translate this data into hard copy. Computers, word processors, and other machines or equipment can be interfaced

Network Operating System

designed to run a computer network; installed on a network server. (ex. Novell Netware, Windows Server, UNIX, Linux, and Solaris)

Biographical Text and References

detail facts and information on prominent individuals (they are revised and updated on a regular basis)

Situational Leadership Model

developed by Paul Hersey, Blanchard, & Johnson at the Center for Leadership Studies

Traditional Social Networks

developed by individuals on a one-to-one basis

Richard Hackman

expert on group effectiveness, 3 factors to consider in the team performance analysis process: 1 Determine whether the group's output are valued by their customers 2 Consider if the members of the group are in a position to continue working together. 3 Find out if team members are gaining satisfaction and growth

Deliberation

explanation of the arguments for and against an issue

Validity

extent to which research actually measurements what it says it does

Home Tab

first tab on the ribbon; contains commands such as cut, copy, paste, fonts, fast cell formatting, and insert/delete cells, columns, rows, and sheets

Research

generally done because a problem has arisen or an important question has been asked requiring investigation or experimentation

Current Assets

generally used to meet the current liabilities in accounting, including accounts payable, notes payable, accrued interest, and taxes payable

Synergy

group's total output exceeds the sum of each person's contribution to the team

Long-term Liabilities

include mortgages payable and other obligations due after a period of a year, such as long-term notes payable and bonds payable. As these debts become due within a year, they are reclassified as current liabilities.

Dictation Equipment Varieties

include portable and telephone central recorder systems for more remote dictation, plus desk-top units and microphone station central recorder connections in offices for more frequent dictation.

Grammar and Style References

include rules and guidelines for proper grammar, style, punctuation, abbreviation, and capitalization in written communication

Filling Equipment

include vertical files, horizontal files, rotary card files, visible card files, electronically-controlled keyboard access files; mechanized mobile aisle, rotary files, power elevator lateral files, and conveyor systems; in addition to tape files

Finishing Process

includes activities such as collating, binding, stapling, folding, and laminating

Blank Indorsment

includes the name of the party written or stamped on the back of the Negotiable Instrument.

IBM Lotus SmartSuite

including Lotus Word Pro (word processor), Lotus 1-2-3 (spreadsheet), and other graphics-oriented and organizational software applications

Cooperatives (co-ops)

incorporated under state laws for the purpose of economic cooperation among a group of individuals.

Cards

index cards, catalogs, and summaries

Ellipses (...):

indicate that material has been omitted

Ralph Stodgill's Trait Theory of Leadership

indicates that successful leaders usually are taller than followers, are intelligent, insightful, and have initiative

Reciprocal Interdependence

individuals or teams provide input to other groups or teams in order for overall tasks or goals be accomplished

Marketing

involves the carrying out of activities directing movement of goods and services from the product creator to the product user

Digital Asset Managment

involves the centralized management of all digital content materials, including print, images, audio, and video material or data

Software Installation

involves the copying of data files from master disks onto a computer hard disk drive

Imaging Process

involves the creation of original electronic documents or masters and copies of documents

Speech Process

involves the human voice and how it is physiologically used and the psychological issues apply to one's level of comfort while speaking to others

Structure in Teams

involves the interpersonal skills that facilitate the definition of goals and provision of feedback needed with the team

Consultation tactic

involving others to help in development of an activity or strategy in which their support is needed

Able and Unwilling followers

leaders should use the participating approach with these persons. Show that they have skill in needed areas, demonstrate hesitance to complete the task, desire feedback. Leaders should build and praise, request input, nurture two-way communications

Unable and Willing followers

leaders should use the selling approach with these followers. Are excited to learn how to accomplish the task, open and receptive to input, pay attention... Leaders should give details, explain the role, provide for a two-way discussion to take place.

Unable and Unwilling followers

leaders should use the telling approach with these individuals. May not finish work assigned, complain, procrastinate...Leaders should define the follower's role clearly, give the follower specifics, and provide close supervision

Checklist

listing descriptions that can be checked off when they apply to an employee

Directory

listing of files

Task Teams

made up of members from different organizational department, task forces, or committees

Quantitative Data

made up of numbers such as statistics, percentages, frequency counts, and questionnaire responses (in numbers)...confirmatory and uses deductive logic and leads to quantitative research

Gorgon's XYZ Model

model to allow individuals to express themselves in terms of how they feel. It involves the verbalization by the affected party that when a specific behavior is performed by the other party in the conflict, something happens, and they feel a certain was as a result.

Budgets

outline how resources are obtained and expended over a projected time period

Operating Budget

outlines anticipated revenues and expenses for a period of time

Project Matrix Teams

oversee the completion of a special custom-tailored product requiring exacting specifications. Each employee has a functional manager

Correlative Conjunctions

pairs of words that connect words, phrases or clauses. Examples: both...and, either....or, not only...but also.

Interviewer

person giving the interview

Routine Letters

positive tone and clearly communicate whatever message is intended, using direct strategy and develop ideas in a straight forward manner. State immediately why you are writing, explain in body why you are writing, present details that explain your request or response. Specify what you want reader to do

Personal Power

power that is based on individual characteristics

Position Power

power that is based on one's position or status in an organization

Referent Power

power that is based on one's referring to or identifying with another individual

Reward Power

power that is based on rewards one can provide another

Legitimate Power

power that is based on role, position, or other attributes that give legitimacy to the power holder

Expert Power

power that is based on special knowledge possessed by an individual

Product Advertising

primary advertising that is designed to get the public to desire a certain class of goods; selective advertising that is centered around emulating a particular brand; and mass advertising that is geared to a very large audience

Ethics

principles that govern individual and group behavior

PABX

private automatic branch exchange, used by many businesses. Outside calls can be placed automatically without going through an attendant, usually by dialing a single number first such as 9.

PBX

private branch exchange, a telephone system in which all calls are received and placed by a switchboard attendant.

Text Editors

programs that are used to modify text data only

Shells

programs that provide a computer interface for computer users

Project Structure

project teams guided by organizational project managers; flexible in nature without departmentalization

Financial Budget

projects cash flow (in and out) for a period-ending balance sheet

Copyrights

protect the owner of literary and artistic works against unauthorized reproduction of art work as well as written and recorded works

Card Storage and Retrieval System

provide for quick access of card information, they are often used to index data stored in another place, and they serve as an activity record. These files may come in the form of visible files, wheel files, or rotary files

Analytical Reports

provide information, analysis, conclusions, and recommendations, Includes both information and analysis and can also include recommendations

Halo/Horns Problem

rating a person high or low on all rating because of the supervisor's view of that individual relative to one or more important factors

Central Tendency

rating based around a midpoint or average category level, thus avoiding outstanding or unsatisfactory ratings

Graphic Rating Scale

rating characteristics one bring to the job: work quality, timeliness in attendance, knowledge of work, etc.

Behaviorally-Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)

rating job behaviors on a scale from not acceptable to excellent

Similarity

rating others based on and compared to special qualities the supervisor sees in himself

Negative Letters

reader knows reason for rejection, bad news is revealed with sensitivity, acceptance - understand/indirect pattern, maintain positive image, message clarity, protection (avoid liability)

Perpetual Transfer

records are transferred from active to inactive storage on an on-going basis.

Reprographics

refers to a process of reproducing, reprinting or copying graphic material especially by mechanical, photographic, or electronic means. It usually encompasses multiple methods of reproducing content, such as scanning, photography, xerography and digital printing.

External Validity

refers to the generalizability of condition or treatment outcomes

Periodicity Concept (accounting period)

reports are usually issued on an annual basis; financial data can also be issued monthly and quarterly on a periodic basis

Financial Statements

reports showing the financial status of an organization or individual. They report on assets, liabilities, and business ownership; the relationship between income and expenses (profit or loss); and show where cash is flowing

Library Research

research based on library research data

Behavioral Science Research

research based on research done in behavioral sciences

Content Analysis

research based on researcher interpretation of field notes

Case Study Research

research based on the study of individual behaviors over a period of time; this type of research is used when exceptions must be studied

Grounded Theory Research

research based on theory generated from data; patterns are detected from observations made, followed by hypotheses that direct the continued development of the research's progress

Longitudinal Research

research composed of data about the same objects or subjects that are re-evaluated over a period of time

Cross-Sectional Research

research involving data that are collected at one point in time

Empirical Research

research relying on experience observed and made public

Fallback Position

return to a previous position if a new position does not work out

Revenue Principle in Accounting

revenues are recognized in the period when products are sold or services are rendered. This is accrual accounting as opposed to cash basis accounting in which revenues are recognized when cash is received.

Class Advertising

seeks to convey a message to a unique group such as professional secretaries, football players...

Microwave Systems

send super-high frequency range signals from one tower to another, re-amplifying transmission from point to point

Rows

series of spreadsheet or database cells running from left/right in a document

Convey a dignified look, use:

serif typefaces like goudy or garmond

Column Charts

showing observations over time or in different conditions-using small data sets

Stock Charts

showing the rise and fall of stock data over a period of time

WPI (Wholesale Price Index)

shows average price changes in a basket of goods purchased by producers.

Transplacement

slides figures to the right or left (ex. entering 200 as 20 or 2,000)

Groupware

software designed to enable groups of individuals to share data and work together on projects via a computer network

Bootloaders

software designed to run data programs in a computer's random access memory

Debuggers

software designed to test and debug other programs to ensure that everything runs smoothly and provides the desired end results

Hypervisors

software enabling a host computer to run multiple operating systems concurrently

Open-source Software

software in which source code is available to all users; an example is OpenOffice.org

Electronic Mail Communication

software needed, end-user needs, and so forth

Shareware software

software performing various tasks; can be tried out before purchase

Microsoft Office

software such as Word (word processor), Excel (spreadsheet), Internet web page development software, and other graphics-oriented and organizational software applications

Plug-In

software that adds to the functionality of other software

Freeware Software

software that is free for anyone to use; license terms must be abided by

Loading Programs

software that loads programs into the computer's memory and then runs the program

Stand-alone Programs

software that performs one main type of task

Treasury stock

stock that has been issued by a corporation and bought back the company; not an asset.

Union Shop

strongest union security agreement, the employer may hire nonunion workers, but they must join the union after a certain period of time and remain members of the union in good standing to retain employement

Speeches

structured addresses generally delivered to groups of individuals. Speeches are typically divided into parts: introduction, body, conclusion

Call Roaming

the accommodation of physical call movement from one cell to another

Accrual Accounting

the accountant records financial data as the obligation occurs rather than waiting for receipt to be made or cash exchange to take place. Most companies must use this to result in more accurate representation of net income.

Revenue

the amount received from an organizational clients or customers for goods or services rendered; earned when the company completes the activity on which the transaction is based

Push Technology

the automatic sending of data from one party to another (news broadcast information sent to a specific individual at regular intervals) in contrast to pull technology, which utilizes the transfer of data based on an individual's request for the information to be sent to him or her.

Usage Rate

the average use or sales of an item or product during a specific time period

Sample Sizes

the number of elements drawn from the population (ex. the number of names and phone numbers)

Ethnography

the observation of everyday life details as they naturally take place in the real world; this type of research is done by anthropologists

Breakeven Analysis

the organization determines when it neither experiences income nor loss in terms of the number of units produced by the equipment. Fixed costs, variable costs, and planned production volume levels are used to make this computation.

Pooled Interdependence

the performance of all groups and teams in an organization pooled together

Market Value

the price of stock purchase or sale at a given time on the market

Accounting

the process in which financial data is brought together in an organized manner through recording, classifying, reporting, analyzing, and interpreting activities

Merit Rating

the process of employee evaluation; unplanned and related to current performance; traditional evaluation where employee characteristics and performance are rated; or they can be goal oriented, where employee involvement in the overall process is rated

Action Research

the process of gathering behavioral research data and then feeding the information back to participants; results of the research are discussed by those involved, who then plan appropriate changes in behavior and approaches

File Cleaner

tool that cleans unwanted files from the computer

Menu Toolbar

toolbar containing commands (pulldown menus) such as Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View

Standard Toolbar

toolbar containing commands relating to copy, font, alignment, number, styles, cells, and editing features

File Sharing Networks

type of poor to poor network on which persons can access the hard disks of other computers and exchange files over the Internet

On-The-Job Training

type of program where a person learns the responsibilities and skills of a job under the direction of a department supervisor or senior employee; simple and most effective forms of training under actual job conditions

Experimental Research

type of research based on experimentation data

Secondary Research

type of research book and journal research-manual-or electronic-based

Primary Research

type of research that is original data research

Word groups

units of meaning

Transactional Leadership

use of the authority of one's office to reward subordinate efforts. Guide followers in the direction of goal setting

Accommodation Style

use passive approach wherein one party's needs may be neglected to satisfy the needs of the other party. The parties communicate using a sympathetic parent or obedient child ego state and the problem is confronted in a passive way; cooperative and unassertive in the approach

Footnotes

use raised numbers in the text that match with footnote references listed on the bottom to the same page; footnotes can also be listed numerically on separate pages at the end of the document

Project Book

used for summary information and main project details and project files are depositories of overflow materials too extensive to be included

Conveyers

used for the electronic selection of shelves, drawers, or bins containing records. Come in form of vertical conveyors, vertical carousels, and power files. Include cards, aperture cards, microfilm jackets, and letter-and legal-size documents.

Gateway Processors

used in LANs to coordinate communication between the network and public transmission systems; are special nodes allowing for dissimilar systems and networks to connect to one another

Imaging

used in business to reduce the need for hard-copy output storage of data; involves the digitization and entry of data or images into a computer system

Decibel Levels

used to measure sound; faint sounds, whisper register at about a 10-20 range, average conversations register 40-60 range, & extremely noisy sounds register in the 110-130 range

Bubble Chart

used to show relationships such as demographics or scientific issues

Radar Charts

used to show the big picture-appears like a spider's web

Horizontal integration

when a corporation buys competitor firms in the same line of business

Records Transmittal to Records Center Form

when records are transferred from an active storage location to a records storage center in an organization...this form contains a chart listing each individual box or set of records being transferred.

Directive Interview

when the interviewer knows the purpose of the interview and the items to be discussed prior to the meeting

Simple Linear Regression

when the presence of a straight line, or linear trend, exists between two variables, there is a linear relationship between the variables.

FIFO Method

which stands for "first-in-first-out," is an inventory costing method which assumes that the first items placed in inventory are the first sold. Thus, the inventory at the end of a year consists of the goods most recently placed in inventory. FIFO is one method used to determine Cost of Goods Sold for a business .

LIFO Method

which stands for "last-in-first-out," is an inventory valuation method which assumes that the last items placed in inventory are the first sold during an accounting year. Thus, the inventory at the end of a year consists of the goods placed in inventory at the beginning of the year, rather than at the end. LIFO is one method used to determine Cost of Goods Sold for a business. LIFO accounting is only used in the United States.

Collaboration Style

win-win solution to problems facing all individuals and entities involved. Those participating in this style communicate in an adult ego state; must confront the problem in an assertive manner; assertive & cooperative in the approach.

Adjectives

word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun, such as "happy," "sad," or "pretty." Ex.: They live in a BEAUTIFUL house; A MATHEMATICAL puzzle; 1.I love that REALLY BIG OLD GREEN ANTIQUE car.

Compilers

a computer program or set of programs that translate computer source code into object code that will run as an executable program

Ambient

Environmental factors such as air conditioning, heating, humidity, safety, acoustics, light, and color impact this factor

OCR

Optical Character Recognition-devices most commonly used include readers and wands; standard-size paper with data made up of uniform and specified type style characters is read by this machine and the material is converted into data that is stored in the word processing system or computer; the wand works by a similar method, except a person needs to manually pass the wand over the typewritten material to scan and enter it into the system

Team-based Organization

Organizations that rely heavily on teams as their basic work unit.

Cash Payment Journal

kept for cash disbursements; this journal lists daily disbursements of cash to various accounts, such as accounts payable, rent, frieght-in, and so forth. Cash is credited and the expense account is debited.

F6 key in MS Office 2007

key to make MS Office 2007 open task panes in window areas, the status bar at the bottom of the window, and the Ribbon in MS Office 2010

Autocratic style

leader tells the follower what to do and closely oversees performance

Able and Willing followers

leaders should use the delegating approach with these followers. Can work on thier own, will accomplish the work, keep the leader updated. Leaders should provide light supervision, delegate tasks

Clauses

A collection of words that has a subject that is actively doing a verb. Ex. since she laughs at diffident men, I despise individuals of low character

Team

A group of people who work together to set goals, make decisions, solve problems, and put ideas into action.

Formal team

A team created by the organization as part of the formal organization structure.

Short Reports:

to, from, date, subject line, introduction, text, terminal section (conclusion) appendix; Used to expedite interoffice reporting communication in the following areas: informational memo reports, analytical memo reports, and standardized, printed form reports, letter reports, annual & progress reports, short report proposals, justification reports, recommendation reports, feasibility studies

Interpersonal Network Types:

Cowboys/Cowgirls Commanders Cyber-Cowboys/Cowgirls

Parts of memoranda

to, from, date, subject, and message, reply, signatures, and copy notation

Indirect approach

Sometimes, your letter, memo, or e-mail message contains "bad news" of some type. One that strategically delays the bad news until your reader has been prepared to accept or deal with it in a positive way. In this instance, organizing your message can be a bit more complicated and call for a bit more strategy. Think of situations in which you've had to communicate bad news orally. Now be careful with buffers. What you don't want to do is create the impression that you're stalling or attempting to hide the negative message. If there is bad news to communicate, you have to be honest in communicating it and you need to get to it in a way that doesn't waste your reader's time. However, a well-placed paragraph, sentence, or just a phrase can go a long way toward softening the blow and helping readers realize that even though the news is bad, you still have their best interests in mind.

Direct Approach

The direct approach anticipates no resistance to its message--for instance, "you've been hired," "your order is being shipped today," or even "the project will be done in one week." In this case, organizing your message is simple. Memos and letters should have some kind of brief introduction, sometimes as its own paragraph. The introduction is simply a straightforward statement of the main point of the message. For instance, if you are writing a letter to confirm an order, simply begin by stating, "We have received your order and are shipping it today." Then the rest of the letter can provide details like shipping time, cost, etc. Whenever possible, use the direct approach. Most readers are in a hurry and want the main point up front. And if there's no reason for them to respond negatively, there's no reason to delay that main point. Keep in mind that the direct approach applies equally to letters, memos, and e-mail messages

Transnational Teams

individuals from various countries and their work can extend to various countries, teams composed of members of multiple nationalities working on projects that span multiple countries

Cowboys/Cowgirls Network Type

lowest communication needs, independent and decentralized

Commanders Network Type

moderate communication needs, more centralized and need more information than independent decision makers.

Semicolon (;)

separate: Independent clauses that are not joined by a coordinator or correlative Independent clauses that are joined by a conjunctive adverb Independent clauses that are joined by a coordinator Items in a series if those items themselves contain commas (Salt Lake City, Utah)

Formal Reports

written from a third-person's point of view, contractions are not used (did not instead of didn't) and the passive voice approach is used; Use a formal writing style. Basic Outline: prefatory section, report body, terminal portion, and supplementary portion