Adolescent Development: Cognitive Transitions

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

At the heart of brain plasticity are which of the following two concepts?

"Use it and improve it." "Use it or lose it."

Male brains are about ______% larger than female brains.

10

Julissa is in Piaget's formal operational stage. What is the best estimate for her age?

14

By what age do adolescents become just as proficient as adults in basic cognitive abilities?

15

Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most people can remember back to when they were only about ______ years old.

2 1/2

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that about ______% of teen drivers reported texting while driving.

40

Gains in social cognition are related to advances in which of the following?

Achievement Autonomy Intimacy Sexuality Identity development

Identify the two types of brain plasticity.

Adult Developmental

Which of the following best describes how adolescents view social conventions?

Arbitrary

Studies on information processing have focused on which of the following areas?

Attention Memory Organization

______ is an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes.

Behavioral decision theory

Brandon is 16 years old and his brother, Blake, is 26 years old. Which of the following statements about risky behavior is true?

Brandon is more likely than Blake to focus on the potential rewards of risky behavior.

Which of the following is the most common approach for reducing adolescent risk taking?

Classroom-based education programs

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in risky sexual behavior?

Derick, who is highly responsive to social rewards

______ is a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions.

Diffusion tensor imaging

Select the two situations with the highest risk for adolescent drivers of getting in an automobile accident.

Driving alone Driving with teenage passengers

Which of the following situations best represents multidimensional thinking?

Enumerating all of the factors that contributed to the current political situation

Which of the following interventions in adolescence has been shown to enhance an individual's performance on standardized tests of intelligence?

Extended schooling

Which of the following is a consequence of the increase in emotional reactivity that occurs during adolescence?

Feeling threatened

______ is a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following is an outcome of synaptic pruning?

Increased efficiency Better organization

Which of the following strategies had led to the greatest declines in the rate of teen smoking?

Increasing the cost of cigarettes

Which statements about brain maturation in adolescents is true?

Individuals undergo brain maturation differences that are likely caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Individuals experience large differences in the timing and extent of brain maturation.

Which of the following best explains the primary benefit of plasticity?

It allows us to learn from experience.

What happens to an individual's ability to understand sarcasm during adolescence?

It improves considerably due to improved thinking abilities.

Why is myelin important?

It increases the efficiency of brain circuits.

Which of the following best characterizes how sensitivity to others' mental states changes in adolescence?

It increases, though these increases are variable for different adolescents.

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in decreasing adolescents' engagement in risky behaviors such as reckless or drunk driving?

Making the legal penalties for these behaviors much more severe

Which two adolescents are most likely to engage in risk-taking behavior?

Marley, who is very negatively emotionally aroused Sarah, who is very positively emotionally aroused

At what point do mental abilities reach a plateau?

Mid-to-late adolescence

Which of the following are adolescents still developing after the age of 15?

More sophisticated cognitive skills

Which of the following is the most important to adolescents' understanding of sarcasm?

Multidimensional thinking

_____ are specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Which of the following is an example of an adolescent behavior that affects brain development?

Participating in a training program Practicing with a musical instrument Using drugs

Lee Ann is 16 years old. She is planning to throw a birthday party for her best friend. If Lee Ann is like most teenagers, which of the following is she most likely to consider when deciding whom to invite?

Personality

Theorists who adopt a cognitive-developmental view of intellectual development have a ______ perspective.

Piagetian

Which of the following concepts illustrates why the adolescent brain is more vulnerable to damage from physical and psychological harms than the adult brain?

Plasticity

______ is the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience.

Plasticity

Which of the following describes a teaching intervention that pushes students toward the limits of their skills?

Scaffolding

Which of the following skills are necessary for hypothetical thinking?

Seeing the future consequences of an action Providing alternative explanations of events Planning ahead

Which of the following is an adolescent development expert most likely to argue?

Sex differences in brain development should not be used to justify the creation of single-sex schools.

Liv, age 16, has developed the ability to see things as relative. How will this most likely affect Liv's relationship with her parents?

She may question everything her parents say.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following types of tasks fall within the zone of proximal development?

Slightly above-level

Which of the following tasks depends most heavily on working memory?

Solving complex mathematical problems in your head

When does synaptic pruning begin?

Soon after birth

Which of the following are measured to yield a "Neural Maturation Index" developed by Truelove-Hill and colleagues to assess overall brain development in adolescence?

Synaptic myelination Synaptic pruning

Which of the following is a standardized intelligence test?

The WISC-IV

Which of the following is a criticism of classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities?

They may inadvertently increase risk-taking behaviors.

Which of the following contributes to the adolescent's ability to have more sophisticated and more complicated self-conceptions and relationships?

Thinking in multiple dimensions

Tanner is 12 years old and Tyrone is 15 years old. Which of the following statements about processing speed is true?

Tyrone will process information faster than Tanner.

Which of the following is an example of a social convention?

Waiting in line to buy concert tickets

Having complex discussions about politics and religion requires ______.

abstract thinking

____ plasticity refers to relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood after the brain has matured.

adult

Imagining that your behavior is the focus of everyone else's attention results in a belief in ______.

an imaginary audience

In which of the following activities would hypothetical reasoning serve an important function?

argument

_____ memory is the ability to recall personally meaningful events

autobiographical

One study of delinquent youths found that adolescents' criminal activity was more strongly related to their ______.

beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their perceptions of the activity's riskiness

In adolescence, children become ______.

better arguers

Cognitive abilities, such as thinking about people, social relationships, and social institutions, are called social ______.

cognition

An important criticism of Piaget's theory is its claim that ______.

cognitive development proceeds in a stage-like fashion

According to Piaget's ______ stage, children are able to do mentally what earlier they did physically.

concrete operational

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development is called the _____ stage.

concrete operational

Compared to children, adolescents are able to think ______, which means to think about not only how things actually are but also what might have been.

counterfactually

The ______ is the receiving part of the neuron, and the ______ carries information away from the cell body to other cells.

dendrite; axon

Paying attention to two sets of stimuli at the same time is called ______.

divided attention

The neurotransmitter ______ plays an important role in our experience of reward, while ______ plays an important role in the experience of different moods

dopamine; serotonin

The increase in speed of information processing occurs mainly in _____

early adolescence

Adolescent ______ can be described as periods of extreme self-absorption.

egocentrism

Being able to introspect may lead to periods of extreme self-absorption, referred to as adolescent

egocentrism

At 14, Ashleigh often lashes out at her siblings and peers, even when they are simply teasing her. Ashleigh's behavior reflects an increase in ______.

emotional reactivity

When presented with others' points of view, adolescents generally ______.

evaluate them against other theoretically possible beliefs

As she has moved through adolescence, 18-year-old Lara has experienced significant gains in self-control and advanced thinking. These gains reflect changes in ______.

executive function

More advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in adolescence, are called ______.

executive functioning

True or false: Educating adolescents in how to make "better" decisions is the best approach for reducing risk taking.

false

True or false: Gains in logical thinking fully explain the decline in risk taking between adolescence and adulthood.

false

True or false: Maintaining a personal fable of uniqueness undermines adolescents' self-esteem.

false

True or false: Piaget's theory has stimulated very little research on how young people think.

false

True or false: The reminiscence bump only applies to significant, life-altering events, such as one's first love or first time living away from home.

false

According to Piaget's theory, middle to late adolescents are in the ______ period of cognitive development.

formal operational

The _____ stage is Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

According to Piaget, cognitive development proceeds through ______ stages.

four

In most cultures, adolescents believe that ______ should not be restricted.

freedom of religion

brain ____ refers to patterns of brain activity

function

The simultaneous recruitment of multiple brain regions working as a "team" is referred to as ______.

functional connectivity

According to Piaget's theory, adolescent thinking is ______ the type of thinking employed by children.

fundamentally different than

After his friend Mike was accused of cheating and received an F on his paper, Caleb remarked, "If I were Mike, I would be really mad. The teacher is convinced he cheated, but I was sitting right next to him and I didn't see anything." Caleb's comments are an example of ______ thinking.

hypothetical

Hypothetical reasoning is also called "______" thinking.

if-then

The ______ perspective attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.

information processing

Response ______ is the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required.

inhibition

IQ stands for ______.

intelligence quotient

Children's brains are characterized by a large number of relatively "local" connections, but as individuals mature through adolescence into adulthood, more distant regions become increasingly (interconnected/disconnected)

interconnected

When we are ______, we are thinking about how we view ourselves.

introspective

Maturity of the prefrontal cortex tends to take place in (early/late) adolescence.

late

Dopamine and serotonin production are regulated by the ______ system of the brain.

limbic

One explanation for an increase in risk taking during adolescence is that the ______ system matures more rapidly than the prefrontal cortex.

limbic

Better connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the _____ leads to improvements in our ability to regulate our emotions and coordinate our thoughts and feelings.

limbic system

The ______ is an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment.

limbic system

____ memory involves being able to recall something from a long time ago.

long term

Advances in social cognition, particularly theory of mind, lead adolescents to become better at ______.

lying

Thinking about thinking itself is called

metacognition

Trey is studying for a science exam and needs to remember the eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Trey comes up with the following mnemonic to help him remember: My Very Excited Mother Just Served Us Nectarines. Trey's strategy is an example of ______.

metacognition

Theory of ______ is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own.

mind

According to research on sex differences in brain development, the similarities in brain structure and function are far (more/less) striking than the differences.

more

Adolescents are (more/less) likely to see things as relative.

more

Adolescents take (more/fewer) risks than adults.

more

In most species of mammals, including humans, individuals become (more/less) social around the time of puberty.

more

Working memory may be (more/less) important than long-term memory for the sort of problem-solving likely encountered in adolescence.

more

Changes in the production of dopamine and serotonin make adolescents ______.

more likely to engage in sensation seeking more sensitive to rewards more emotional more responsive to stress

Compared to children, adolescents more often demonstrate ______ thinking.

multidimensional

Children tend to think about things one aspect at a time, while adolescents tend to think about things in ______.

multiple dimensions

The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin is called

myelination

____ which involves the growth of cells that coat the axons in neurons, improves the efficiency of information processing.

myelination

_____ are also called nerve cells.

neurons

Adolescents are more likely than children to use mnemonic devices. This reflects gains in ______

organizational strategies

Most adolescent risk taking occurs when ______ are present.

other teenagers

An adolescent's belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people's behavior is called the

personal fable

Jerome recently got his own car. When friends ride in the car, Jerome is reckless. He speeds excessively, flies through stoplights, and cuts drivers off by weaving in and out of traffic. Jerome's friends are now reluctant to ride with him, complaining that he is too dangerous and something bad is going to happen. Jerome just laughs them off, saying, "Seriously? I know how to drive. I'm never going to crash because I know what I'm doing. People who wreck don't know what they're doing." Jerome is demonstrating characteristics of the ______.

personal fable

During adolescence, pruning of the ______ is dramatic.

prefrontal cortex

The ____ is the area of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses.

prefrontal cortex

Marcus is 3 years old. He is in Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is the ______ stage.

preoperational

The main health problems of adolescence are the result of behaviors that can be

preventable

Research suggests that educational interventions should occur ______.

prior to mid-adolescence

In Vygotsky's theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individual's reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills is known as the zone of

proximal development

According to behavioral decision theory, decision making is ______ process in which individuals calculate the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action and behave in ways that maximize the benefits and minimize the costs.

rational

For the child, what is possible is what is (possible/real) ; for the adolescent, what is real is just a subset of what is (possible/real)

real:possible

Improvements in intuitive decision-making abilities are associated with

reduced risk taking.

While children view things in black-and-white terms, adolescents see things as (relative/concrete)

relative

Adults generally remember details about the people, places, and events they encountered during adolescence better than those from other years, a phenomenon called the

reminiscence bump

The suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required is called ______.

response inhibition

Structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of the student is known as

scaffolding

Eighteen-year-old Monica is described by her family and friends as a daredevil. She likes to drive fast, she takes few precautions in her sexual relationships, and she is always looking for an adrenaline rush. Last year, Monica's parents spent nearly a day looking for her when she decided to go kayaking on a flooded river and ended up losing her kayak and swimming in 60-degree water for hours. Monica ______.

scores high in sensation seeking

Martin is able to focus on his mother's voice among many in a crowded room. Martin is demonstrating ______ attention.

selective

When we are ______, we are thinking about how others think about us.

self-conscious

Individuals who are high in reward and ____ seeking are more likely to engage in various types of risky behaviors than their peers.

sensation

Many of the most widely prescribed antidepressants affect the amount of ______ in the brain circuits that control mood.

serotonin

Adolescents view _____ conventions as the means by which society regulates people's behavior.

social

The growth of ______ thinking during adolescence is directly related to the young person's improving ability to think abstractly.

social

The social norms that guide day-to-day behavior are called

social conventions

Most adolescents agree that individual rights should ______ be subject to restrictions.

sometimes

Repeated activation of a specific collection of neurons ______ the connections among neurons.

strengthens

Brain _____ is the physical form and organization of the brain.

structure

As an adolescent, Mario is more likely to recognize ______ than are children and adults.

subtle changes in others' facial expressions

Between the tip of one neuron's axon and another neuron's dendrite, there is a tiny gap called a(n) ______.

synapse

The gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses, is called the

synapse

More-intelligent adolescents have a more dramatic and longer period of production of _____ before adolescence and a more dramatic pruning of them after.

synapses

Changes in specific aspects of IQ performance during adolescence are correlated with ______ in brain regions known to play a role in those specific types of learning.

synaptic pruning

The process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing, is called

synaptic pruning

When asked to describe herself, 16-year-old McKenzie replies, "I'm shy in big groups of people. But when I'm with my friends, I'm extroverted and outgoing." McKenzie's description reflects ______.

the ability to think in multiple dimensions

Jessie storms down the stairs 20 minutes before she needs to leave for school. She points at her face and yells, "There is no way I'm going to school today! Look at these pimples. Everyone will notice and make fun of me!" Jessie is demonstrating the concept of ______.

the imaginary audience

Gerald arrived at the coliseum to buy concert tickets for himself and his girlfriend. Upon noticing a line with hundreds of people, Gerald pushes his way toward the front, mumbling, "I don't have time for this. I have places to go. People need to get out of the way and let me grab the tickets and go." Gerald is demonstrating ______.

the personal fable

Synaptic pruning in adolescence can best be compared to ______.

trimming a rose bush

True or false: Research indicates that differences between the genders in brain structure and function are very small.

true

Cells called " _____ " provide support and protection for neurons and compose a fatty substance, called myelin, that surrounds the axons of certain neurons.

white better

Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to approach a problem ______

with an appropriate strategy in mind

______ memory is the ability to remember something for a brief period of time.

working

When all other things are equal, children believe that is (OK/wrong) to exclude peers from social activities.

wrong


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