Adolescent Development: Introduction Biological and Social Transitions

Which of the following are questions that young people who are exploring their sexual development would likely ask?

"What are my values and morals with respect to physical contact?" "How does my sexuality fit into my identity?" "What is my sexual orientation?"

Researchers now define adolescence as beginning at age ______ and continuing until the early 20s.

10

Middle adolescence covers the age range of ______ years.

14 to 17

Which of the following age ranges would be part of emerging adulthood?

21 to 24

Identify the chief physical manifestations of puberty.

A rapid acceleration in growth The development of primary sex characteristics The development of secondary sex characteristics

Which of the following adolescent girls is at greatest risk for body dissatisfaction?

Mae, who spends a lot of time talking about her looks with friends

Which of the following reasons helps explain why the adolescent period has lengthened considerably in the past 100 years?

Many individuals delay entering into work and marriage until their mid-20s. Physical maturation occurs earlier than it used to

According to research on ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction, which of the following girls is LEAST likely to diet or worry about body image?

Renee who is African American

Environmental exposure to ______ can suppress melatonin levels and hasten puberty.

artificial light

As he approached his senior year in high school, De'Juan became less emotionally dependent on his parents, learned to function independently, and established a personal code of values and morals. De'Juan has been developing a sense of

autonomy

Dante, age 17, is establishing a healthy sense of independence. Dante is developing ______.

autonomy

Establishing a healthy sense of independence is most related to which of the following basic developmental challenges?

autonomy

Over the past 100 years, the role of the peer group in the socialization and development of teenagers has ______.

become increasingly important

Girls who are most susceptible to feelings of dissatisfaction with their bodies during adolescence are those who ______.

begin dating early

Genes inherited from biological parents, height and weight gains, advances in motor skills, and hormonal changes of puberty reflect ______ processes.

biological

The onset of puberty is when adolescence begins. Adolescence ends when the young person is capable of sexual reproduction. These boundaries are an example of the _____ perspective

biological

The onset of puberty is when adolescence begins. Adolescence ends when the young person is capable of sexual reproduction. These boundaries are an example of the ______ perspective.

biological

According to one estimate, about half of the sex differences in athletic performance during early adolescence result simply from the difference in ______.

body fat

Regarding sex differences at puberty, muscle tissue grows faster in (boys/girls) , whereas body fat increases more rapidly in (boys/girls)

boys girls

The endocrine system receives its instructions to increase or decrease hormone levels from the _____

central nervous system

According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, neighborhoods and communities are embedded in a broader context that is shaped by which of the following?

culture, history, geography

One of the most common problems that first occurs in adolescence is ______.

depression

Research suggests that hormone levels at puberty affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' ______.

desire for highly rewarding exciting activities

Which of the following is a biological transition associated with adolescence?

development of the ability to conceive children changes in appearance

Which of the following best describes the changes in family relationships that occur in adolescence?

dramatic

Which three of the following problems are commonly associated with adolescence?

drug and alcohol abuse, depression, delinquency

The period during which individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood is referred to as ______ adulthood.

emerging

The ______ system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones.

endocrine

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on human development, we cannot understand development without examining the ______.

environment

Which of the following best explains why the changes of adolescence are not uniform for all people?

environment

Which of the following is a marker of the conclusion of puberty?

epiphysis

Which of the following are the sex hormones released by the ovaries?

estrogen

True or false: Because levels of testosterone are higher among males than females while the brain is developing, males usually end up with a more "androgynous" brain than females.

false

The rapid increase in body ______ among females in early adolescence frequently prompts girls to become overly concerned about their weight.

fat

The HPG axis is an example of a(n) _____ loop

feedback

Until about eight weeks after conception, the human brain is ____

feminine

Puberty has ______ chief physical manifestations.

four

Eighteen-year-old Shayla is trying to make decisions about her schooling and career. She is most likely to receive direction and advice from which of the following sources?

friends, teachers, parents

Hill refers to the biological, cognitive, and social changes that characterize adolescence as the ______ changes of adolescence.

fundamental

_____ are organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways.

glands

Many of the hormones that play important roles at puberty carry their instructions by activating certain neurons in the brain, called ______ neurons.

gonadotropin releasing hormones

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

growth of facial and body hair

The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty is known as the adolescent

growth spurt

Hormonal levels in the endocrine system are set at a certain level, which may differ depending on the stage of development. This is part of the ______.

hormonal feedback loop

Which of the following are highly specialized substances that are secreted by one or more endocrine glands?

hormones

Which of the following are components of the HPG axis?

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonad

Cognitive gains that occur in adolescence are thinking better about _____ situations and thinking more abstractly.

hypothetical

Sixteen-year-old Julissa often wonders, "Who am I" and "Who will I be in 10 years?" These questions indicate that Julissa is in the process of developing a(n) ______.

identity

Which of the following contributes most to young adolescent girls feeling dissatisfied with their bodies?

increase in body fat

Developing the capacity to form romantic relationships that are trusting and loving is part of the development of ______.

intimacy

The brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty is called ______.

kisspeptin

Robbie just turned 20. He would be classified as a(n)

late adolescent

The production of a protein called _____ stimulates the brain chemical kisspeptin.

leptin

The sequence of development of sex characteristics among girls is (less/more) regular than it is among boys.

less

Into which of the following categories of adolescent influence does social media fall?

mass media

A girl's first menstrual period is also known as

menarche

In females, the gonads are known as

ovaries

Which of the following influences on adolescent development occurs outside of home and school?

part time jobs, extracurricular activities

Over the past 100 years, the ______ has come to play an increasingly important role in the socialization and development of teenagers.

peer group

Identify all of the major contexts in which young people spend time, according to the ecological perspective on human development.

peer groups, work and leisure settings, families, schools

Changes in emotions, motivations, and behavior that affect changes in individuals' relationships are referred to as ______ changes.

psychosocial

Social scientists use the word "____" to describe aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature.

psychosocial

Which of the following is the first stage of adolescence?

puberty

______ begins when several different signals, one being genetic, the second being environmental, both instruct the brain to change the set point.

puberty

Which of the following is an example of a boundary of adolescence under the chronological perspective?

reaching the designated age of adulthood

During puberty, the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice are referred to as ______.

secondary sex characteristics

A _____ is a physiological level of setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.

set point

When hormone levels reach the ______, the hypothalamus responds by inhibiting its stimulation of the pituitary gland.

set point

Which of the following refers to a physiological level of setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system?

set point

Coming to terms with the sorts of romantic relationships into which an adolescent is prepared to enter is related to which dimension of psychosocial development?

sexuality

Identify all of the major psychosocial developments of adolescence.

sexuality, identity, autonomy, intimacy, achievement

Our society distinguishes between people who are underage, or minors, and people who have reached the age of majority. This illustrates a set of changes called ______ changes.

social

In contemporary society, schools have become responsible for which of the following?

socializing students, educating students, keeping students occupied

The five ______ stages are a widely used system that describes the stages of pubertal development.

tenner

Which of the following result from adrenarche?

the beginning of sexual maturation, the development of body odor

According to Hill, which of the following features of adolescent development gives this period its special flavor and significance?

the emergence of more advanced thinking abilities the onset of puberty the transition to new roles in society

Approximately one year after the growth of testes and the appearance of pubic hair in boys,

the growth spurt in height begins.

Which of the following plays a part in stimulating the adolescent growth spurt?

thyroid hormones androgens growth hormones

Which of the following is a question that an adolescent engaged in identity development would ask?

what makes me special?

Which of the following would Bronfenbrenner argue is most relevant to understanding how school affects adolescent development?

where schools are located

Which of the following is an aspect of autonomy that emerges during adolescence?

Establishing a personal code of values and morals

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral change caused by hormone levels at puberty?

Exhibiting emotional and behavioral problems

Both children and adolescents are equally skilled at thinking about hypothetical situations.

FALSE

The effects of the biological, cognitive, and social transitions of adolescence are uniform for all people.

FALSE

True or false: Because of ethnic difference in feelings of body dissatisfaction, Black adolescent girls are more likely to want to diet than other girls.

False

Which of the following remains a point of debate among researchers?

How schools should prepare adolescents for adulthood

Morgan is an obese child, whereas her cousin Mariah is a normal-weight child. Which of the following statements about the timing of their puberty is likeliest to be true?

Morgan will start puberty earlier than Mariah

What is epiphysis?

The closing of the ends of the bones in the body

When do researchers now define adolescence as ending?

The early 20s

Which of the following social changes is most closely linked to the lengthening of adolescence?

The tendency to delay work and marriage until the mid-20s

Which of the following is true about adolescent fertility?

Unlike girls, boys are usually fertile before they have developed an adultlike appearance.

Which of the following is an outcome of the changes in what constitutes a "family" occurring over the past several decades?

a growth in diversity in household composition

Teresa is from Latin America. She is currently preparing for her quinceañera, a tradition that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood on a girl's fifteenth birthday. This formal ceremony is an example of _____

a right of passage

Chase is 9 years old and Bethany is 14 years old. In their friendships, Chase is likely to value a sharing of ______, whereas Bethany is likely to value an exchange of confidences.

activities

Many of the crucial decisions about schooling and careers are made based on achievement during ______.

adolescence

______ is the stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adult roles.

adolescence

Select all the correct statements related to stress during puberty.

adolescents can experience excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol because of hormonal changes adolescence become more responsive to stress because of the hormonal changes of puberty adolescence is a period of elevated vulnerability to stres

Select all the elements of the system through which the brain controls the response to stress.

adrenal gland hormone cortisol

Maturation of the adrenal glands is called

adrenarche