Adolescent Development_Chapter 13 (Final)

What are the general caveats about problems in adolescence discussed?

??????

What is the age progression and gender difference in aggressive acts?

Aggression is higher in boys than girls but for both it decreases rapidly in boys and steadily in girls

What are 3 drugs that are most experimented with in adolescence? What does this imply for drug education programs?

Alcohol, tobacco, marijuana; these programs are not effective

What is the difference between crime and delinquency?

Crime is when you break the law, delinquency is a minor crime, especially committed by young people

What is the most common internalizing disorder?

Depression

What is the diathesis-stress model of depression?

Depression occurs when people w/ a predisposition (diathesis) toward internalizing problems are exposed to a chronic or acute stressors (stress), may be biological factor or cognitive style (diathesis), primarily from high conflict fam, being unpopular, or reporting more chronic and acute stressors

What is comorbidity?

Different problems that tend to show up at the same time in the same person

What is the biological reason that chances of addiction to nicotine or alcohol (or other drugs) are greater in adolescence than in adulthood?

Drugs can affect dopamine production in the brain possibly altering it permanently

What are the symptoms of depression?

Emotion: dejection, decreased enjoyment of pleasure & low self esteem Cognitive: pessimism and hopelessness Motivation: Apathy & boredom Physical: loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping & loss of energy

What are thought to be reasons for a sex difference in depression?

Gender roles, greater levels of stress during early adolescence, ruminating more, greater investment in others

What are the sex differences in suicide related incidence? What are ethnic differences in suicide deaths?

Girls have more thoughts, plans and actions Boys have more deaths; suicide rates is highest among American Indian and Alaskan Native adolescents

What is negative affectivity? What is thought to be at the root of internalizing problems?

How easily someone becomes distressed; negative affectivity

Explain what the age-crime curve.

Increase in between preadolescent and adolescent years, peaks during high school then declines in young adulthood

What is the difference between life-course persistent offenders, and adolescence-limited offenders?

Life course persistent offenders-adolescents whose antisocial behavior first appears in childhood and tends to continue into adulthood Adolescence limited offenders-adolescents who become involved in antisocial activities during adolescence and typically do not continue them into adulthood

Explain the difference between oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

Oppositional defiant disorder: a negative, hostile, or defiant behavior that is less severe than those found in conduct disorder Conduct disorder: continuous and repeated pattern of violating the basic rights of others or breaking societal rules, including aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations Antisocial personality disorder: pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

What is a gateway drug?

Relatively mild illicit drug that makes it more likely that a person will go on to use more dangerous hard drugs; alcohol and marijuana

What types of risk factors are there for substance abuse? What are the protective factors for substance abuse?

Risk factors: Personality-anger, impulsivity, inattentiveness Family-distant, hostile or conflicted relationships Socially-friends who use and tolerate the use of drugs, living in a context that makes drug use easy Protective factors: -Positive mental health -High academic achievement and engagement in school -Close family relationships and involvement in religious activities

What are status offenses, index crimes and nonindex crimes?

Status offense-only illegal for adolescents Index-violent, property Non index-not violent

What is a common comorbidity for externalizing problems?

Substance abuse problems often with externalizing problems

What are three categories of psychosocial problems that are generally distinguished in adolescence? Explain the difference between internalizing and externalizing problems.

Substance abuse-Ingestion of a substance that leads to disruption in social, educational, or occupational functioning Externalizing disorders-turning one's difficulties toward the external world Internalizing disorders-turning one's difficulties inward, toward the self

What is the most worrisome finding as far as changes in drug use over the past 30 years is concerned?

The trend goes up and down