adolescent psyc chapter 3
In the United States, the process of social redefinition typically begins at what age?
15 or 16
Today, about ______% of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups.
45
What explains why more young adults are living at home with their parents than at any other time in the past century?
Increased college attendance Increased transportation costs Increased housing costs
What is a main feature of emerging adulthood?
Instability in work and living arrangements
Which of the following increases an impoverished adolescent's likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors?
Lacking any affluent neighbors
Maria is 19 years old and her great-great-grandmother Luisa grew up in the mid-1900s. What statement is most likely true?
Luisa was expected to feed, dress, and care for her younger siblings.
Identify two specific societal trends that are reshaping the nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
The length of the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is increasing. As success in the labor force comes to be more dependent on formal education, the division between the "haves" and "have-nots" will grow.
Which ceremony is common for Jewish males?
bar mitzvah
Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in ______ and ending in ______.
biology; culture
In traditional cultures, social redefinition during adolescence is very (clear/unclear)
clear
In social science research, Eugene and his 11th-grade classmates represent a(n) ______.
cohort
The extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community is referred to as
collective efficacy
Gradual transitions, in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit, are referred to as ______ transitions.
continuous
The juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system operate under (similar/different) rules and principles.
different
The harmful effects of harsh parenting are especially pronounced in ______.
disadvantaged neighborhoods
Hailey, age 23, just finished college. Because her parents were financially well-off, she never worked during high school or college. She recently landed her first job in marketing. Hailey's development can best be described as _____.
discontinuous
In contemporary society, the transition into work roles is fairly (continuous/discontinuous) for many young people
discontinuous
Witnessing gun violence ______ an adolescent's risk for committing violence in the future.
doubles
It is possible that ______ forces have delayed the transition into social adulthood but have not affected the transition into psychological adulthood.
economic
The transition to adulthood has become so delayed in many industrialized societies that some have argued that there is a new stage in life known as
emerging adulthood
True or false: Social redefinition in contemporary society gives adolescents a clear indication of when their responsibilities and privileges begin.
false
True or false: There is a causal relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and negative outcomes in adolescence.
false
In neighborhoods with higher levels of resources and greater feelings of cohesion, adults' beliefs about teenagers tend to be ______
favorable
Which of the following was considered a marker of adulthood for the baby boom generation?
getting married
Identify the outcomes associated with growing up in impoverished urban communities.
high school dropout poor academic achievement early sexual activity involvement in criminal activity
Among middle-class families in the Industrial Revolution, adolescents spent a great deal of time ______.
in school and with peers
The existence of emerging adulthood ______.
is not apparent in all cultures
Today's transition to adulthood is best described as ______.
just as disorderly and prolonged as it was in the nineteenth century
In a study of individuals ages 17 to 29, the best predictor of subjective age was participants' ______.
level of psychosocial maturity
What is now the most common living arrangement for Americans between the ages of 18 and 34?
living with parents
Under conditions of (low/high) collective efficacy, social problems are contagious.
low
The age at which people ______ is even more reliably documented than the age of menarche.
marry
_________ programs seek to pair adolescents with young people through community or school-based efforts designed to facilitate positive youth development, improve academic achievement, and deter antisocial behavior.
mentoring
In the ______, young adolescents commonly worked as apprentices, learning skills and trades.
mid-1800s
Today's view of adolescence started among ______
middle class
Poverty has become (more/less) concentrated over the past 40 years.
more
Because poor families tend to live in poor neighborhoods, it is not always easy to separate the effects of (neighborhood/economic) disadvantage from the effects of (family/economic) disadvantage.
neighborhood; family
Social redefinition usually entails the real or symbolic separation of young persons from their ______.
parents
Research shows that (affluent/poor) youngsters are more likely to encounter transitional problems during middle and late adolescence.
poor
Which is associated with harsh, inconsistent, and punitive parenting?
poverty
Identify the consequences associated with adolescents' exposure to neighborhood violence.
precocious sex depression callousness PTSD substance abuse
Child _______ were individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents need to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace.
protectionists
In societies that have formal rites of passage, ______ has long been used to indicate when people are no longer children.
puberty
Social redefinition during adolescence is ______.
series of events
In modern societies, attaining the age of legal majority, starting a full-time job, or moving out of one's parents' house are ______ that are used to draw the line between adolescence and adulthood.
social indicators
Recognition that an individual's status has changed from child to adult is an example of ______.
social redefinition
Theo, age 17, was recently arrested at an underage drinking party. Underage drinking is considered a(n) ______.
status offense
"______" is a term popularized about 75 years ago to refer to young people.
teenager
Which is contributing to the lengthening of the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
the increase in jobs requiring more years of formal education
True or false: According to the inventionists, adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood or adulthood.
true
True or false: During late childhood, children in some societies are expected to start sleeping in households other than their own.
true
In the agricultural world of the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the main distinction between children and adults was based on ______.
whether they owned property
Which feature of modern adolescence is most similar to adolescence in previous eras?
working at unpaid internships
Today, "______" is a term used to refer to an individual aged 18 to 22, though it once referred to an individual aged 12 to 24.
youth
In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that students who wanted to form a Bible study group had the right to meet on campus because high school students are mature enough to understand that a school can permit the expression of ideas that it does not necessarily endorse?
Board of Education v. Mergens
Identify the three key elements of the transition to adulthood during the 1960s.
Getting married Moving out of the parents' home Completing one's education
In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that a public high school can censor articles written by students for the school newspaper?
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Nova comes from a middle-class community, whereas Nikki comes from an affluent community. Both girls are 16 years old. Which statement is true?
Nikki is more likely to experience anxiety and depression.
In which of the following societies would there be high continuity in the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
One in which hunting is the chief work activity
What explains why globalization has lengthened the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
Participation in the workforce now requires extended formal education.
What has research failed to establish?
Whether there is a distinct psychological state of emerging adulthood
In traditional cultures, the passage from childhood into adolescence is marked by ______.
a formal initiation ceremony
Evaluations of mentoring programs indicate that they have ______.
a small, positive effect on youth development