adolescent psych 5,6,7
According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?
1 out of 4
What percent of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or buttocks to a fellow student?
1%
Inner-city schools in American continue to have tremendous problems. Approximately _____ of the high schools in the United States produce _____ of the country's dropouts.
12%; 50%
The average American school year is _____ days long.
180
Approximately ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work.
3%
American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwan, and India high school students average closer to _____.
5; 5 hours per day
According to evidence cited in the textbook, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between:
600 and 900 students.
Today, the typical student attends nearly ____ of his/her classes throughout the year
90%
Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.
Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following?
All of the above.
Jillian's family is moving to another town. Her parents are concerned that Jillian will have a difficult time adjusting to the new school. In which of the following areas should they anticipate disruptions for Jillian?
All of the above.
Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:
All of the above.
The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:
All of the above.
What makes a positive youth development program successful?
All of the above.
What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?
All of the above.
Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?
All of the above.
Common treatments for ADHD include:
All of these are treatment options.
Which of the following was not an effect of No Child Left Behind (NCLB)?
All of these are unintended consequences of NCLB.
Achievement is lower when:
All of these statements are true.
Which of the following is not a way that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership?
All of these statements are ways that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership.
What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s?
Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.
Which of the following statements about secondary schools is not true?
Around the world, rates of enrollment in secondary schools are vastly different for males and females.
Which of the following statements is true?
As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.
Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries?
As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students.
According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?
Because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.
How has the digital divide changed over the last 50 years?
Because the Internet has become more accessible to more and more people, the digital divide has become much smaller.
Beth attends a multiethnic school. Compared to schools that are less well balanced, Beth is most likely to feel:
Beth is likely to feel all of the above.
Which of the following is a mechanism by which higher-socioeconomic parents help their children become enrolled in higher-track classes?
Both A and B.
Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:
Both a and b
What is one research finding that supports the belief that the particular grade configuration of a school is less important than the school's educational climate?
Both of these statements support the belief that the particular grade configuration of a school is less important than the school's educational climate.
Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?
Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates
Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true?
Chuck likely has high self-esteem.
Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?
Claudia Jean, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom
Which of the following statements about cliques is false?
Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.
_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.
Cliques; crowds
According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform?
Educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do.
Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief?
Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades
Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called:
Experience Sampling Method.
Compared to other times in recent history, how many adolescents have after-school jobs today?
Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history.
The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this?
Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission.
What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence?
It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.
Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?
James Coleman
Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?
Jeannette, who lives in the United States
Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends?
Jenny, who lives in the United States
Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?
Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.
The Experience Sampling Method was created by:
Larson
Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities?
Little League baseball
Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers?
Maya, a White female
Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?
Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.
Natalie's mom believes that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?
Natalie's mom is sort of right—adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other
President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the:
No Child Left Behind Act.
Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict resolution. Are these programs effective?
No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was a policy designed to ensure that all students, regardless of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic background, receive a high-quality public education. Which of the following statements is false?
One of the most important factors of NCLB is that students learn how to engage in critical thinking.
Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true?
Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.
Pam smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on the options below and according to the textbook, which scenario is most likely?
Pam works long hours.
involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school
Parental
Of these students who were initially placed in a low track, ________ is most likely to be moved to a higher track.
Sarah, a White adolescent,
Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?
Selena, an American adolescent
Which of the following statements about being a student in a larger school is false?
Students in larger schools are more likely to experience student victimization.
Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?
Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school.
Which of the following statements about tracking is false?
Teaching quality is more or less the same in different tracks.
Which of the following research findings does not provide evidence to support the achievement gap between White and non-White youngsters?
The Harlem Children's zone demonstrated positive effects.
What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use?
The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental effects on adolescents' physical health.
What is a realistic concern with regard to requiring all high school seniors to pass a graduation test in order to earn a diploma?
The financial costs associated with failing students would create a huge incentive for states to develop exams with very low requirements for passing.
Which of the following statements about the history of the student worker is not true?
The proportion of American High school students holding part-time jobs increased dramatically during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work?
The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations and assign less homework.
According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?
The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.
When researchers evaluated the social climate of today's schools to see just how much had changed since the Adolescent Society was published, what did they find?
The researchers concluded that there were both similarities and differences between the climate of today's "adolescent society" and the society described 60 years ago.
What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?
There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not participate in any activities.
Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false?
Today, the unemployment rate among dropouts is twice as high as it is among recent high school graduates who have not enrolled in college.
Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove, such as drinking, smoking, and having risky sex?
Unfortunately, these behaviors are typically associated with being popular.
What proportion of American households has at least one television?
Virtually all American households have at least one TV.
Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?
Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities.
Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:
a clique.
A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?
a cohort
Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:
a crowd.
A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what?
a curvilinear pattern
All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:
a decrease in the size of their peer groups.
Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:
a reference group
A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:
a reference group.
A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:
academics
Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except:
active school involvement.
The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:
adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.
The Experience Sampling Method involves:
adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.
In addition to the school year being longer than it was in the past:
adolescents remain in school for more years.
Adolescents who have ADHD are at risk for:
adolescents who have ADHD are at risk for all of these problems.
Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions
adult orientation; peer orientation
The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:
age grading.
Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the amount of dollars spent each year on _____.
alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol
With respect to violence in schools:
although school shootings that garner public attention generally involve White youth, a disproportionate number of homicides in schools involve non-White youth.
Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs:
are dreary.
In contrast to crowds, cliques:
are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.
Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose:
athletics
The most popular type of extracurricular activities is:
athletics
Adolescents who have academic difficulties that can be traced to persistent and impairing symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity may have:
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of?
authoritative
Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:
baby boom.
Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take?
baby-sitter
Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say?
baby-sitting and lawn work
What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have?
baby-sitting or childcare
As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to:
be absent from school.
All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students as a result of the social capital in Catholic schools relative to other schools, except
better use of academic tracking.
Which groups are most likely to disengage from school during early adolescence?
boys and students from poor families
Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah not likely to experience?
classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization
Which of the following classroom climates is not related to increased student achievement?
classroom climates that promote competition between students
Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:
clique avoiders.
Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.
clique; crowd
A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to gather in crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition?
cognitive
Specific learning disabilities are _____ and examples are _____ (impaired ability in reading or spelling), _____ (impaired ability in handwriting), and _____ (impaired ability in arithmetic).
common; dyslexia; dysgraphia; dyscalculia
During the 1920s, the _____ was designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.
comprehensive high school
"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of:
crowds.
Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying:
crowds.
Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas moods while with their families follow a(n) _____ pattern.
curvilinear
All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:
decrease in family values.
By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:
differential abilities in athletics
During the school year, the rate of academic progress was equal between students with higher-socioeconomic status and disadvantaged students. During the summer months:
disadvantaged students' scores declined.
Which of the following is not a factor that moved children out of the workplace?
discrimination against young workers
What two dominant characteristics distinguish the development of postsecondary education in contemporary America from that in other parts of the world?
diversity and accessibility
Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:
drop out of school.
Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?
druggies
The highest levels of media use are reported by:
early adolescents.
A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grates, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol?
engaged
Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's parents should:
enroll Kent in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.
Experts recommend that adolescents with specific learning disabilities receive:
extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note-taking, and proofreading.
Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools, or whether to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping, are typically quite controversial; not surprisingly, parents of students in the higher tracks _____, whereas parents in the lower tracks _____.
favor the practice; oppose it
Of the students who enter college, what percent complete their degrees within six years?
fewer than 60%
Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?
food server at a restaurant
Prior to the early twentieth century, high schools were designed:
for elite youngsters.
Older students are more likely to hold _____ jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are more likely to be employed in _____ jobs.
formal; agricultural
According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:
gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.
Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do?
get a job at the local music store
One study described in the textbook indicated that, among Black and Latino students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with all of the following except:
greater engagement in school.
Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?
greater enjoyment of school
According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:
had opportunities to shift status in high school.
Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:
had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.
Michelle has been placed in a school program for gifted children. She was probably selected because she:
has a high IQ.
Some commentators have proposed that today's youth are so age segregated that problems such as youth unemployment, teenage suicide, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol use have resulted because adolescents:
have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.
As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except:
he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media.
Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds?
heir descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd")
Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:
helping adolescents stay in school.
A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of a network of high-achieving friends who were involved in school-based extracurricular activities and who reported low use of alcohol and few symptoms of depression
high functioning
Research assessing adolescent work experiences found:
high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers, lying about the number of hours worked).
Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.
higher
Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on?
higher education
Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____ among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____.
higher; choose to work long hours
Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:
his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.
Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, he insisted that the Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this?
hostile attributional bias
By the end of high school, crowds:
identity development
By the 1960s, after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, schools were called on to:
implement desegregation programs.
Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools is associated with all except which of the following?
improving students' mental and physical health outcomes
According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their leisure time
in passive activities
Even though Scott has some difficulty in English, his school places him in the highest track. Scott's school follows which type of tracking system?
inclusive
As discussed in the textbook, during the 1950s, how did the United States respond when politicians felt the United States had lost its scientific edge to the former Soviet Union?
increased emphasis was placed on math and science education
Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence?
increased social belongingness
Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?
increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school
According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except:
industrialization.
Changes in the structure of secondary schools have been linked to broader societal revolutions. All of the following factors have contributed to these changes, except:
intellectualization.
A(n) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(n) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.
isolate; liaison
Amy, a social reformer in the early twentieth century, would have likely considered all of the following to be good reasons to push for secondary education, except:
it is effective in increasing the economic development of the United States.
Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools?
jocks
Principal McGonagall has been watching his students for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?
jocks and brains
Mrs. Denny wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:
keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.
All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except:
larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.
Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:
leisure activities
Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?
longitudinal
According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?
lower-than-average intelligence
According to a recent analysis of national data discussed in the textbook, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in:
lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications.
Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:
mainstreamed whenever possible.
Although Chris is significantly delayed developmentally he goes to a regular grade school; takes classes in social studies, music, and physical education with the non-handicapped students; and goes to special classes to learn about reading and arithmetic. This situation is an example of:
mainstreaming
A learning disability:
may be caused by a neurological problem.
Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner:
may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers.
Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called:
meritocratic.
Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:
middle adolescence.
Secondary education refers to
middle school, junior high school, and high school.
Marnia attends a school with seventh and eighth graders as well as adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger. This type of educational institution is called a:
middle school.
Taisha was discouraged from taking math classes throughout her high school years. Although she is intelligent, a likely long-term implication of this biased tracking is that Taisha will:
miss the opportunity to pursue certain careers for which she may be well qualified.
Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?
more involvement in extracurricular activities
The average American adolescent sends _____ text messages a day.
more than 100
Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except:
more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.
Today, _____ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.
more than two-thirds
Which of the following is not a benefit that small schools offer?
more varied instruction
In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents
more; than
Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____ likely to be home unsupervised, and poor, minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely.
most; least
Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among adolescents?
music-related and academic-related
Kelly's parents are disappointed with the education she is receiving in her public high school, so they have been investigating alternative options. Assuming Kelly's parents are financially strapped but want to send her to a private school, which of the following should they do?
obtain government-subsidized school vouchers to use for private school tuition
All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:
offensive-reclusive.
Today's teenagers spend the most hours:
on leisure activities.
According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?
one-sixth
All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:
organized youth movements
Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:
parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.
Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called
participant observation
A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:
participant observation.
Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships.
patterns of substance use
According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:
peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.
Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:
peers
In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:
placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success
Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is:
playing sports.
Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?
populars
Adolescents are least likely to seek out ________ websites on the Internet.
pornography
According to the textbook, being placed in a more advanced track has which of the following effects?
positive influence on subsequent course selection
Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what?
positive youth development
Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:
possibly a gang member.
Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called:
premature affluence.
Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on _____ activities.
productive; leisure
Some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argued that it was having the unintended consequence of:
providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.
During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:
remain constant.
The gaps in achievement between Black and Hispanic students, on the one hand, and White and Asian students, on the other hand, _____.
remains very wide
According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that:
researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school.
Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:
restaurants and retail establishments.
In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.
same sex; opposite sex
Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?
school size
During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as:
sex segregation
Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by?
sex segregation
Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?
sex segregation
The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:
social competence.
The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?
social promotion
According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capitol who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity.
sociometric; perceived
Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents:
spend more days per year in school.
Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.
spend more time in peer groups
Annie is an adolescent enrolled in Mr. Love's science class. Annie will most likely do best in class when Mr. Love:
spends a high proportion of time teaching lessons.
Debbie is moving from elementary school into middle school. We would expect her to experience declines in all of the following, except her:
standardized test scores
What is a policy that focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests?
standards-based reform
Mitch attends a high school where 95 percent of the students are involved in extracurricular activities. This probably also will mean that at Mitch's school:
student enrollment is low.
Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that:
students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.
All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:
taking piano lessons.
Jacquelynne Eccles describes all of the following changes in school environment when moving from elementary school to middle school or junior high school, except that:
teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities.
Some educational psychologists, including Jacquelynne Eccles, argue that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to junior high school is a result of the:
teachers' beliefs about junior high students.
Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that:
the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.
Experts are likely to express all of the following reasons for the failure of school reform, except:
the explosion of job opportunities in inner-city communities has left many students leaving school to pursue careers.
With respect to the rate of unemployment, which of the following is a "recent" phenomenon?
the high rate of unemployment among high school graduates who do not go to college
Approximately how many of today's high school students will have worked in an after-school job before graduating?
the majority
President Obama's education secretary suggested what to address the problem of the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind act?
the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states
Jacquelynne Eccles believes that ________ a negative effect on junior high school teachers, which then affects the teachers' interactions with their students.
the organization and anonymity of junior high schools have
The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:
the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.
The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?
the routine activity theory
Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:
the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:
the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Mr. Edwards is the principal at a public school and has just read a research study that discussed ways to maximize student's success. The main message of the research study was that what takes place within a school is probably more important than the nature of its funding and oversight. Based on what you learned from the textbook, what do you think the researchers argued that schools should focus on?
the ways in which schools train, certify, place, and compensate teachers
According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:
the youth culture.
The recent, get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated among researchers is known as:
the zero-tolerance approach.
The determinants of sociometric popularity are ______, though the determinants of perceived popularity are _____.
things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable
Considering the changing labor market, which of the following strategies would be most likely to prevent high rates of youth unemployment?
to reform schools so that all students graduate with enough academic skills to enroll in college
The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called:
tracking
According to the textbook, compared to young people who are supervised after school by adults, Stephanie, a self-care adolescent, will likely experience all of the following except:
use less drugs and alcohol
As a follow-up to the Supreme Court rulings in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954, 1955), in which the Court found that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race, the Supreme Court rule in 2007 that school districts may no longer:
use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools.
In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?
viral marketing
In America today, what percentage of individuals between the ages of 14 and 17 are in school?
virtually all individuals
When is delinquency most common?
weekday afternoons
According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of
what goes on beyond the classroom.
When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?
when they are alone
Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?
youth who earn better grades
