Advanced Biology Photosynthesis/Respiration

Equation for Photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Respiration

A process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

pigments definition

An organic compound that gives a characteristic color to plant or animal tissues and is involved in vital processes. Chlorophyll, which gives a green color to plants, and hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color

What causes a leaf to wilt

Cell loses turgor pressure

Krebs Cycle

Central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms. The cycle is a series of eight reactions that occur in the mitochondrion. These reactions take a two carbon molecule (acetate) and completely oxidize it to carbon dioxide.

Stroma

Connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, and the ovary. They are cells that support the function of the parenchymal cells of that organ.

Light and Dark reactions (steps)

Dark reactions make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). This reaction cycle is also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma. ATP provides the energy, while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the CO2(carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates.

Other names for Calvin Cycle

Dark reactions, C3 cycle, Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, or reductive pentose phosphate cycle

How do stomates and guard cells react in different environments (open/ close)

In order for plants to produce energy and maintain cellular function, their cells undergo the highly intricate process of photosynthesis. Critical in this process is the stoma. Stomata (multiple stoma) are located on the outermost cellular layer of leaves, stems, and other plant parts. An open stoma facilitates the process of photosynthesis in three ways.

What is produced in Light and Dark reactions

Light reactions need light to produce organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). They are initiated by colored pigments, mainly green colored chlorophylls. Dark reactions make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). This reaction cycle is also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma.

Fermentation

Metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.

Where does Aerobic respiration take place.

Mitochondria

pigments (light absorbed and reflected)

Pigment molecules, just like any other molecule, have electrons that can "occupy" different energy levels.

Aerobic & anaerobic respiration

Respiration releases energy for cells from glucose. This can be aerobic respiration, which needs oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does not. During exercise, the breathing rate and heart rate increase. During hard exercise an oxygen debt may build up.

Relationships between stomates/ transpiration

That is it helps plants to free excess of water. It is a natural evil as a lot of water is lost in this process by plants but it's necessary as it makes excess of water removed as well as make leaves free from heat so that they did not get dead

Light and Dark reactions what reacts in each

The "light-independent" or dark reactions happen in the stroma of the chloroplasts. This is also known as the Calvin Cycle. Since these processes can only happen in the chloroplast (a chlorophyll filled plastid in green plants), photosynthesis can only happen in green plants!

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

Purpose for having stacked thylakoid membranes

They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Transpiration

Transpiration is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves. An example of transpiration is when a plant absorbs water in its roots

Initial reactants and products for lactic acid & alcoholic fermentation

Without oxygen, these cells only undergo glycolysis and produce 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Next, they need to reduce pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ from NADH + H+. Fermentation is the process that performs this job. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid.

Another name for Krebs cycle

citric acid cycle