Advanced Nutrition Final Exam - Chapters 9 - 13
Vitamin D is synthesized by the body from _____ upon exposure to sunlight. a. cholesterol b. fatty acids c. carbohydrates d. glycerol
A
Which statement reflects an accurate description of folate? a. Raw foods are typically lower in folate than cooked foods. b. Folate is found in significant quantities in vegetables. c. Fortified dairy products represent the main dietary sources of the vitamin. d. The terms folate and folic acid are interchangeable.
B
Which substance plays a role in enhancing urinary calcium excretion? a. fiber b. sodium c. vitamin D d. phosphorus
B
About 30% of zinc in the American diet is obtained through _____. a. cereals b. fruits c. vegetables d. dairy products
A
Iodide is absorbed mostly from the _____. a. stomach b. duodenum c. jejunum d. ileum
A
Potassium interacts with _____ and _____ its urinary excretion. a. calcium; decreases b. calcium; increases c. sodium; decreases d. iron; decreases
A
Superoxide radicals contain _____ unpaired electron(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
A
The main function of iodide is _____. a. in the synthesis of thyroid hormones b. as an antioxidant c. to help transcription factors bind to DNA d. to help the body absorb calcium and mineralize bones
A
The majority of vitamin B12 is transported in the blood by _____, a protein synthesized by white blood cells. a. haptocorrin b. TCII c. cubilin d. X-protein
A
The mechanism by which vitamin E protects the membranes from destruction is through its ability to prevent the _____ contained in the phospholipids of the membranes. a. oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids b. reduction of unsaturated fatty acids c. oxidation of saturated fatty acids d. reduction of saturated fatty acids
A
The tissue/organ mass that has the greatest influence on the amount of body water is _____. a. fat b. bone c. stomach d. bladder
A
Vitamin _____ is needed to form rhodopsin found in the rods of the eyes. a. A b. D c. E d. K
A
Water intake recommendations _____. a. are published as an Adequate Intake (AI) b. are the same for males and females c. remain the same regardless of the individual's age d. apply only to water consumed in beverages
A
What best describes a role of phosphorus in the body? a. supporting acid-base balance b. regulating neurotransmitter levels c. promoting carbon dioxide uptake d. increasing absorption of water-soluble vitamins
A
What food provides the greatest amount of thiamin per serving? a. cereal b. baked potatoes c. eggs d. asparagus
A
What substance would most likely enhance absorption of magnesium? a. vitamin D b. phosphorus c. fiber d. lactose
A
Which forms of calcium are most widely available as supplements? a. calcium carbonate and calcium citrate b. calcium monophosphate and calcium diphosphate c. calcium malate and calcium citrate d. tricalcium phosphate and calcium bicarbonate
A
Which of the following is caused by vitamin B6 deficiency? a. seborrheic dermatitis b. burning foot syndrome c. atrophic gastritis d. pernicious anemia
A
Which of the following is true about food sources of pantothenic acid? a. Although present in small amounts, it is found widely distributed in many foods. b. Cereals and grain products are a good source. c. Fruits and vegetables are the richest sources of the vitamin. d. Legumes are the only source of the vitamin.
A
A substance that functions to resist changes in pH despite the addition of acids or bases to the environment is called a(n) _____. a. electrolyte b. buffer c. cation d. anion
B
Aldosterone release _____. a. is stimulated by decreased plasma potassium levels b. stimulates potassium excretion c. stimulates sodium excretion d. enhances potassium reabsorption
B
Although the assessment of magnesium status is difficult, which of the following can be used to determine magnesium deficiency? a. fecal magnesium content b. magnesium retention test c. bone densitometry d. magnesium to zinc quotient
B
As a _____, free copper reacts with superoxide radicals and catalyzes the formation of hydroxyl radicals. a. non-metal b. pro-oxidant c. reductant d. free radical
B
Carotenoids are found mainly in _____. a. oils b. plants c. dairy products d. fish
B
Deficiency of niacin leads to what condition? a. beriberi b. pellagra c. burning foot syndrome d. megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
B
Excess sodium is primarily excreted by the _____. a. pancreas b. kidneys c. gallbladder d. small intestine
B
Heme iron is found in _____ while non-heme iron is found in _____. a. plants; animals b. animals; plants c. plants; bacteria d. animals; bacteria
B
Hyperkalemia describes the condition when there is a high blood/plasma concentration of _____. a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. calcium
B
In general, vitamin E in cells, is bound to proteins such as ____ for intracellular trafficking. a. ABCA1 b. TAP1 c. PLTP d. VLDL
B
Keshan disease, characterized by cardiomyopathy involving cardiogenic shock and/or congestive heart failure, is associated with _____ deficiency. a. copper b. selenium c. chromium d. zinc
B
Parietal cell destruction causing insufficient intrinsic factor would most likely result from which condition? a. excessive alcohol consumption b. atrophic gastritis c. consumption of raw egg whites d. gastroesophageal reflux
B
Severe phosphorus deficiency is associated with which symptoms? a. dizziness and nausea b. ataxia and paresthesia c. peripheral edema and extremity pain d. hair loss and scaly skin
B
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in response to differences in solute concentrations across the membrane is referred to as _____. a. active transport b. osmosis c. facilitated transport d. aqua transport
B
The primary mode of excretion of excess phosphorus in order to maintain homeostasis is through _____. a. feces b. urine c. sweat d. lungs
B
Unlike fat-soluble vitamins and other water-soluble vitamins, the ingestion of which vitamin supplement is noticeable in the deepening of the color of urine? a. Thiamin b. Riboflavin c. Niacin d. Folate
B
Vitamin D deficiency most notably affects _____. a. nerve signaling b. bone c. blood circulation d. hormone production
B
Which measurements are most often employed to determine status of niacin in the body? a. levels of niacin metabolites in feces b. levels of niacin metabolites in urine c. levels of niacin metabolites in blood d. levels of niacin metabolites in bile
B
Which of the following groups is most likely to suffer the greatest loss of iron? a. people with osteoporosis b. people with gastrointestinal ulcers c. postmenopausal women d. people with eczema and other skin disorders
B
A food item marked as reduced or less sodium indicates at least _____% less sodium per serving than the appropriate reference food. a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 30
C
The approximate total body content of calcium is _____. a. 320 g b. 500 g c. 1200 g d. 2450 g
C
The largest amount of dietary vitamin D is absorbed in the _____. a. stomach b. duodenum c. jejunum d. large intestine
C
The main circulating form of vitamin K in the blood is _____. a. tocopherol b. retinol c. phylloquinone d. tocotrienol
C
The main organ that stores copper and controls copper homeostasis in the body is the _____. a. thyroid b. pancreas c. liver d. spleen
C
Thiamin functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism and in non-coenzyme roles, including _____. a. prevention of bone resorption b. smooth muscle cell maintenance c. nervous system functions d. lung tissue restoration
C
Vitamin C is most likely to enhance the intestinal absorption of which nutrient? a. calcium b. sodium c. iron d. folate
C
What best describes trabecular bone? a. It is compact and dense. b. It is made up of layers of proteins. c. It makes up about 25% of total bone in the body. d. It is found on the surfaces of all bones.
C
What is used to measure vitamin A status? a. plasma retinoic acid concentrations b. plasma beta carotene concentrations c. plasma retinol concentrations d. all of the above can be used to determine vitamin A status
C
What would best ensure maximum absorption of magnesium from supplements? a. Avoid taking the supplement on an empty stomach. b. Take the supplements along with lipid sources in the diet. c. Avoid taking supplements at the same time as other mineral supplements. d. Take the supplements just before going to bed.
C
Which group is least likely to suffer from iron deficiency? a. pregnant women b. adolescents in their growth spurt c. men who participate in sports d. infants and young children
C
Which of the following describes the process of olation? a. In an acidic environment, amino acids form chelated compounds with chromium. b. In an acidic environment, chromium forms an insoluble precipitate. c. In a neutral or alkaline environment chromium may react with hydroxyl ions (OH-) and polymerize to form high-molecular-weight compounds. d. In a neutral or alkaline environment, lipophilic compounds envelop chromium in a bubble-like structure.
C
Which substance bound to phosphates reduces the biological availability of phosphorus from grains and legumes? a. sodium b. zinc c. phytic acid d. iron
C
Zinc fingers refer to _____. a. long chains of zinc molecules that attach to proteins b. long chains of zinc molecules that attach to DNA c. the secondary structure of protein transcription factors when bound to zinc d. intestinal projections that increase surface are for zinc absorption
C
The majority of excess absorbed manganese from the diet is excreted _____. a. by the pancreas b. in the sweat c. in the urine d. by the liver into bile
C/D
Ariboflavinosis, a condition that develops from a deficiency of riboflavin, is characterized by what symptom? a. jaundice of the skin and eyes b. poor wound healing c. fissures at the corners of the mouth d. a rash on the trunk and abdomen
D
Calcium absorption occurs in the small intestine via two mechanisms: through saturable, carrier-mediated, transcellular transport and through _____. a. gradient regulation b. osmosis c. free calcium binding d. paracellular diffusion
D
Chloride status in the body is assessed by measuring its concentration in _____. a. sweat b. saliva c. urine d. serum
D
Each day, loss of water primarily occurs through _____. a. lungs b. sweat c. feces d. urine
D
If extracellular fluid has a hydrogen ion concentration of 5 x 10-8, its pH is _____. a. 5.0 b. 5.8 c. 7.0 d. 7.3
D
In addition to bone mineralization and enzyme reactions, what other role does magnesium play in the body? a. increasing cardiac excitability b. promoting calcium release from intracellular stores c. producing bile d. reducing platelet aggregation
D
Intestinal sodium absorption occurs via _____. a. Na+/glucose cotransporter only b. electroneutral Na+ and Cl- cotransport exchange transporter only c. Na+/glucose cotransporter and an electrogenic system only d. Na+/glucose cotransporter, electroneutral Na+ and Cl-cotransport exchange transporter, and an electrogenic system
D
Molybdenum's ability to induce _____ deficiency also inhibits angiogenesis, which may be promising as a means to inhibit tumor growth. a. chromium b. iron c. magnesium d. copper
D
Of the filtered magnesium, which includes magnesium in the blood that is not bound to proteins, how much is reabsorbed? a. 18-23% b. 38-40% c. 60-65% d. 95-97%
D
Rapid metabolism of vitamin K occurs in which tissue? a. brain b. kidney c. pancreas d. liver
D
Taking antacids prior to ingesting a medical drug may decrease that drug's absorption by _____. a. degrading the drug b. binding to transport molecules needed for the drug's transport into the bloodstream c. changing the drug's chemical makeup d. altering the pH of the gastrointestinal tract
D
The absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine is greatest when _____. a. minerals like iron are present in the digestive tract b. no other nutrients are present c. water-soluble B vitamins are also present d. some dietary fat is also present in the digestive tract
D
The binding of vitamin A-receptor complex to DNA in the nucleus usually results in _____. a. enhanced translation of all proteins b. repressed translation of all proteins c. enhanced transcription of all genes d. regulation of transcription
D
The intracellular fluid contains _____ as the major cation while the extracellular fluid contains _____ as the major cation. a. calcium; sodium b. potassium; calcium c. sodium; potassium d. potassium; sodium
D
The main site where folic acid is converted in THF (tetrahydrofolate) is ____. a. spleen b. pancreas c. intestine d. liver
D
The tocopherols and the tocotrienols are two classes of vitamin _____. a. K b. C c. D d. E
D
Vitamin K is necessary for the post-translational carboxylation of specific _____ residues in proteins, which is needed for blood clotting to occur. a. aspartic acid b. glutamine c. leucine d. glutamic acid
D
Water has a _____ specific heat and thus _____ change(s) temperature. a. low; readily b. low; does not readily c. low; will often d. high; does not readily
D
What measurement is used to determine iodide status in the body? a. salivary iodide excretion b. liver enzymes c. fecal iodide excretion d. urinary iodide excretion
D
Which item likely contains the most phosphorus? a. a cup of coffee b. a serving of cooked spaghetti c. a serving of spinach d. a poached egg
D
Which statement best describes a role of vitamin C and its possible effects on diseases? a. Vitamin C supplementation has been shown to shorten the duration of a cold once symptoms are present. b. There is a positive association between vitamin C and protection against colon cancer. c. Vitamin C supplementation, when combined with vitamin D, can diminish fracture intensity associated with osteoporosis. d. Supplementation with vitamin C, along with other antioxidants, may slow the progression of macular degeneration and cataract formation in the eye.
D
With physiological intake levels, which carrier mediates the absorption of biotin? a. SGLT1 b. proton-coupled transporter c. PEPT1 d. shared multivitamin transporter
D