Advanced Public Speaking Final

meanings of words

connotative: the associations, overtones, and fell that a concept has denotative: what a word explicitly refers to

ethos, pathos, logos

created by aristotle. these are the various different ways to connect with audience and keep them focused 1. moral character, respect, trust, ETHICS. this can be found by having sound research and citing it. 2. emotion (passion). tell personal stories, anecdotes, make them relate and connect. 3. logic and sense of reason. use stats, well-organized, clear points to build this.

citing sources

must have the author name, author title, date, and where the source came from**

history of teleprompter

-initial was used in 1948, designed with butcher paper inside of a suitcase -patent filed in broadway, new york by hubert scholarly -used to help ppl transition into the television industry -the design evolved quickly over short span of time -1982- common model used today evented

delivery/speaking on teleprompter

-remember to relax -you can control speed -remember to breathe/pause during to collect thoughts -speak as if you were to one person, not group -look directly to camera -stay natural, don't make unnecessary movements -be loose, not stiff -its ok to blink

delivery/ad-libbing teleprompter

-you can do it but be careful and try to avoid it -could throw off person working it -make sure to get back on track -dont cover something later on in the speech -read in conversational style

internet evaluation

1. authorship: are they clearly identified, qualifications, are they objective and unbiased 2. sponsorship: who the sponsoring org is, are they objective/official, history of accuracy, 3. recency: look for the copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision. NEVER SAY LAST ACCESSED. ALWAYS SAY UPDATED

types of examples

1. brief examples: aka specific instances, ay be referred to in passing to illustrate a point. can also pile them up until you create a desired impression 2. extended examples: aka narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes. they are developed at some length/vivid detail to illustrate a point. 3. hypothetical examples: describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. usually a brief story that relates a general principle. should follow it with a stat/testimony to show that it is not far-fetched

types of humor part 3

1. burlesque: ridicules by imitating with caricature, or exaggerated characterization. the association with striptease is that in a bygone era, mocking skits were in playbills 2. farcical: comedy based on improbable coincidences and with satirical elements, punctuated at times with overwrought, frantic action. ex: screwball comedy 3. epigrammatic: humor consisting of a witty saying such as "too many ppl run out of ideas long before they run out of words" not all epigrams are humorous 4. screwball: deals with unlikely situations and responses to those situations distinguished (like farcical) by exaggerated characterizations and episodes of fast paced action 5. mordant: caustic or biting humor

factors of credibility

1. competence: how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. 2. character: how the audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience the more favorable these are, the more the audience is going to likely accept what the speaker says. it is an ATTITUDE.

enhancing credibility

1. explain your competence/advertise your expertise on the topic 2. establish a common ground with your audience- connect with values, attitudes, or experiences. important for persuasive. 3. deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction this must happen all the time through everything in order to achieve credibility

types of credibility

1. initial: what the speaker has before they store to speak 2. derived: what the speaker can produce by everything they say/do during the speech itself 3. terminal: what the speaker has at the end of the speech all three of these are dynamic and can change and flow up or down this order.

tips for prepping main points

1. keep main points separate 2. try to use the same pattern of wording for main points 3. balance the amount of time devoted to main points

library research

1. librarians: TCU 2. the catalogue: lists all books, periodicts, etc. owned by the library. books, journals, magazines, newspapers 3. reference works: encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids

kinds of visual aids

1. objects and models: look for occasion, can be too small/large/unavailable 2. photographs and drawings: must be large enough for audience to see w/o straining. show with PP. 3. graphs: used to show statistical trends and patterns. includes line graph (change over time/space), pie graph (show % or simple distribution patterns), and bar graph (shows comparisons among 2 or more items, also quantities/amounts) 4. charts: useful for summarizing large blocks of info. can fit more info than graphs. usually in list form 5. video: make sure clip isn't too long, have it up/cued to start where you want, edit video to precise length to blend it, beware of low resolution 6. the speaker: using your own body/demonstration 7. PowerPoint: integrate all visual aids in the same speech. very effective

using language appropriately

1. occasion: adjust language accordingly 2. audience: good for dealing with technical topics. also avoid offensive language. err on side of caution. 3. topic: don't use metaphors, etc. for a basic topic. don't overcomplicate. 4. speaker: use your own developed language style. work to use language effectively over time/practice and by being language-conscious.

brainstorming tactics

1. personal inventory: take inventory of your experiences, interests, hobbies, skills, beliefs, etc. and write down everything that comes to mind, from there you can find a general subject area which you can fashion into a specific topic 2. clustering: take paper and divide to 9 columns (ppl, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomena, problems, and plans/policies). then list in each column the first 4/5 things that come to mind. if this doesn't work, take specific items and turn those into columns and create sublists for them. keep going 3. internet search: browse through subject-based web site, encyclopedia, or some other reference portal until you find a topic.

answering audience Q&A

1. preparing for the Q&A: take it seriously. formulate answers to possible questions then practice the delivery of answers. make it brief, write answers in full to think through. 2. managing the Q&A: approach questions with a positive attitude. listen carefully. direct answers to the entire audience. be honest and straightforward. stay on track.

pointing out logical fallacies

1. recognize it: know the fallacies/names 2. state the name in both latin and english 3. call it out as a fallacy 4. say what it means and why it is wrong 5. give an obvious ex. why it is incorrect 6. say why it matters in relation to opponents argument

types of humor part 2

1. slapstick comic: more than mere funny man or buffoon, most often acrobat/stunter, a master of uninhibited action and perfect timing 2. parodic: literary or musical work imitating the characteristic style of some other work/writer/composer in satirical/humorous way, usually inappropriate subject 3. anecdotal: something that is story-like or something that is based on stories or retellings, not on provable facts 4. dark humor: dark, morbid, cruel, offensive to some, graphic in nature and yet still found funny 5. pun: a play on words, in which a word of multiple meanings/similar sound is used to create joke. most common form of verbal humor and often most derided

types of informative speeches

1. speeches about objects: anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. choose a specific purpose that focuses on one aspect. chronological, topical, spacial. 2. speech about processes: a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result/product. explain how its made, how its done, or how it works. spacial. 3. speeches about events: anything that happens r is regarded as happening. narrow focus and pick a specific purpose use a topical order. feature origins, implications, benefits, future, etc. 4. speeches about concepts: a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. usually topical and focus on aspects/main features. more complex than other informative speeches. you can have a topic fall into more than one category, give connectives and previews to guide.

types of humor part 1

1. stand up: comic monologue performed by one person on stage 2. hyperbolic: comic presentation marked by extravagant exaggeration and outsized characterization 3. juvenile/sophomoric: humor involving childish themes such as pranks, name calling, and other immature behavior 4. situational: humor arising out of quotidian situations, it is the basis of sitcoms 5. sarcasm: harsh or bitter derision or irony 6. self-deprecation: belittling yourself or running self down, both internally and in the eyes of others. it is a drive to make yourself small/invisible

preparation of teleprompter

1. writing tricks- casual vs. convo; write out numbers, underline/bold for emphasis, spell out words 2. phonetically- insert [pause] or [smile], divide into segments, spell out phonics/pronunciation 3. familiarize- become familiar with script, practice voice inflections/facials, don't freeze, read out loud, brine a copy of speech in note card form, avoid thinking you can show up and just read from screen

practicing delivery

5 steps: 1. go through preparation outline aloud 2. prepare speaking outline 3. practice speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline 4. polish and refine delivery 5. give speech a dress rehearsal the key is to start early

PowerPoint do's/donts

Do's: great boon to communication; great aid; include paused slide, limit fonts to 2 (serif font for headings, sans serif for copy), contrasting colors (use light back w/ dark text), address what's on the slide; Don'ts: using to illustrate every single point; reading speech; too much text on screen

how to write humor

____ is important to everyday life bc it forms connections with others. anyone can write it. three R's are benefits from incorporating: Respect, Remembrance, Rewards writing this is a mindset and continuous process. 4 commandments: 1. thou shalt not worry about offending 2. thou shalt pay attention to the mundane 3. thou shalt take cliches to extremes 4. thou shalt use metaphors and similes like the bubonic plague

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. the first part shows the existence/seriousness of a problem, the second part shows a workable solution to the problem. best for PERSUASIVE speeches.

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics. organizing by categories, what you do for something. no system for how to do this. the subtopics become main points for the speech. used MOST OFTEN in speeches.

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, inside outside, east west, etc. by distance, area, geography. most often used in INFORMATIVE speeches. ex: where to live, where to work out, different areas of body, literally different areas of one topic and where their geographies are

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern. can narrate a series of events in the sequence in which they happened or explain a process or demonstrate how to do something. especially good for INFORMATIVE speeches ex: biographies goal is to order in number and time sequence. outline the steps and make sure there is enough time to fully talk about each step.

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. two main points- one deals with the causes of an event, the second dealing with its effects. can be used for both PERSUASIVE AND INFORMATIVE speeches

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or shouldn't be taken. happens daily. they inevitably involve questions of fact. trying to get us to change, to act, and what we do. this has the most flexibility in choosing a strategy, including: 1. problem-cause-solution 2. comparative advantage 3. monroe's motivated sequence

question of value

a question of worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. changing what we believe, not for action, where our hearts are at. it is a value proposition/value judgments and must be arranged in a topical approach. also in a refutational approach, which has only 3 main points (present opposing view's main points--> immediately refute those arguments--> state your own position and argue for it).

determining the general purpose topic

along with choosing the topic you need the general purpose. usually it is to inform or to persuade**. for class this is usually specified but in life you will have to decide. for inform, goal is to convey info clearly, accurately, and interestingly. for persuade, you want to change or structure the attitudes/actions of your audience

interviewing

before: define the purpose, decide who to interview, arrange the interview, decide whether to record, prepare your questions during: dress appropriately and be on time, repeat the purpose of the interview, set up the recorder, keep interview on track, listen carefully, don't overstay welcome after: review notes as soon as possible, transcribe notes

funnel, inverted funnel, and tunnel interview questions

funnel: interview begins broad, open questions followed by narrower, closed questions. works when you aren't sure what your focus could be, so start open. inverted funnel: interview begins with narrow, closed questions followed by open broad questions. easier to plan for with detail down the road. tunnel: respondents ask a series of straightforward similarly organized questions (either all open- or closed-ended questions)

how to deliver humor

humor can be expressed as the ability of the speaker to present humorous info in the most effective way. will keep audience alert. use jokes (brief oral narrative with a climactic humorous twist). must be BRIEF- the setup must be direct and to the point, if you dilute it, it can lose effectiveness. CLIMACTIC- closer to the end, must be neat, clear, sudden. controlling the length of a pause before delivering the joke is important to effectively deliver to the audience. be sure to connect important points of message, make it yours, be precise and to the point.

determining the specific purpose topic

in this step you must narrow your choices to determine the specific purpose of your speech. should focus on one aspect of a topic. should be able to say in one single phrase.

using language clearly

includes: 1. familiar words: must become clear, familiar language. it is like plain talk. 2. concrete words: words that refer to tangible objects- ppl, place, things. more likely to claim attention. the more specific a word, the more concrete it is. 3. abstract words: words that refer to ideas or concepts- qualities or attributes ex: humility, science, progress. necessary to express certain kinds of ideas but easier to misinterpret.

APA format

known general rights and wrongs. ex: Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource • Times new roman size 12 • Margins 1inch around • Double spaced • Alphabetize -No author, just date→ goes to top • No numbers or bullet reference list • Use hanging indent

rhythm

language form that includes: 1. parallelism: similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. keeps things clear/consistent. bc of the repetition it is a good tool to use in persuasive speeches 2. repetition: reiterating the same words at the beginning or end of successive sentences. results in parallelism. emphasizes an idea by stating it more than once and creates a strong emotional effect 3. alliteration: most common method is repeating the initial consonant sound of adding words. catches the attention of listeners and can make things easier to remember. 4. antithesis: the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. ex: president kennedy. good for in-class

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize ppl on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. it is also including the speaker as well as the audience by saying "we, us, our" rather than "you, I, me". have personal curtesy

appeal to authority

logical fallacy. aka argument from authority. common form of argument that is misused, leading it to become a logical fallacy. in essence simply presenting evidence from someone of expert authority does not make it inherently fact.

false cause

logical fallacy. also known as post hoc, ergo proper hoc. the fact that one event occurs after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second. the closeness in time of the two events may be entirely coincidental. correlation does not mean causation.

bandwagon

logical fallacy. assumes that bc something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. most advertising is based on this.

appeal to novelty

logical fallacy. assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. must explain reasons why you think its better other than being new and improved.

appeal to tradition

logical fallacy. it assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. value should be based on its contributions not on age.

personal incredulity

logical fallacy. it is saying that bc one finds something difficult to understand that its therefore not true. based more on lack of comprehension than lack of information

ad hominem

logical fallacy. latin for "against the man." refers to when you attack the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. ex: family, race, etc. but focus on the values/character when it is truly only relevant.

red herring

logical fallacy. name comes from an old trick used by farmers to keep fox hunters/hounds from galloping through crops by dragging a smoked herring with a strong odor through fields. ppl who use this introduce an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion. takes away from real issue

slippery slope

logical fallacy. name is from the image of a boulder rolling uncontrollably down a steep hill and can't stop till it gets to bottom. this fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope to disaster. there is no proof that the steps will actually occur.

loaded question

logical fallacy. this is a question that has a presumption built into it so that it couldn't be answered w/o appealing guilty. the answerer is trapped, so either answer will lead to assumption of guilt

invalid analogy

logical fallacy. this is an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

appeal to emotion

logical fallacy. this is the manipulation of drawing out an emotional response towards an argument in place of a valid or compelling argument. takes place of factual evident that logical supports the ideas of its elicitor.

hasty generalization

logical fallacy. this is the most common in reasoning from specific instances. it occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases.

burden of proof

logical fallacy. this lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.

extemporaneously

method of delivery. it is a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. it is carefully prepared and practiced in advance, different from impromptu. speaker uses only a brief set of notes and exact wording chosen at moment of delivery. advantages are: precise control over thought and language; spontaneity and directness; adaptable; encourages conversational quality (still sounds spontaneous and not rehearsed). most experienced speakers prefer this method.

manuscript

method of delivery. must be delivered word for word according to a script. will be highly analyzed. disadv. is that is comes across as reading to listeners rather than talking to them. make sure to practice aloud to make sur ethe speech sounds natural. work on establishing eye contact. make sure it is legible. adv. is that it eliminates error

impromptu

method of delivery. this is a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. very few ppl choose to do this. don't panic and pay close attention to what other speakers say. can go about with 4 simple steps to organize thoughts quickly/clearly: 1. state point you are answering 2. state point you wish to make 3. support your point with appropriate stats, ex., testimony 4. summarize your point can only get better with practice. the purpose is to gain experience in pulling your ideas together quickly and stating them succinctly.

memory

method of delivery. usually just shorter speeches, like toasts, acceptance, intros, etc. must be able to do this so thoroughly that you will be able to concentrate on communicating with the audience, not on trying to remember the words.

body

must include at least 2 main points (max of 5). make sure to balance time allotted to each and make parallel wording. keep main points separate. . for every main point, must have at least 2 sub points (can be supported with examples, stats, testimony). should be 70-85%. ex: 1. main point 1 a. subpoint a b. subpoint b 2. main point 2 a. subpoint a b. subpoint b

introduction

must include: -attention getter: quotation, tell a joke, question, some way to get audience attention -topic/thesis: declare what the speech is about, what the purpose is -justification statement: why is it important for your audience to listen to your speech; the relevance and how you are credible -preview: in order, what the main points are and the layout should be 10-20%

conclusion

must include: -postview: preview in past tense all the main points -link back to attention getter: connect and come full circle -also includes reference page must be 5-10%

pros and cons of teleprompter

pros: only visible to on air talent; acts as permanent note card; relieves pre-speech nerves cons: run the potential of electronic failure; real slower than you talk; teleprompter makes message impersonal

voice

relevant elements: 1. volume: loudness or softness of speaker's voice 2. pitch: the highness/lowness of speaker's voice 3. inflections: changes in the pitch/tone of speaker's voice 4. rate: the speech at which someone speaks 5. pauses: a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. avoid vocalized pauses, which are the use of filler words 6. vocal variety: changes in the speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. 7. pronunciation: the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language 8. articulation: the physical production of particular speech sounds 9. dialect: variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocal. based on regional/ethnic patterns.

speaker's body

relevant elements: 1. personal appearance: must go with occasion 2. movement: behavior at beg., during, and end 3. gestures: motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. should be natural/spontaneous, help clarify/reinforce, be suited to audience/occasion 4. eye contact: direct visual contact with the eyes of another person. you can scan for larger audiences. conveys confidence, sincerity, conviction 5. posture

academic databases

resources at TCU Library includes: 1. communication and mass media complete (ebsco) 2. communication abstract (ebsco) 3. ERIC- credible newspaper articles 4. Academic OneFile- like ERIC but much more broad, come here second after specific research 5. CQ Researcher 6. Opposing Viewpoints- breaks down subjects by issue and gives pros/cons on each issue and what each side believes

do's and donts of conducting interview

see notes

vivid imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. makes ideas come alive. can do this through: 1. concrete words: call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste. creates images 2. simile: an explicit comparison, with like or as, between things that are essentially different yet have somethingg in common. avoid simile cliches. 3. metaphor: an implicit comparison, without like or as, between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. brings color to a speech, makes abstract more concrete, clarifies unknown, and expresses feeling/emotion

testimony

these are quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. 2 types: 1. expert testimony: from ppl who are recognized as experts in their fields. great way to lend credibility. more important when topic is controversial or when audience is skeptical about a speakers point of view. 2. peer testimony: from ordinary ppl with firsthand experience/insight on a topic. valuable bc it gives a personal viewpoint on issues that can be gained from expert testimony. gives authenticity/emotional impact

connectives

this is a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them. includes 4 types: 1. transition: a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. 2. internal previews: a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. more detailed then transitions. beginning of each main point. 3. internal summary: a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s). good to clarify/reinforce ideas or after a complicated/ important main point has been said. end of each main point. 4. signposts: very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. ex: numbers- first, second, lastly, moving on. order usually goes transitions--> internal preview--> signpost--> internal summary

logical fallacies

this is an error in reasoning. try to avoid. top ones are: hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion, personal incredulity, loaded question, burden of proof

question of fact

this is in terms of yes/no, true/false, a question of an assertion. it is arranged topically and informative, even though it is persuasive (research, facts,etc.). is is usually answering a question. most can usually be answered absolutely. some involve prediction. this is most similar to an informative speech.

MAPs theory

used in humor writing. it is the triangle that connects the materials, audience, performer

rule of three

used in humor writing. it is useful bc ppl tend to remember groupings of three items bc there are two similar ideas and then you follow by the last one as a punch line to get audience's attention.

k-rule

used in humor writing. states that words starting with the letter K tend to be th emost humorous and words starting with a hard G sound cause the most smiles--> use in the attention getter, header, intro

comparative advantage

used in question of policy. if your audience agrees problem exists, you use tho sot devote your speech to contrasting competing solutions. must do your research 1st bc it is the toughest. it is advocating your solution. points include describe problem in intro--> identify various alternative viewpoints--> explain why each viewpoint is deficient--> propose own solution to the problem

Problem-cause-solution or problem-solution

used in question of policy. it is advocating a change, 3 points. can eliminate the second main point if it is intuitive.

Monroe's motivated sequence

used in question of policy. it is more detailed and follows the process of human thinking and leads the listener step by step to the desired action. widely used by ppl who make a living off of persuasion (advertisers). really effective and gives flexibility, seeks immediate action but doesn't explain causes. 5 steps include: 1. attention getter in intro--> 2. need (the problem)--> 3. satisfaction (solution step)--> 4. visualization (looking at the benefits of solution)--> 5. action (strong call to action. different than solution bc must be how they are actually going to leave the speech and do something.)

statistics

used/cited in passing to clarify or strengthen a speaker's points. can also be used in combination to show the magnitude/seriousness of an issue. they must be representative, measures used correctly (mean, median, mode), and be from a reliable source. they must give full context to how the statistic was found/how they got to the number. don't use specific numbers, round so as not to lose the audience