AERO 3080 WX 2 Study Guide

Be able to explain the life cycle of a TS

1. Cumulus (3-5 mile height) - The lifting action of the air begins, growth rate may exceed 3000 fpm. 2. Mature (5-10 miles height) - Begins when precipitation starts falling from the cloud base. Updraft at this stage may exceed 6000 fpm. Downdrafts may exceed 2500 fpm. All thunderstorm hazards are at their greatest intensity at the mature stage. 3. Dissipating (5-7 miles height) - Characterized by strong downdrafts and the cell dying rapidly

Know the 3 ingredients necessary to form a TS

1. Sufficient water vapor (moisture). 2. An unstable temperature lapse rate. Stability is the resistance of the atmosphere to upwards or downwards displacement. An unstable lapse rate allows any air mass displacement to further grow vertically. 3. An initial uplifting force (e.g., front passages, orthographic lifting by typography, heating from below, etc.).

TAF Generally, how long are they valid for?

30 hour or 24 hour

What are TAF's and how often are they issued?

A TAF is the international standard code format for terminal forecasts issued for airports. TAFs are valid for a 30 hour time period and are issued 4 times a day at 6 hour intervals. The forecast includes forecasted wind speed, wind direction, visibility, ceiling, type of precipitation (i.e. snow, rain, etc.) and/or weather phenomenon.

How would you determine if icing conditions are EXPECTED (Forecast conditions)?

A pilot can expect icing when flaying in visible precipitation, such as rain or cloud droplets, and the temperature is between +02 and -10 degrees Celsius.

Reminder clouds are considered visible moisture and know the standard temp. lapse rate

A standard temperature lapse rate is when the temperature decreases at the rate of approximately 3.5°F or 2°C per thousand feet up to 36,000 feet, which is approximately -65

KBUF 171454Z 20005KT 10SM FEW017 FEW047 FEW260 M09/M13 A3039 RMK AO2 SLP305 SHSN DSNT N T10891128 50014 $

Buffalo Niagara International Airport Day 17 Time 14:54 Zulu Wind from 200 degree at 5 kts Visibility is 10sm Few cloud 4,700 feet Few 26,000 feet Temp -9 Dewpoint -13C Altimeter 30:39in Sea level pressure 1030.5 mb Moderate shower snow to the north Temp -8.9C Dew -12.8C $= Automated system detects that maintenance is needed on the system

CUT UA /OV RAP180025/TM 1550/FL100/TP BE9L/TA M07/IC LGT RIME

CUT Airport Routine report over RAP VOR AT 180 Radial 25NM Time 15:50 Zulu Flight level 10,000 feet Type BE9L Temp -7C Light ice rime

What is CAT?

Clear Air Turbulence Encountered outside of convective clouds

What are the effects of icing on an airplane?

Decrease your left Decrease Thrust Increase weights Increase drag Change AOA for stall speed

KDEN 280753Z 00000KT 1/2SM R35L/1600V2600FT -SN FZFG VV002 M13/M14 A3013 RMK AO2 SNB0656E16B49 SLP259 P0000

Denver International Airport Day 28 Time 07:53 Zulu Wind is calm 1/2 SM of visibility Runway 35 left, visual range (RVR) vary 1600 feet to 2600 feet. Light Snow Freezing Fog Vertical visibility 200 feet Temp -13C Dewpoint -14C Altimeter 30:13 in AO2= Automated stations with a precipitation discriminator Snow begin 06:56 end 07:16 begin 07:49 Sea level pressure 1025.9 mb P0000= Hourly precipitation in hundredths of inches, 0

KDTW 272234Z 27018G24KT 1SM -SN FEW010 BKN025 OVC030 M15/M18 A3013 RMK AO2 PK WND 26027/2157 TWR VIS 1 1/2 P0000 RVRNO

Detroit Metropolitan Airport Day 27 Time 22:34 Zulu Wind from 270 Degree at 18 kts gusting 24 kts Visibility 1sm light snow Few cloud 1.000 feet AGL Broken 2,500 feet Overcast 3,000 feet Temp -15 Dewpoint -18C Peak wind 260 degree at 27 kts to 215 degree at 7 kts Tower Visibility 1 1/2 P0000= Hourly precipitation in hundredths of inches, 0 RVR is not operative

How often are METARS issued?

Every Hours generally 55 mins past the hour

Difference between funnel cloud, tornado, and water spout

Funnel clouds: dose not come in contact with the ground Tornado: rotating column of air in contact with ground or debris cloud/dust visible below Water sprout: Tornado over water

MJX UA /OV CYN180006/TM 1540/FL060/TP M20P/SK SKC/TA 01/TB NEG/RM SMOOTH RIDE

MJX airport Routine report over CYN VOR 180 radial 6NM Time 15:40 Zulu Flight level 6,000 feet Type M20P Sky condition scattered Temp 1C No Turbulence Smooth ride

MMU UUA /OV MMU/TM 1512/FLUNKN/TP LJ60/RM DURD RWY 5 LLWS +/- 10KTS

MMU airport Urgent report over MMU Airport time 15:12 Zulu Flight level Unknown Type LJ60 During descend to runway 5 low level wind shear gain and loss of 10 kts

KMIA 251253Z 22005KT 10SM FEW020 SCT150 BKN300 28/26 A2989 RMK AO2 SLP123 CB DSNT W TCU DSNT SE AND S T02830256

Miami International Airport Day 25 Time 12:53 Zulu Wind from 220 Degree at 5 kts Visibility is 10 sm Few cloud 2,000 feet Scattered 15,000 feet Broken 30,000 feet Temp 28C dewpoint 26C Altimeter 29:89 SEA Level pressure 1012.3 mb cumulonimbus distance West Towering cumulus distance South East and South Temp 28.3C Dewpoint 25.6C

KMIA 251650Z 24007KT 10SM TS BKN035CB BKN075 OVC300 32/23 A2989 RMK AO2 TSB49 OCNL LTGICCG NW-NE TS NW-NE MOV E CB W-N-NE MOV E

Miami International Airport Day 25 Time 16:50 Zulu Wind From 240 Degree at 7 kts Visibility is 10sm Thunderstorm Broken 3,500 feet cumulonimbus Broken 7,500 feet Overcast 30,000 feet Temp 32C Dewpoint 23C Altimeter 29:89in Thunderstorm begin 49 past the hours Occasional Lightning In-cloud Cloud-ground North west and north east move east cumulonimbus west and north and north east move east

KMAF 171453Z 02010KT 1/4SM FZFG VV002 M08/M09 A2993 RMK AO2 SLP153 I1002 I3003 T10831089 53021

Midland International Air And Space Port Airport Day 17 Time 14:53 Zulu Wind from 20 degree at 10 kts Visibility 1/4 sm Freezing fog Vertical visibility 200 feet Temp -8C Dewpoint -9C Altimeter 29:93in Sea level pressure 1015.3 mb

What is an MEL?

Minimum equipment list. A list which states which equipment must be operation in order for a flight to proceed.

PANC 280153Z VRB04KT 10SM FEW060 SCT075 BKN140 BKN220 08/02 A2976 RMK AO2 SLP993 ACSL SE-S T00780017

PANC= Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport The report is on the 28th and the time is 01:53 Zulu, wind variable at 4 kts visibility is 10 statue miles sky condition few cloud 600 feet scattered 7,500 feet broken 14,000 feet broken 22,000 feet the ceiling is 7,500 feet temperature 8 Celsius Dew point is 2 Celsius Altimeter is 29:76 inch of mercury remark AO2 Automated stations with a precipitation discriminator, Sea level pressure is 999.3 Millie bar altocumulus south east to south exact temperature is 7.8 Celsius and exact Dew point is 1.7 Celsius

What type of information can be found in a PIREP?

Pilot reports to the current weather conditions and it is issued by the ATC and Pilot Three categories can be found in a PIREP: 1. Icing 2.Turbulence 3. Weather/Sky

SFO UUA /OV 3810N 12901W/TM 1516/FL350/TP B773/TB MOD-SEV/RM ZOA CWSU

SFO airport Urgent report over 3810N 12901W Time 15:16Zulu Flight Level 35,000 feet Type Boeing 773 Moderate to severe turbulence

KSTL 171519Z 09007KT 3/4SM R30R/3500V4500FT -SN VV014 M12/M14 A3036 RMK AO2 P0001 T11171144 $

St Louis Lambert International Airport Day 17 Time 15:19Zulu Wind from 90 degree at 7 kts visibility is 3/4sm Runway 30 right visual range 3500 feet variable 4500 feet light snow vertical visibility 1,400 feet temp -12C dewpoint -14C $= Automated system detects that maintenance is needed on the system

Define wind shear and review the 4 causes of wind shear (FAA document on D2L)

Sudden Change in the wind speed or direction Several things can cause a wind shear, including surface obstructions, weather fronts activity, temperature inversion and thunderstorms.

KTPA 280553Z 00000KT 5SM R01L/2800VP6000FT BR CLR 15/14 A3003 RMK AO2 SLP167 MIFG W-N T01500144

Tampa International Airport Day 28 Time 05:53 Zulu Wind calm Visibility 5sm Runway 1 left visual range 2800 feet variable and greater than 6000 feet Moderate Mist Clear sky below 12,000 feet Temp 15C Dewpoint 14C Altimeter 30:03 in SEA level pressure 1016.7 mb shallow fog West to North Temp 15.00 Dewpoint 14.4C

Know the TAF forecast change indicators: From, Tempo, Becoming, and Prob 30 (Use the AC00-45 for what this INDICATE, not that FM means from) o FM indicates: o TEMPO indicates: PROB30 indicates:

The change group FMYYGGgg (voiced as "from") is used to indicate when prevailing conditions are expected to change significantly over a period of less than 1 hour. The change-indicator group TEMPO YYGG/YeYeGeGe is used to indicate temporary fluctuations to forecast meteorological conditions that are expected to: • Have a high percentage (greater than 50 percent) probability of occurrence; • Last for one hour or less in each instance; and • In the aggregate, cover less than half of the period YYGG to YeYeGeGe. The PROB30 group is the forecaster's assessment of probability of occurrence of the weather event that follows it. T

Cloud heights are the bases given in _____.

The height of the layer is recorded in feet above ground level (AGL).

Know the levels of turbulence intensities

Turbulence (weather.gov) TURBULENCE INTENSITY In reporting turbulence, it is usually classed as light, moderate, severe or extreme. The degree is determined by the nature of the initiating agency and by the degree of stability of the air. Light turbulence momentarily causes slight changes in altitude and/or attitude or a slight bumpiness. Occupants of the airplane may feel a slight strain against their seat belts. Moderate turbulence is similar to light turbulence but somewhat more intense. There is, however, no loss of control of the airplane. Occupants will feel a definite strain against their seat belts and unsecured objects will be dislodged. Severe turbulence causes large and abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude and, usually, large variations in indicated airspeed. The airplane may momentarily be out of control. Occupants of the airplane will be forced violently against their seat belts. In extreme turbulence, the airplane is tossed violently about and is impossible to control. It may cause structural damage.

LLWS and the 4 common causes:

Wind shear from SFC-2,000 feet. Four main causes: 1.Frontal activity 2.Tunderstorm 3.Temperature inversions 4.Surface obstruction

Winds are given in reference to ____North.

Winds shown on a METAR, TAF, winds aloft table, or surface analysis chart are represented in true headings, whereas winds represented through an ATIS, AWOS/ASOS, or PIREP are in magnetic headings. A useful adage is that "If you read it, it must be true. If you hear it, it's magnetic."

If an Airmet ZULU was issued for an area you intend to fly through, would this be a reason for you to fly around the area? Why or why not?

Yes

Know the standard procedures for flying around and above a TS

minim of 20nm of signal TS sell

Be able to elaborate on the hazards of the following: o Lightning o Outflow boundary o Microburst o Icing and Hail

o Outflow boundary Dissipating groups of TS can produce outflow boundaries A surface boundary formed by the horizontal spreading of cool air that originated inside a thunderstorm. Dangerous because this boundary can be the lifting action need to generate NEW thunderstorm. o Microburst Strong, intense, (very bad). Very localized, small-scale, wind shear condition Most violent from downdraft-less than 2.5 miles across - Downdraft 6000 fpm -Approx. 15 min

Engine water ingestion can lead to...

the main consequence of water ingestion a jet engine experiences is a reduction in the efficiency of the combustion process. This efficiency is a function of the fuel-air ratio that is changed by the presence of water vapor.

Know several hazards associated with TS

■ Limited visibility ■ Wind shear ■ Strong updrafts / downdrafts ■ Icing ■ Hailstones ■ Heavy rain ■ Severe turbulence ■ Lightning strikes and tornadoes.

What type of conditions are forecast in a Non-convective Sigmet?

▷ A non-scheduled inflight advisory with a maximum forecast period of 4 hours. Advises of non-convective weather potentially hazardous to all types of aircraft. A SIGMET is issued when the following is expected to occur: ▷ Severe icing not associated with thunderstorms ▷ Severe or extreme turbulence or Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) not associated with thunderstorms. ▷ Dust storms, sandstorms lowering surface visibility below 3 miles.

What type of information can be found in an o Airmet ZULU? o Airmet TANGO? o Airmet Sierra?

▷ AIRMET (Z) - describes moderate icing and provides freezing level heights. ▷ AIRMET (T) - describes moderate turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or greater, and/or non-convective low-level wind shear, below 2,000' AGL ▷ AIRMET (S) - describes IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain obscurations.▷ Ceilings less than 1000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles (IFR) affecting over 50% of the area at on time.▷ extensive mountain obscurations.▷Weather phenomena restricting the visibility including, but not limited to, precipitation (PCPN), smoke (FU), haze (HZ), mist (BR), fog (FG), and blowing snow (BS).