African-American History: Chapters 2 and 3 Test

When the Portuguese first arrived in West Africa, they were most interested in trading for ____.

Gold

Which of the following was true of John Newton

He became a devout evangelical Christian

How did John Newtons views on slavery change over time?

He supported slavery for most of his life but became a leading opponent of the slave trade in his later years.

Who was Anthony Johnson?

He was a black man who became a planter and slave owner

Most slave uprisings aboard slavers took place ____

Just as the ship was getting to leave the African coast

How was work divided among slaves during the seasoning process in the West Indies?

Masters generally divided the slaves into several gangs

Which of the following prevented widespread conversion of slaves to Christianity before the 1730's?

Masters worried that conversion would be seen as a step toward freedom.

Which of the following was stipulated by slave codes passed in the Chesapeake between 1660 and 1710?

Slaves could never be freed

Eighteenth-century slave quarters in the Chesapeake were typically _____.

Small log cabins

African styles of architecture were most common in ____

South Carolina

Where did the majority of slaves in British North America live in 1750?

South Carolina and North Carolina

In the late 16th century, the Netherlands sought independence from ____

Spain

Portugal and ___ dominated the Atlantic slave trade during the 16th century

Spain

____ was the first European nation to actively colonize the Americas

Spain

The crews of ____ slavers generally preferred to sell their slaves in Barbados

Spanish

Georgia was founded, in part, to serve as a buffer between South Carolina and ______

Spanish Florida

For most of the 17th century, ____

Black and white people worked side by side in tobacco fields in the Chesapeake colonies.

Which of the following was true of the low country by 1740?

Black slaves made up 90% of the population in the vicinity of Charleston

Which of the following was true of Creoles?

Creoles were considered less valuable than other Africans.

Most southern slaves used technologies closely associated with _______

Cultivating and processing agricultural commodities

Nathaniel bacon was a(n)_______

English aristocrat who had recently migrated to Virginia

Before the late 18th century, slaves' goal in resisting was to

Force concessions from masters

Miscegenation resulted in a

Mixed race population

Which of the following is true of Olaudah Equiano?

Scholars respect the accuracy of his account of the Middle Passage

In West Africa, ____ conducted the Islamic slave trade.

Sudanese horsemen

Before 1750, nearly all slaves were ____.

field hands

According to the standard formula, a slave ship could hold ____ slaves per ton

2

How long did a typical crossing from Africa to the Americas take?

2-3 months

During the colonial period, about ____ percent of southern female slaves were field workers

90%

Why did death rates aboard slavers drop after 1750?

By then, ships' surgeons knew more about hygiene and diet.

Many captive Africans believed that the Europeans they encountered on the West African coast were ____.

Cannibals

Which of the following created enormous demand for West African slaves in 16th century Brazil?

Sugar plantations

Rice cultivation encouraged the development of the ____ system in the low country

Task system

Which of the following was the most important reason that the British abolished the Atlantic Slave Trade?

The British economy became less dependent on agriculture by the late 1700's

Once captured Africans reached the coast, they were taken to fortified structures called ______.

Factories

How did a planter decide if a slave had been "seasoned"

The slave seemed psychologically stable and not suicidal

Historian Eric Williams has argued that ____

The terrors of the middle passage have been exaggerated

Which of the following was true of the ships' surgeons aboard slavers?

They were almost universally frauds

Why did Portuguese sea captains explore the west coast of Africa in the 15th century.

They were interested in trade

Overall, roughly ___ of enslaved Africans died during the Middle Passage or during "seasoning" on a Caribbean island.

a third

Maroon communities were made up of _______

escaped slaves

In the 15th and 16th centuries Europeans usually acquired African slaves ______

from African traders

After 1750, vaccinations helped reduce the incidence of ____ on board slavers

smallpox

The Anasazi developed farming communities in ____.

the American Southwest

Once at sea, slave ships travelled to the canary islands and from there to ___

the West Indies

What was the main reason colonial assemblies banned interracial marriages.

to keep white women from having mixed race children

What was the motive behind the establishment of Jamestown?

to make a profit

Why did sailors on slavers string up nets on the sides of the ship?

to prevent slaves from jumping overboard

Indentured servants who worked on Chesapeake tobacco plantations sold their freedom for a number of years in exchange for ____.

transportation to North America

The availability of large numbers of slaves in West Africa was a result of ____

wars

Which of the following helps explain why 32 people of African descent who arrived in Jamestown in the early 17th century were not considered slaves?

The English did not have a law establishing slavery

Which of the following best explains the growth of the slave population in the low country before 1750?

The arrival of new slaves from Africa

Tabby was used in _____

The construction of houses

Which of the following best characterizes the revolution that took place between the Chesapeake between 1640 and 1700?

The economy became dependent on black slave labor

Planation slavery in Florida is closely associated with the arrival of the ____

British

The "scramble" was _____

a particularly horrible way of selling slaves

Beginning in the ____, historical records in Virginia suggest a tendency to view African Americans as slaves.

1640's

In what century did the English become the dominant power in the Atlantic slave trade.

17th century

Which of the following helps explain why slavery was less extensive in the northern colonies than the southern colonies?

A cooler climate in the north

During the voyage to the Americas, enslaved Africans were fed ______

African foods

The growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade was driven by demand for the products of the Americas in ____.

Asia

The indigenous peoples of North America migrated to the Americas from ____

Asia

Which of the following cemented the connection between slavery and race in British North America?

Bacon's rebellion

Most of the British settlers who settled in Charlestown in 1670 came from ______

Barbados

In 1487 ____ discovered the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa

Bartolomeu Dias

Which of the following contributed to the demise of the Mississippian culture

Climate change

Which of the following best characterizes the voyages of Christopher Columbus in the late 1400's

Columbus made navigation mistakes that led to his accidental landfall in the Americas.

Which of the following events was a major turning point in the West African slave trade with Europeans?

Columbus' voyages

What disease was known to slave crews as "bloody flux"

Dysentery

______ dominated the Atlantic Slave Trade during the early 17th century

England

John Newton began his involvement in the Atlantic slave trade as an

Indentured servant

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between African Americans and American Indians during the colonial period?

Indians and African Americans had a complex relationship

The term miscegenation refers to _____

Interracial sexual contact

____ established England's claim to the east coast of North America.

John Cabot

Which of the following was closely associated with the great awakening?

Jonathan Edwards

Peru, ____, and central America were home to densely populated civilizations.

Mexico

Which of the following was true of most slave holders in the Chesapeake in the 18th century?

Most slave holders owned five or fewer slaves

New France can best be described as a _____.

Plantation economy

In the early 1400's, the ___ began to explore the coastline of Africa.

Portuguese

In the 17th and 18th centuries, New Spain's North American borderlands had _____.

Relatively few black people

Low-country plantations focused on the cultivation of _________

Rice

Which of the following was true of slave life in the colonial period?

Rice was a key a key part of the diet of lowcountry slaves.

Who was the first known Portuguese merchant to have formally traded for slaves with the Africans?

Ruy do Siqueira

Which of the following was true about the sell of slaves in the Americas?

Sales often took weeks or even months

Which of the following statements was true of the food supply for enslaved Africans aboard a slaver?

The food on board was often insufficient to prevent malnutrition.

Why did the African kingdoms of Guinea and western Central Africa fight fiercely to continue participation in the slave trade?

The kingdoms were economically dependent on the slave trade

Which of the following statements best describes the triangular trade system produced by the Atlantic slave trade?

The middle part of the trade included traders carrying African slaves to the West Indies and exchanging slaves for sugar.

The journal kept by the Dutch slaver St. Jan documented ____ aboard such ships.

The poor and inadequate food supply

Why did slave traders seek to separate enslaved Africans who spoke the same language?

To lessen the possibility of shipboard conspiracies.

Growing demand for ____ led to the expansions of the slave labor system in the Chesapeake

Tobacco

Which of the following turned Jamestown into a profitable enterprise?

Tobacco cultivation

Which of the following contributed the most to the high mortality rates among slaves making the crossing to the Americas.

Unsanitary conditions

The Islamic slave trade in West Africa dealt mostly in ____

Women and children

Which of the following was true of the Indian peoples of what is now the eastern portion of the United States?

Women often participated in ruling councils.

Which of the following might help explain the frequency with which enslaved women on board slavers were sexually abused?

Women were with less at sale than men were and there were fewer on board.

Under chattel slavery, enslaved Africans were the legal equivalends of _____

livestock

Jupiter Hammon's poetry focused on _______ themes.

religious

The Atlantic slave trade ____

required enormous amounts of capital from those involved.

Which of the following was a major component of the trans-Saharan trade?

slaves

The preservation of ____ created the foundation for African-American culture.

the west African extended family