African American History (Kodi Roberts)
Double "V" Campaign
"Victory of Fascism" inspired by a black paper called the Pittsburg Carrier Groups like the NAACP and the Urban League began pressuring FDR
Migration
*Africa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, & Southern Cities << tyhose who migrated befriend 1860, we looking for cropping and land jobs in the above places * Exodusters ^^ 1865- 1880: 40,000 African Americans migrating from the south to Kansas b. Nicodemus (1877- 1890) - All black town ^the Railroads refused to build a line through Nicodemus, damn
Selective Service & Rising African American troops
*marines didn't allowed African Americans at all 1. 15,000-370,000 meaning 13% African Americans in war 2. Segregation & white officers & NAACP a. Due to pressure from the NAACP, the army made a training school with 1,000 African American officers BUT there was limited progress Black remained under the command of white officers
Racial Etiquette & Violence
*physical contact, looks, hats, back doors, women, service, addressing whites blacks couldn't look or touch a white woman 00 not even brushing past her on the street * lynching & assault Whites: mister, misses, or miss Black adults: N I G G A, heavily disrespected
Second New Deal, 1935
-Supreme Court had invalidated a lot -conservative backlash was rising in response FDR put the SSA and WPA into action ^many provisions in the Second New Deal held more weight then those in the first
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
1. 1909 a group of influential mostly white supporter come together to create the NAACP 2. judicial and legislative systems for civil & political rights for African Americans' 3. By 1915, the NAACP has their first major victory when the Grandfather Clause was overturned in Guinness v. United States in Oklahoma 4. 1915: 30 NAACP branches and 6,000 members
Indictments of King & 100 Other Activists
1. Bayard Rustin ^^ he had been doing this type of organizing since the 1940s. So he was usually an after thought and kept out of the public (he was gay and the religion did not approve) 2. King, the FBI, & J. Edgar Hoover — Hoover was trying to press his FBI agents to prove that King was a communists; tapping his phone convo and hotel rooms ^^ November 13th, 1956: Supreme Court rules that bus segregation in Montgomery was illegal based on the precedent of Brown v. Board.
Racial Nationalism [Garvey & UNI=A (United Negro Improvement Association)]
1. Biography a. b.1887, British Jamaica, labor activism, UK immigrants 1914, Garvey returned to Jamaica to found the UNIA b. 1914 founding of UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association)
Discrimination
1. Black soldiers were often undertrained, under armed, labor battalions (42,000 of 380,000 blacks actually see combat) 2. African American Patriotism & regret **angered by the discrimination in the military
Emmet Till Murder (1955)
1. Money, Mississippi, & Bryant's grocery store 2. kidnapping & murder at Tallahatchie River
Protest Power during the War
1. NAACP memberships explodes (from 50,000- 450,000) 2. 1942: Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) formed a. formed by Chicago Christian pacifists: wanted to push a program of nonviolent direct action b. Led largely by James Farmer & Bayard Rustin CORE conducted sit ins and original freedom rides
The Movement reinvigorated (800 protests)
10 protestors killed including on Jun 12th, 1963 Medgar Evers being gunned down in his own driveway
Economic Shifts
1865-1890: Cotton price drop & farmer's are pushed into debt - many farmers are forced into tenant farming & sharecropping (60%) - by 1890 approximately 60% of southern farmers black and white worked land they did not own a. industrial revolution— allows large corporations, banks, and RR to dominate the US economy i. started land hoarding, bank dependency, and price gouging; leaving them at the mercy of railroads for shipping *which wasn't cheap*
Opposition
1870s: Patrons of Husbandry/ the Grange - initially a social and fraternal organization that promoted the formation of cooperatives and the involvement of politics 1880s: Farmers Alliances - encouraged small farmers to cooperatively sell their products and unite politically a. Populist agenda- farmer's alliances favored RR regulation, currency inflation, and supported agricultural education b. National Farmers Alliance (1888) - Most influential of all of the Farmer's Alliances
1862: James B. Weaver (Iowa)
1892- populists nominated Weaver for president - many populists argued that racism was a disguised to keep victims of rich v. poor distracted from the bigger problem
Republican Politics
1912: Roosevelt (Progressive party) v. Taft (Republican) v. Woodrow WIlson (Democrat) ^^^ political party split a. Dubois & Wilson (Wilson was a reform governor in NJ & president at Princeton Univ.) b.After Wilson was elected into office >> segregation of federal agencies, post office, & treasury departments
Oscar DePriest
1928, The first African American representative in Congress from a Northern state. <<from Illinois
March on Washington Movement
1941- billions of federal dollars were flowing into the war industry jobs and blacks knew they would receive very little of these jobs and so they were planning on marching in Washington to protest. FDR expected riots so he promised them equal opportunity if they didn't march
Attacking the NAACP
9 states (128,716 to about 79,677 drop) 246 southern branches of the NAACP are closed during this period
Available Jobs Accelerated Urban Migration of Black People
> 28% black male farm labor (300,000 black men leave agriculture) > 600,000 black female industrial workers (2/3 of these women were former domestic servants) > 1.5 million African Americans leave the south > black unions (200,000- 1.25 million)
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States. LARGEST OF ITS KIND TO THIS DAY
Cold War (1945-1991)
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
The Great Migration
A. 1910-1940: 1.75 million 1. agricultural diseases (boil weevils destroyed cotton crops & floods) push black folk out of the south and into Northern and Western cities 2. WWI shortages pulled black people into the North 3. No codified segregation, and increased educational opportunities < agents were sent to the south to recruit black workers, WWI cut off supply of cheap immigrant labor Black Neighborhoods 1. residential segregation and de facto Jim Crow ^ In the North, African Americans were allowed to vote and have access to better public schools - frequently concentrated in all black neighborhoods
Racial Nationalism (Black Institutions & Pan Africanism)
A. 1916- 1920: NAACP (9,000-90,000) 1. James Weldon Johnson field secretary 1918: Johnson hired Walter White to assist him
Road to Brown v. Board of Education
A. 1940: NAACP set up the Legal Defense & Educational Fund (LDEF) & there was a shift in Civil Rights struggles.
Disenfranchisement
A. Black Voting i. economic bribery & intimidation of sharecroppers & renters to refrain them from voting C. Anti- 15th Amendment laws i. literacy tests, poll taxes, & property qualification to disenfranchise black and white republican voters
End of WWII and beginning of Cold War
A. Germany (May 1945) & Japan Surrender(August 1945) B. Re-Discrimination in factory hiring C. U.S Capitalism v. Soviet Communism — America pumped money into west to build the economy and also formed NATO 1. "containment", proxy wars, & national budget > US reorganized the military forces ready for proxy wars but during the Cold War America was spending lots and lots of money 2. American racial policy & post-colonial Asia and Africa ^^ US became concerned about the emergence of post-colonial domination of Asia and Africa because of the growth of Soviet
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. ^^^Critiqued the NAACP in New York because it was a largely white staff with light skinned black people - met with KKK in Atlanta in 1922, and praised the supremacist saying they are better friends to the black race for telling them what they were
A. Phillip Randolph and the March on Washington
America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans. WANTED TO PRESSURE FDR TO MOVE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN THE WAR INDUSTRIES
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
April 15-17, 1960: Ella Baker, SCLC leader, held the Shaw University Conference/ Raleigh, North Carolina ^^ intent was to strengthen and support the student led movement because she thought SCLC had the wrong model and wanted to get to them before King did — delegated from 50 schools in 13 states give birth to the SNCC — Nonviolent but even more confrontational that direct action advocates add today
World War I (1914)
August 1914, war broke out in Europe 1916: Wilson was saying he kept the US out of war (anti-war election) v. Charles Evan Hughes (R) 1. German Submarine attacks ** multiple German sub attacks kept attacking US civilian ships causing US to go into war
Discrimination in the Armed Forces
Beginning of Desegregation 1. relaxed restrictions in most divisions on African Americans, after Pearl Harbor A. Navy was accepting blacks as sailors, non-commissioned officers, and officer training schools B. Marines accepted African Americans for the first time in their history (1942) C. Combat (1994) and integrated units
April 1963: sit-in & arrests (April 12)
Birmingham college student sit-ins May 10, 1963: integration downtown April 12th: King and other protesters were arrested in Birmingham and was sent a letter in jail
Discrimination in Mobilization (1939-1940)
Black people are aware of fascism. Massive Defense Spending lifted America out of global depression. Expansion of the military was conducted with exclusion. <excluding African Americans to the low status jobs such as aircraft j a n i t o r s. ~~Government training programs rejected AA because of the poor prospects of being hired in the Union after training
Southern Redemption
By 1875 democrats have regained authority in all confederate states besides MS, LA, FL, SC - using violence, democrats were able to do well in elections/ white league intimidation -Colfax, LA - 105 people were killed, 1873, when an armed mob attacked by the lake - 3,500 White League supporters murdered African Americans and had democrats refuse to pay taxes - 6 white and two black republicans were killed - nearly wiped out black militia and metropolitan police
Colored Farmer's Alliance (1888-1889)
CFA — 1 million members - was one of the largest black organizations in US history i. interracial alliance and electoral politics (state legislatures, Congress, & 4 governors) - white and black worked together and committed to solving common economic problem
Gayle v. Browder (November 13, 1956)
Capitalized on the talk about the bus boycott Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
1936 Election Landslide
Hard leftward shift of FDR's politics helped him to win the 1936 election by a landslide **FDR supporters: -southern wing of the democratic party -liberal farmers -working class union members in the north/west -African Americans especially in the North
Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904- 1971)
Harvard doctorate, African & Asian policy maker, Bunch was made advisor to the US delegation to the UN Charter — UN special committee on Palestine (1948), Negotiated Egypt-Israel Armistice (1949), Nobel Peace Prize (1950), Nobel Peace Prize (1950) African & African-American independence
Outbreak of War
Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), and Japan— Axis Alliance >> September 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland, Britain, and France and declared war Nazi Party blamed communism and jews for the social and economic problems in Germany * also declared ppl of African descent inferior and jazz was n i g g e r music
anti-lynching legislation
In 1922, the NAACP's lobbying efforts influenced the House of Representatives to pass ** don't get an anti-lynching law until the 21st century after BLM
U.S Democratic Rhetoric & FDR meeting & Executive Order #8802
In June 1941, FDR drafts executive order #8802 ^ this was the first major anti-discrimination since the 1800s - Discrimination in training programs ended - fair employment practices committee (FEPC) - limits: it does not desegregate the armed forces Reactions: racists do not like this order at all. this effectively made it so more and more black people were being employed ** Even though 8802 was incomplete, it set a precedent for what we think of the civil rights movement.
National Picketing of Chairs
In distant cities, black and white protestors were picketing chairs across the south
November 22nd 1963
JFK assassination
MLK arrested
JFK contacted Coretta Scott to offer her comfort and Robert Kennedy helped get King out of jail. This really helped gained a lot of support from black people resulting in winning the election against Nixon
The March on Washington (August 28, 1963)
Kennedy's failed Civil Rights bill: the bill was proposed but was not passed due to a lot of Southern resistance in the Congress — 250,000 supporters to Lincoln Memorial -Violent aftermath & moral outrage
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
Lead by E.D Nixon, with 26 year old Martin Luther King Jr. as the president, supported the Montgomery bus boycott and helped integrate buses
Louisiana's Grandfather Claus (1898)
Louisiana legislatives make it so any man who was eligible to vote before 1867 or had a grandfather that could vote that year was allowed to vote. ^^ caused the number of black voters to drop drastically from 130,000 (1896) to 1,342 (1904)
Massive White Resistance
Many southern states enacted laws that maintained racial segregation and blocked desegregation efforts. White Citizens' Councils (1955)— Businessmen, white collar professionals, & clergy (trying to make the desegregation look more sophisticated and professional) ^^ KKK is being reconstructed B. Political Resistance— VA school closing, Southern Manifesto & Strom Thurmond (1956) ^^ THURMOND issued a signing of the Southern Manifesto to push for resegregation
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
NAACP assembled a team of lawyers, psychologists, historians to eventually form Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.
Social Security Act (SSA)
New Deal program that provided retirement and unemployment insurance for American taxpayers
Tuskegee Airmen (1941)
One of the most successful units in the military services during WWII. Become famous for protecting bombers and we often requested by white air force > 15,500 sorties, 1,578 missions completed, 200 bomber escorts into Germany One of the most decorated units to serve in WWII
Election of 1960, Richard Nixon (R) v. John F. Kennedy (D)
Prior to the election people though Nixon was a "shoe in"
Race and Republican Politics
Racial solidarity and local elections - African American Congressional Districts - districts were often shaped strangely this limited whites represented by African American and diluted African American representation
Race & Republican Politics
Racial solidarity and local elections African American Congressional Districts - Congressional districts were often drawn in strange shapes a. limited whites represented by African American & diluted black voting strength b. presidential access and federal appointees
Domestic Anti-Communism
Red- baiting of liberals & equal right advocates — Anyone that was being difficult was accused of being a communist (lmao, i'm dead) << prosecuted, fired from jobs, or even put in jail >> 1951 House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) indicted WEB Dubois for "serving as an agent of a foreign principal." (being a spy)
The "Compromise" of 1877
Samuel Tilden (D) v. Rutherford B. Hayes - Tilden won popular vote by more than 250,000 and led Hayes 185 to 167 in the electoral college 1. popular and electoral majorities (LA, FL, SC, OR) 2. Republican collapse - Hayes withdrew the last federal troops in the south and the Republican representation collapsed
Black Star Line (1919)
Shipping line created by Marcus Garvey to get blacks back to Africa. Eventually required three ships one of them being called the Booker T. Washington
MS "Shotgun Policy"
Shotgun policy publicly announced...**** 1. 1874: Vicksburg (300 African Americans hunted) 2. 1875: 30 dead in Clinton, Mississippi - President Grant refused the governor of federal aid and democrats regained control of Mississippi
The Sit in Movement
Sit ins are involving students February 1, 1960: North Carolina A&T & the Greensboro, NC Woolworth (old department store) lunch counter ^ 4 freshman at NC A&T sat at the counter even though it was not allowed (they were allowed to shop but never sit) — they did homework at the counter until the store closed and as each day passed more and more black students joined them, eventually resulting in hundreds joining ** the Sit In movement caused many people who were not initially protesting to take stand
In Friendship (Stanley & Levinson & Ella Baker)
Stanley and Ella along with the NAACP made up the organization "In Friendship" In Friendship was formed to direct economic aid to the South's growing civil rights struggle.
Jo Ann Robinson & the Women's Political Council (WPC)
The Women's Political Council, founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1946 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city
J. Edgar Hoover
The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) who investigated and harassed alleged radicals, compiled information to have Garvey deported from the United States
Kennedy Administration
Thurgood Marshall and 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals ^^ 4o African American appointees & Robert Kennedy on Civil Rights Federal Troops were sent in to enforce the desegregation of many public places such as schools. ^ Kennedy's readiness to send in troops aided in increasing the support he got from black people
Emmett Till Murder (1955)
Till was a 14 year old boy brutally murdered by two white men while on vacation in Mississippi for 'flirting' with a white woman. - He was kidnapped and his body was beaten so that it was unrecognizable, newspapers published images of the body and as a result intense scrutiny was placed on the treatment of blacks in the south. — White men who murdered him were acquitted, but later blatantly admitted
Great Depression
Unemployment went from 3.2 to 13.7 million
The Crisis
WEB Dubois', official publication of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1913, had 30,000 subscribers)
State Relief Efforts
a. President Herget Hoover's economic Philosophy - refused to use federal resources for direct aide and put his faith in private industries b. Hoover's Racial Politics 1. African American Republicans & refused African Americans patronage jobs * damaged faith of African American voters in the Republican party
The Civil Rights Act. of 1964
abandoned discrimination in places
1889: Mississippi constitutional convention
aimed at people who still tried to vote a. required proof of residency & tax payments including $2 poll tax b. selective literacy tests could vote if you could understand and explain what the constitution was saying c. "black crimes"— arson, bigamy (married to more than one person at a time), petty theft ^disqualified citizens from voting but white crimes— murder, rape, grand larceny— didn't prevent you from voting
Birmingham, Alabama
became known for KKK terrorism and police brutality as well as bombings (as a reaction to the "children's crusade", they bombed SCLC headquarters and MLK's brother's house) ^^ James Bevel (SCLC) & "children's crusade" involved multiple children to get involved with the protest movements. >>**^^<< the police treated these CHILDREN brutally and beat them with knife batons
Arthur W. Mitchell
defeated Republican Oscar de Priest and became the first black democrat elected to Congress; represented black Chicago ^^ the span of ten years the African American communities started leaning a lot more towards the democratic party
The People's/ Populist Party
farmers and industrial workers were both represented by the populists party populist agenda- pushed for federal government takeover of the RR, telegraph, & telephone companies ^ to make sure the prices were fair for everybody also wanted government operation subtreasuries & loan systems for farmer benefit - wanted to represent, as a third party, these workers
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP)
founded on August 25, 1925 in New York City. The union was led by A. Philip Randolph and was the first predominately African American labor union.
South Carolina (1865)
goal to disenfranchise the already decreasing black vote
Segregation: Jim Crow
i. "Jump Jim Crow" — Thomas "Daddy" Rice (1830s-40s) a. Minstrel show routine preformed by people executing blackface ii. Railroads a. conductors often forced passengers of color to ride in second class cars
Oklahoma Migration
i. 1889: Congress dispossess the Five Civilized tribes of their land and dismantled their government ii. 1900: 1.5 million acres worth $11 million wowzah iii. More than 24 African American tows & the 1862 Homestead Act (granted 160 acres federal land for free to those who has settled and farmed for at least 5 yrs)
Plessy vs. Fergusson
i. 1891: Louisiana interstate train segregation ^^ started mandating on public transportation a. blacks put in second class cars with all of the soot from the trains because they were behind the locomotive engines ii. 1892: Comite des Citoyens & Homer Plessy * Homer attempted to test the law by purchasing a first class ticket (connected to the citizens committee) iii. 1896: Supreme Court Defeat — "separate but equal" doctrine
Southern States Migration
i. Atlanta, Richmond, & Nashville ii. Money, education, religion, & more entertainment ^ children being able to go to school because they are less needed for farm labor iii. Gender Gap in work & Black families - black families split so women can move to cities and work as domestic and men can remain to do farm labor in rural communities ix. Sharecropping perils (owners, merchants, crop liens, peonage) ^despite the migrations, most African Americans remained in the South as sharecroppers, etc. - because of lack of literacy, they were often cheated out of the correct payment debt to landowners and merchants often caused farmers to be left with nothing where they could not leave their land until their debt was paid (debt peonage)
First New Deal (1933-1935)
in the first 100 days legislation passed and aimed to overhaul financial & agricultural systems, industrial reform & federal relief efforts - also help the unemployed
Supreme Court under Justice Earl Warren
ruled against solely race based classifications 1. separate educational facilities are inherently unequal 2. Brown II (May 1955) between 1955- 1956 desegregation of public schools does eventually preceded Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, Oklahoma, and Mississippi
FDR & The New Deal
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) wins an easy victory over Herbert Hoover (1932), demonstrating that most voters blamed Herbert Hoover for the Great Depression * voting blocks & the New Deal shift of African American votes - - most African Americans were in support of Hoover but when the New Deal was enacted many AA switched over to the Democratic party
George Pullman & the Pullman Strike
George Pullman owned the company town for the Pullman Car Company. The Pullman strike was one of the biggest the employees protested wage cuts, high rent, and layoffs. ^^^This made the Pullman Car Porters were very good jobs for African American men because the pay was very good
UNIA Characteristics
- self-help, skills, education - African and African American history and culture - Negro World (weekly newspaper, lol), Negro Factories Corp, groceries, restaurants, printing plant, steam laundry, etc
Interracial cooperation & economic exploiters
- social segregation - most candidates pushed for strict segregation - congressional angered by populists, democrats in the south resorted to fraud and other methods to push out populists candidates ^ 235 people were lynched in the US 1892, many connected to the political situations
Eugene T. "Bull" Connor
Commissioner of Public Safety in Birmingham, Alabama during the Birmingham Movement. He was enraged at the use of children in working with the protesting so he ordered that ALL the demonstrators be sprayed with fire hoses and attacked by police dogs.
1927: President Calvin Coolidge Commuted Sentence
Commuted Garvey's prison sentence from 1925 in order to deport him
Politics
Democratic Resurgence -Black political participation: between 1877-1900 nearly every African American politician was pushed out of office in the South - Most African Americans remained loyal but many white republicans shunned them
NAACP & MIA File a Lawsuit
Despite the losses the city government refused to change to segregation laws
Montgomery Bus Boycotts
E.D. Nixon (was head of NAACP and the BSCP) churches, black colleges — December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks is arrested ^ parks maintained the decision to not move from her seat was spontaneous Organization: >> Martin Luther King Jr. — Holt St. Baptist Church — Education (Morehouse @15, Boston University at 25, Dexter Ave Church, AL) >>3,381 days/ 200 vehicles/ economic support ($2,000/ week) - bus company lost over 65% of the demand
African American Federal Appointments
Eleanor Roosevelt & racial justice: invited AA people to the White House to discuss issues in the their communities 1. White House invitations 2. African American government employment ^^ rise of qualified and skilled African American people
Marian Anderson Incident (1939)
Eleanor Roosevelt publicly resigned her membership of the Daughter's of America Revolution when they refused the allow black opera singer Marian Anderson to perform
Mary McLead Bethune (National Youth Administration)
Eleanor convinced FDR to recruit African American American's into government positions. Roosevelt's Black Cabinet (Federal Council on Negro Affairs) ———-Mary McLead Bethune was appointed the in the National Youth Administration and was one of only three women ** perhaps one of the most important
Electoral Politics & Civil Rights
Election of 1960 - Nixon placating in the South JFK, MLK arrest & Coretta Scott King (Robert Kennedy)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Ella Baker, Bayard Rustin, Martin Luther King -Focused efforts on voting rights for African Americans which they believed would be the gateway to fixing the other problems - advised Montgomery style bus boycotts in Tallahassee and Atlanta
The Populist Party
Farmer discontent Limited black participation v. yeoman farmers v. planters, businessmen, & lawyers - militant democrats wanted African Americans out of politics a. resented not only black participation but planters, businessmen, & lawyers
Conservative agenda
Favored limited government, reduced state support, and industry and railroads -division and paternalism (the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest) many liked the idea of separation like colleges
Niagara Movement (1905)
Founded by W.E.B. DuBois to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts; end segregation & discrimination in unions, courts, & public accommodations; equality of opportunity - black suffrage, end to segregation, improved schools, healthcare & housing a. 1908: collapse of the movement (conflicts & public opinion)
