AGING EXAM 1
functional age
( loose correlation with chronological age) Number of chronic conditions Degree of functional impairment Young old (Healthy individuals age 65- 85) Old-old (Unhealthy or > 85)
Trends in Population aging
1. An aging population 2. Increasing life expectancy 3. Rising numbers of the oldest old 4. Growing burden of non communicable disease 5. Aging and population decline 6. Changing family structure 7. Shifting patterns of work and retirement 8. Evolving social insurance programs
According to the textbook, the maximum human lifespan appears to be around
120 yrs
maximum life span for humans
122
The Seattle Longitudinal Study found that the steepest average intellectual declines come after age ___
60
Young-Old
65 to 74
Old-old
75-84
oldest-old
85 and over
According to the Duke Longitudinal Study of Aging (1981), what percentage of older adults said they had never been bored in the previous week?
9 out of 10
Age Stratification
A method that sociologists use to divide society into chronological age groups (e.g., "adolescents," "middle-aged") with distinctive characteristics of those groups hierarchal ranking of people into age groups Old and young Can lead to inequality
Learned Helplessness
A pattern of dependency and depression resulting from a social environment that reinforces passivity
Age Differentiation
A process whereby people are socialized to act in different ways according to chronological age certain roles and behaviors are considered appropriate based on chronological age Student Spouse Parent Grandparent
Locus of Control
A range of subjectively perceived abilities to manage oneself in the environment
Cross-Sectional Methodology
A research methodology in which people at different ages are studied at a single point in time
Subculture of aging theory
A theoretical perspective based on the belief that people maintain their self-concepts and social identities through their membership in a defined group (subculture) Two significant consequences: Identification of themselves as old/distant from rest of youth-oriented society Growing group consciousness that may create possibility of political influence and social action
Activity Theory of Aging
A view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life
Cognitive Theory of Aging
A view of aging that emphasizes individual subjective perception, rather than actual objective change itself, as the factor that determines behavior associated with advanced age
Activity Theory
Activity Theory: argues that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life Opposite view of Disengagement Theory May be difficult for "old-old" people because of physical changes with aging cons: Access to social opportunities and activity are not available to all Not everyone finds fulfillment in the participation of activities Likely that participation in informal activities such as hobbies do effect life satisfaction
delirium
Acute Confusional State Incoherence of thought and speech Restlessness, agitation Disorganized thinking Begins with confusion and progresses to disorientation Common and life-threatening complication May be mistaken for dementia Causes include: infection, Sensory deprivation or overload, fecal impaction, medications Timely identification of delirium using Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Rapid diagnosis and treatment of underlying cause Provide a therapeutic environment Calm, quiet, day and night Management of disruptive behaviors, and supportive care Medication should be used as a last resort Antipsychotics prevention Early mobilization Control pain Prevent sleep deprivation Eyeglasses and hearing needs in place Minimize psychoactive drugs Therapeutic activities for cognitive impairment
Medication Management - psychotropics
Affect patient brain function, behavior, or experience Appropriate for the three Ds: "danger, to the resident or others; distress for thepatient; dysfunction of the patient including interference with basic nursing care" Find the lowest effective dose with the least adverse effects
Age stratification theory
Age serves as a basis of social control Different age groups have a varying access to social resources such as political and economic power Behavioral norms dictate what members of any age cohort may reasonably do These norms develop culturally based ideas about how people should "act their age"
speed of processing
Aging does affect the speed with which cognitive and motor processes are performed May take longer to process new information
women and aging
Aging is a "woman's problem" Marital status is an important determinant of health and well-being Influences income, mobility, housing, intimacy, and social interaction Majority of older women are likely to be poor, live alone, and have a greater degree of functional impairment and chronic disease Women have an average life expectancy of an additional 20.4 years after 65 Men have an average life expectancy of an additional 17.8 years after 65 Older men are much more likely to be married than older women 72% of men versus 45% of women, 2010 It is projected that there will be 1.5 billion people aged 65 and older in the world by 2050
Programmed theory
Aging is genetically programmed to occur with time and this process of deterioration eventually leads to death Aging is inherent in the organism and not simply a result of environmental factors or disease Aging is a programmed natural and necessary part of genetics We are programmed to age and die
Cross linkage theory
Aging of living organisms depends on formation of chemical bonds or cross-links between protein molecules. Repair enzymes of the cell cannot break these bonds As we age, progressive accumulation of cross links occur in most tissues causing decline in elasticity cross
Successful aging
Aging well. 3 main components: avoiding disease and disability maintaining mental and physical function continuing engagement with life
reproductive system
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) ½ men age 50 years and older have symtoms Increased size of the gland Frequent urination Nocturnal urination
temperature
Body loses ability to regulate heat and cooling with age Loss of fatty tissue beneath skin Decreased blood circulation Tolerate cold poorly Decreased sweat leads to harder to cool down in hot weather Heat exhaustion Heat Stroke
skeletal system
Bone loss Bone is broken down faster than made Osteoporosis -loss of height -back pain -curving of the spine - 10 million Americans - calcium -weight bearing exercise arthritis Affects 1/3 men and ½ women Joint pain, swelling and deformity Overuse syndrome Trauma / injury Osteoarthritis Wear and tear cartilage degrades over time rheumatoid arthritis Autoimmune disorder Involves inflammation of synovial membranes Causes deformity and disability muscle mass/strength Gradual loss in muscle mass May lose 30% muscle mass between age 30 and 80 Reduced activity /inactivity can lead to greater decreases in muscle mass Exercise and strength training recommended
plasticity and the aging brain
Brain composed of 86 billion neurons Until 1960's thought that brain changes/growth ended in early adulthood Newer research suggests ongoing neurogenesis or plasticity Ability to create new connection and in some cases new neurons Cognitive and/or mental training can stimulate brain functional reorganization and repair
Wear and tear theory
Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting in aging Like components of an aging car parts of the body eventually wear out from repeated use killing them and the body
Lewy body dementia
Characterized by abnormal cell structures in the cerebral cortex called Lewy bodies Associated closely with Parkinson's disease Symptoms similar to AD but also Parkinson symptoms Extrapyramidal features also found: rigidity, bradykinesia, flexed posture, and shuffling gait Prominent fluctuations in communication and psychiatric symptoms and hallucinations Average life span after dx 7 years
Dementia
Chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Language deficits Apraxia ( difficulty with manipulation of objects) Agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects) Agraphia (difficulty drawing objects) Impaired Executive Function Folstein mini-mental exam
vascular dementia
Chronic, progressive impairment of cognitive function Gradual or abrupt onset Impaired learning, reasoning, orientation Second most common cause of dementia in older people Caused by ischemic, hypoperfusive or hemorrhagic brain lesions Risk Factors: HTN PVD A fib Obesity DM Smoking
Alzheimers disease
Chronic, progressive neurogenerative disorder Most common type of dementia More common in women Sixth leading cause of death in US Brain lesions, neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, neuronal loss, and brain atrophy Change in the ability to learn and retain new information Trouble with language and recognizing objects Deteriorating course over 8 to 10 years Genetic factors Early-onset Alzheimer—ages 30 to 60, named familial Alzheimer disease (FAD), caused by one of any number of different single-gene mutations on chromosomes 1,14, and 21 Most cases of Alzheimer develop after age 60, combination of lifestyle, genetics, and environmental factors One genetic risk factor appears to increase the risk of developing the disease and that is related to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene found on chromosome 19 Clinical manifestations Identified by family members: individual's repeated questions and statements, forgetting to pay bills or take medications, increasing problems with orientation, and geographic disorientation Symptoms: forgetfulness and memory loss, language deterioration, impaired ability to mentally process visual information, poor judgment, confusion, restlessness, and mood swings Diagnostic studies No validated test available for diagnosis Autopsy remains gold standard for diagnosis Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans used to identify hippocampal atrophy associated with diagnosis Treatment No cure for AD Medications may slow progression symptoms for a limited time Cholinesterase inhibitors: mild to moderate disease delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse Aricept, Excelon, Razadyne Namenda (Memantine) is used to treat moderate to severe delays the progression of some of the symptoms
Modernization Theory
Claims that the status of older adults declines as societies become more modern Old age was valued in agricultural society where the elders controlled the land Caring for an elderly relative is seen as a voluntary act rather than obligation
sundown syndrome
Commonly observed tendency for people with dementia to become more confused and agitated around late afternoon to nightfall No specific cause for occurrence Behavioral interventions-redirection, provision of companionship and empathy, environmental modifications in lighting, and noise reduction Identification and treatment of any physiologic factors that may contribute to behaviors
Neuroendocrine control theory
Damage or injury to the hypothalamus and decreased hormone receptor sensitivity ultimately leads to hormonal imbalance which in turn leads to premature aging Low levels of hormones are associated with increased risk of chronic disease like heart disease and cancer Longevity is increased when the neuroendocrine system is functioning properly
age related changes of neurological system
Decreased number of neurons Neurodegenerative and neurochemical changes Changes in ability to learn and retain new information easily Delayed recall Memory storage Memory retrieval
Disengagement Theory
Earliest theory Suggests that withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old With withdrawal comes greater freedom from the pressure to conform Social withdrawal is gendered an experienced differently by men and women Men focus on work and women focus on marriage and family Pros: People can become more reflective about their lives People can become less constrained by social roles People become more discerning about relationships, which can help them adjust to increasing frequency of serious illness and death among their peers Cons: The suggestion that old-age is a distinct state in life with distinct roles and activities was groundbreaking when first introduced Criticism focuses on the idea that seniors universally withdrawal from society It does not allow for wide variation of the way people experience aging Supports Ageist attitudes towards older adults
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
Everyday tasks that are required for people to live on their own, such as the abilities to feed oneself, go to the toilet, take a bath, and get out of bed
screening cognition tests
Functional Assessment Dementia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS) Cognitive Assessment Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Mini cog—screens for cognitive impairment Depression Assessment The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
cardiovascular system
Heart Muscle atrophy Reduction in amount of blood pumped with each contraction Blood Vessels Less pliable Raises blood pressure Increase risk for heart disease Increase risk for heart attack
Metabolic theory
Individual differences in the rate of aging are determined by the efficiency with which an organism transforms resources into metabolic energy Metabolic stability is a measure of the cells ability to maintain function in the face of stress Without stability the cell's function is compromised Aging is a result of cellular instability
Crystallized intelligence
Involves knowledge that comes from prior learning more past experiences Based on facts and rooted in experiences Example: Reading comprehension Vocabulary exams As we age and accumulate knowledge an understanding, crystallized intelligence become stronger
intelligence
Knowledge or experience accumulated over time, actually remains stable with age "fluid" intelligence or abilities not based on experience or education tend to decline
Blue zones
Lorma Linda, California Sardinia, Italy Okinawa, Japan Nicoya, Costa Rica Icaria, Greece Regions of the world where people live longer than average Areas of focus for research Findings consistent with balance of good habits and social engagement Some identified themes Regular exercise, life purpose, moderate alcohol intake, engagement in spirituality or religion and family life
paranoia
May reflect individual's basic insecurity about progressive memory and sensory losses Interventions Securing valuables in locked locations Avoiding the use of confrontation and the application of logic Looking in wastebaskets before emptying Not whispering or behaving in a secretive manner Marking all personal items with that individual's name
factors affecting cognition
Medications which may produce side effects such as drowsiness and mental dullness; Sensory changes which can interfere with the processing of information (e.g., loss of hearing which can affect whether or not someone's name is heard when introduced); Health related changes such as arthritis and pain which can affect cognitive areas such as concentration and processing speed; and Changes in mood such as depression and anxiety which can alter one's motivation to learn new information and to apply active strategies.
Free Radicals
Molecules of oxygen ionized because of an extra electron
Ageism in the workplace
Most common Stereotypes: Less productive More expensive Less adaptable More rigid Cannot learn new material Research shows that interest, motivation and skills do not decline with age Studies show no correlation between age and job performance Productivity does not decline with age Substantial progress in eliminating ageist polices Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 No longer advertise for "age thirty five and younger" Training and promotions must be available to all employees regardless of age Subtle attitudes persist Not hired because "over qualified" Denied promotions because lack potential
hallucinations and delusions
Most often visual but may be auditory Evaluate for medical cause—overmedication, toxicity, fever, infection, or a combination of causes may trigger response If hallucination is disturbing to older person, offering protection and security may help calm patient Reasoning or logic is ineffective Behavior modification is treatment of choice
Parkinson's disease
Neurological Disorder develops slowly over time Death of nerve cells in the brain Loss of dopamine causes characteristic signs of Parkinson's Tremor Rigidity poor balance blank stare possible dementia
catastrophic reactions
Outbursts or overreaction toward minor stresses Precipitated by emotional and sensory overload and aggravated by fatigue, overstimulation, inability to meet expectations, or misinterpretation of actions or words Signs of impending reaction might include restlessness or refusals to carry out tasks Interventions Removing the individual from the environment where the reaction is occurring Providing a calming atmosphere to distract the individual Using a calm tone of voice, touch, and reassurance Temporarily separating the individual from the causative source
Ageism: elderspeak
Patronizing speech Simpler vocabulary and slower speech rate More pitch variation than typical speech Experienced negatively by high functioning elderly people Do you use Elderspeak?
resources for families
Physical and mental strain placed on caregivers can be significantly reduced if available resources are identified and used Family support groups Respite services Adult day care Home health care Legal services Community mental health centers Psychiatric hospitals
Ageism
Prejudice or negative stereotypes about people based on chronological age Prejudice against elderly Occurs throughout society Television Advertising Movies Stores Hospitals Jobs Like racism and sexism, aging is a social disease fed by stereotypes Elders are lumped together under "Old" Common descriptors: Senile, grumpy, incompetent, feeble Cute, adorable, warm, trustworthy Treats people differently because they are old Can be intentional, deliberate Can be inadvertent when people attribute certain characteristics to a person because of their age Perceptions and thoughts are made instantaneously without conscious or effort which is why they remain insidious
frontotemporal dementia
Rare Characterized by focal atrophy of frontal and anterior temporal regions Risk factors—poorly understood Progressive behavior/personality decline Primary progressive aphasia Progressive motor decline Focal atrophy of frontal or temporal regions on MRI No tx
memory
Remote memory or recall of past events that have been stored over many years remains preserved in old age Recent memory or the formation of new memories, however, is more vulnerable to aging
late life intelligence
Research on intelligence in later life often conflates (confuses) intelligence, wisdom, and creativity There are not agreed on definitions of wisdom and creativity, or agreed upon ways of measuring these capacities Impacts research on late life intelligence
Sensory organs
See, hear, touch, taste and smell Loss of sensitivities occurs with age Gradual decline vision Presbyopia Inability to focus on near objects Easily treated with glasses Cataract Opacity of the lens (not normal part of aging) Increased intraocular pressure from blockage in canals that allow fluid to move through the eye Leads to blindness hearing Hearing loss / Presbycusis 23% men 12% woman Different rates of loss in each ear High pitched sounds are first to go Can lead to social isolation Hearing aids amplify sounds smell and taste Closely related Eat, smell and taste food simultaneously Loss of smell most pronounced over age 70 Degeneration of taste buds over time Can lead to poor nutrition May increase seasoning to increase taste
biological aging
Senescence (Normal Biological Aging): a time-dependent biological process involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death. Gompertz Law—death rates for contemporary humans double every 8 years (ex., a 38-year-old would be twice as likely to die as a 30-year-old) Additionally, at any given age, men are twice as likely to die as women
attention
Simple or focused attention such as the ability to attend to a television program tends to be preserved in older age. Divided attention: watch TV and talk on the phone may be affected with age
nervous system
Sleep, mood, intelligence and memory Some neuronal loss and brain shrinkage with aging Balance and Falls / Cerebellum Loss of balance and coordination 2 types of sleep Slow wave sleep and REM sleep Slow wave 4 stages from light (stage 1) to deep (stage 4) Dreaming occurs in REM (4-6 times a night) Slow wave and REM alternate throughout the night REM sleep decreases Older adult sleeps less each night Awaken more frequently Spend less time in deep sleep By age 70, few experience any Stage 4 deep sleep 65% older adults experience trouble sleeping
aging body
Sometimes difficult to distinguish between aging body and disease process Diminished reserve increases vulnerability Normal aging rarely lethal Age related diseases can lead to death Heart disease Cancer Osteoporosis Alzheimer'
Free radical theory
States that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electrons an outer shell and it causes oxidative damage to cells that it comes in contact with
Continuity theory
Substitutes similar roles for lost ones Continue to maintain similar adaptation strategies As we age we become more of what we were Basic personality, attitudes, and behaviors remain constant throughout the life span Each person provides their own standard for successful aging
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems A global capacity to reason Example: Solving puzzles Developing problem-solving strategies Fluid intelligence tends to decline in late adulthood
Age Grading
The designation of people into categories based on chronological age, for example, in public school systems
Life Span
The hypothetical maximum possible length of life, determined by observing the longest any member of a species has lived
wandering
The most challenging behaviors to manage in older persons with cognitive impairments May wander in response to need to use bathroom or combat boredom Interventions Ensuring an environment safe for wandering Informing neighbors and police of problem Having the person wear a medical alert bracelet Observing potential wandering trigger behaviors Maintaining a regular activity and exercise
Life Expectancy
The predicted length of life, usually from some specific point in time, such as birth
Role Loss
The process of giving up or losing previous roles, such as the role of spouse (with widowhood) or the role of worker (with retirement)
Immunity theory
The process of human aging is a generalized form of prolonged auto immune phenomenon Do you rate of aging is controlled by The immune system Immune function decreases with age Chronic disease is caused by changes in immune system
Continuity Theory of Aging
The view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life they developed in earlier years
reasoning and problem solving
Traditional ways of approaching solutions are maintained with age Problems that have never been encountered may take extra time to figure out
biological theories of aging
Two basic kinds of theory of aging: Chance—the result of external events Fate—the result of an internal necessity
language
Verbal abilities including vocabulary are preserved as we age word retrieval or the process of getting words out may take The information is not lost but it is more difficult to retrieve
The most influential measure of global or general intelligence in use today is the
Wechsler adult intelligence scale (wais)
skin and hair
Wrinkles Loss of collagen Sagging Skin Hair loss Male pattern baldness Unwanted hair growth Greying hair Loss of melanocytes Most common form of human cancer ½ of Americans who live to 65 will develop a skin cancer Basal Cell carcinoma Most common Squamous Cell carcinoma Melanoma Most serious Lifetime exposure to UV rays Most cancers occur >age 50 Fair skin that freckles greatest risk Tanning beds Dramatic increase in melanoma
In order to understand the role of religion in later life, social scientists need to distinguish formal religious behavior from ______.
an inner attitude of spirituality
Which of the following refers to the idea that there are traits that are beneficial in early life but harmful in later life?
antagonistic pleiotropy
The free radical theory claims that the body itself produces so-called ______ substances as a protection against free radicals.
antioxidants
Which of the following might be an example of the term "multidimensional disengagement
as people grow older they may attend church less often but engage in more personal religious practice such as reading the bible
life expectance
average number of years lived United States Females 81.2 years Males 76.4 years
Older adults tend to take longer to learn new things
because of lack of practice because of lack of motivation because of differences in learning styles
Biological indicators that can identify features of the basic process of aging are called
biomarkers
The Disengagement Theory of Aging looks at old age as a time when
both the older person and society engage in mutual separation
Social researchers theorize that religion helps older adults cope in which of the following ways?
by reducing the stress of late life illness by providing a sense of meaning in life by offering social networks and activities by strengthening inner resources
Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of biological theories of aging, which include _
chance and fate
Which of the following aspects of psychological functioning is most affected by the normal aging?
cognitive functioning
The degree of unused potential for learning that exists at any given time is called _
cognitive reserve capacity
everyday intelligence
common sense"; involves pragmatic or social judgment, which is more than abstract reasoning
According to the textbook, which theory stands out as an important reminder of how critical biological research will be for the future of an aging society?
compression of morbidity theory
The most widely pervasive view of adulthood assumes _
continuous deterioration and decline
The type of intelligence that reflects accumulated prior experience and the effects of socialization is called ___
crystallized intelligence
According to the textbook, fluid intelligence ______ with age, while crystallized intelligence ______ with age.
declines . . . increases
The theory that people can optimize their cognitive functioning by drawing on their strengths or compensating for losses is called _
decrement with compensation
Which of the following is a question that gerontologists seek to explore about old age
does old age have meaning for society how do individuals experience their lives as meaningful in later life how do we imaging our future older selves and what will be meaningful to us as we grow older
everyday problem solving
expertise in life planning
James Fowler (1981) developed a framework describing how people move from simpler, more literalist ideas of religion to levels where they see themselves in more universal terms. This framework was called ____
faith stages
According to the textbook, the biological aging process is the direct result of a rigid genetic program and is inevitable for all species
false
According to the textbook, the world that human beings live in has no shared meaning of any importance.
false
Biological aging is best seen as a disease process.
false
Biologists believe that diet is unimportant as an influence on longevity.
false
Chronological age alone is a strong predictor of an individual's functional capacity.
false
Cross-sectional research studies are the best way to track changes over time.
false
Longitudinal studies show that nearly all older adults show significant global declines in intelligence as they age.
false
Most of the characteristic qualities of old age are universal among all species.
false
Normal aging is a disease process that results in decline and death.
false
Question 18 of 21 Participation in intellectual and political leisure activities does not have protective benefits for cognition during later life.
false
Roles such as "student," "retiree," "grandmother," and "first-time father" are strictly linked to chronological age.
false
Studies of older people in previous decades provide a solid, reliable basis for judging what older people are capable of today or in the future.
false
The biggest determining factor in explaining learning ability is chronological age.
false
The stages of life have always been viewed in the same ways throughout history.
false
With aging comes a normal reduction in creative ability.
false
Women are more biologically fragile than are men.
false
One of the biggest obstacles to researching creativity in later-life has been
finding an acceptable definition of creativity
The type of intelligence that is defined as intelligence applied to new tasks, or the ability to come up with novel or creative solutions to problems, is known as _
fluid intelligence
Churches and other religious organizations play many roles in the lives of older Americans, including which of the following
formal religious programs pastoral care programs sponsoring or providing social services
For most older Americans surveyed, the greatest meaning in their lives came from
human relationships
population projections
in 2030 all baby boomers will be greater than 65 1 in 5 will be retirement age Population aged 85 or older is expected to be 8.5 million by 2020 In 2010, Americans aged 65 and older numbered 41.4 million 18% increase since 2000 1 in 8 persons is an older American Accounts for 13.3% of the United States population
An activity engaged in for its own sake is known as
leisure
The perspective taken by the textbook that seeks to understand "old age" by understanding the entire course of human life is called the
life course perspective A perspective from which aging is viewed as part of the totality of human life, understood as a successive series of stages, from infancy through old age
Which of the following is the best research approach for following the same individuals over a long period of time?
longitudinal research
Studies that look at groups of young and old people at a single point in time are called cross-sectional studies. Studies that follow the same subjects over many years are called __
longitudinal studies
The capacity for the brain to form new neurons throughout adulthood is known as _
neuroplasticity
Which term refers to "an underlying time-dependent biological process that involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death"?
normal aging
While life expectancy (average expected years of life from birth) has risen over time, life span (the maximum possible length of life) has
not changed at all
functional reserve
older adults have a lower functional reserve than younger adults. This means they take longer or don't always bounce back from things such as illness like a younger person would. For instance, a young adult gets the flu and recovers, whereas an older adult may get the flu but never recover
The textbook says, "The future of an aging society will be shaped by all of us because the old are simply"
our future selves
According to one widely shared view, the agenda for gerontology should be to promote the social integration of the aged by which of the following means __
participation in group activities, social involvement, and participatory roles of all kinds
Everyday intelligence, aka common sense, involves ____
pragmatic or social judgment which is more than abstract reasoning
The concept that metabolism and life expectancy are closely correlated is called the
rate of living concept
The body's ability to recover from assaults and withstand demands such as physical exertion is known as _
reserve capacity
The only environmental approach that has been shown to potentially extend life span in mammals is _
restricting caloric intake
Special events that mark the transition from one role to another are known as
rites of passage
Another term for biological aging is
scenescence
The idea that people in a society share beliefs about the appropriate age for certain life events is called a/an
social clock
Which of the following still define transitions throughout life?
social policies and institutions
According to the Global Perspectives section, Blue Zones are
specific regions across the globe with high rates of longevity
In later life, patterns of leisure activity __
stay relatively the same as in midlife
wisdom
the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, common sense an understanding
Which theory says aging is programmed into our bodies like a clock ticking away from the moment of conception?
the aging clock theory
Which theory claims that the body may eventually become defective and no longer distinguish between its own tissues and foreign tissues?
the autoimmune theory
Population aging
the average age of the population is increasing and the proportion of the population made up of people ages 65 and older is rising results from 2 factors: people are living longer and birthrates are decreasing
Which theory argues that aging results from the progressive weakening of capacity for cell division, perhaps through exhaustion of the genetic material?
the cellular theory
Which theory believes the changes we see with age result from the accumulation of collagen compounds that gradually become stiff?
the cross linkage theory
According to Goldberg, the "wisdom paradox" suggests that
the mind can grow stronger as the brain grows older
According to the text, _______ embodies expectations of what is fair or right
the moral economy
The "classic aging pattern" is defined as
the persistent difference in performance on measures of verbal and performance intelligence
The problem of measuring "real" intelligence is known as
the validity problem
"Compression of morbidity" refers to the displacement of aging-related disease and declines as late in the life course as possible.
true
An active mind can be a defence against mental decline.
true
Churches and religious organizations play many roles in the lives of older people.
true
Compression of morbidity is attractive because delaying dysfunction would enhance the quality of life, extend life expectancy, and reduce health care costs.
true
Each successive cohort of older adults is more highly educated than previous cohorts.
true
Faith can take on new meanings as we grow older.
true
For any individual, length of life will be the result of both genetic and environmental factors
true
Human beings have an average life expectancy and a maximum life span about twice as great as any other primate.
true
In some societies, particularly in the East, old age is viewed as an appropriate time for spiritual exploration and artistic development.
true
Slower processing speed or reaction time usually isn't a factor in everyday cognitive performance.
true
Social structures, not age itself, determine the uses of time in later life.
true
The percentage of adults reporting that they are religiously unaffiliated has been increasing.
true
We should be skeptical of any broad generalizations or unqualified claims about either the decline or the stability of intelligence with aging.
true
How the meaning of old age will change in contemporary postindustrial societies is _
unclear
Which theory sees aging as the result of chance and dates back to Aristotle?
wear and tear theory
Which of the following is the proper sequence referring to the distinctions that are made between age groups?
young old -> old old -> oldest old
Which of the following is not one of the reasons why younger people tend to do better on IQ tests?
younger people are naturally much smarter than older people