AGNR 180 FINAL EXAM
Ethical considerations in HDNR:
Tuskegee incident: -US public health service -1932-1972 "free medical care" -not informed nor treated for syphilis -institutional review board
Environment
The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Malnoutrition
"Bad + nutrition" - Quantity: correct amount of food -Quality: correct type of food
Did the Green Revolution Succeed?
- Dramatic rise in grain production - Hundreds of millions of people saved from starvation - Strides forward in agricultural scientific discovery
Entemology and Plant Pathology Speaker
- Ghana - food security crops - frafra potato - mint family - high in calcium and iron - antimalarial and controls tick-born diseases - cacoa
What is an NGO?
- non-government organization -"non-profit" -vary in scale and focus -altruism: selfless organization
HDNR: issues studied
-hunting & fishing -participation in conservation programs -visitor satisfaction -patterns of natural resource use -conservation behavior
Pacific Institute: Soft Path solutions to global water crisis
-improve productivity of water rather than seek endless new supply -Complement centrally-planned infrastructure with community scale projects -Involve stakeholders in key decisions to protect environment and public interest -Improved technology, improved conservation, truly democratic, just decision-making
Quantitative data
-surveys -sophisticated statistical analyses
Important Micronutrients
1. Iron - lack of iron can cause anemia 2. Vitamin A - lack of vitamin A can cause blindness 3. Iodine - lack of iodine can cause mental impairment
Types of Corruption
1. Petty: everyday, low-level abuse. Ex: skipping the line in socialized healthcare. 2. Political: Manipulation of politics, institutions, and rules of procedure. Ex: A president reaps personal profit for selling timber. 3. Grand: High level Ex: Cameroon
4 Goods
1. private: ipad, DVD player 2. Toll: bridge 3. Common Pool: river-> can be depleted 4. Public: public parks
Hunger
A weakened condition brought about by prolonged lack of food.
Gender is idealized What does that mean?
An ideal is a standard against which real cases can be compared.
What is a watershed?
Area of land that drains to a particular point along a stream
Biologists
Human impacts on natural resources
Nepal and Deforestation
Many of deforestation problems are results of institutional failure (or lack of institutions) Undefined property rights Lack of enforcement/benefit sharing mechanism Top-bottom approach of management does not work. Nepal has shown that a community can use natural resources to help a community grow and recover from Tragedy of the Commons.
Chico Mendez
Rubber tapper who defended the land from ranchers who cleared the forests.
Elinor Ostrom
Says that Hardin is WRONG because: - people can work together - common pool resources
Biofortification
The idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Norman Borlaug's Achievements
-Nobel Prize -Average grain yield from 1961-1985 increased - Set the world trajectory for grain yield to rise after the 1970s - doubled wheat production after 20 yrs
best water management practices
-Riparian Buffers -Livestock control -Silt fences -Detention ponds -Previous materials
Corruption
-misuse/abuse of power for private gain -concentration of wealth and power -secrecy, dishonesty - The Transparency International Corruption Index shows the index of corruption in each country
Virunga
-oldest national park in Dominican Republic of the Congo. -Oil underneath the park- exploitation -home to gorillas -important to tourism
Jared Diamond and the "Evil Quartet"
Evil Quartet is 4 things that cause the loss of biodiversity. 1. Chains of Extinction 2. Overharvest 3. Habitat Destruction 4. Invasive Species
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
List of 17 global goals set by the UN. Ex: no poverty, zero hunger, good health/well-being
Community mapping
Members of a community come together to draw out a map to better locate important resources and to understand sense of place.
Food Security
When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious foods to maintain a healthy and active life. It is a more comprehensive term than hunger. It includes those who are hungry and those who are at risk of hunger.
A conflict of values and cultures
trophy and sport hunting -tens to hundreds of thousands $/ animal -can be well regulated -can be good for wildlife management -can be very corrupt -culturally controversial
qualitative data
-descriptive notes -recordings & transcriptions -documents
Three components that constitute food security
1. Availability - consistently available sufficient quantities of appropriate, necessary types of food from: - domestic production - commercial imports - donors 2. Access - Individuals have adequate incomes or other resources to purchase or barter to obtain levels of appropriate food needed to maintain consumption of an adequate diet/ nutrition level. 3. Use - food is properly used - proper food processing and storage techniques are employed - adequate knowledge of nutrition and child care techniques exist and are applied. - adequate health and sanitation services exist
Sunshine Laws
Allow people, in certain areas, to walk into political/council meetings. More transparent-> less corrupt
Food
Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and grow.
Hidden Hunger
Hidden hunger is a type of hunger you can't see with your eyes. People look well-nourished but they aren't getting the micronutrients they need. There are 51 different micronutrients we need.
Green Revolution
Large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, hybrid seeds, and high-yielding crops.
Arab Spring
Series of revolts and riots in northern Africa over hunger and food prices. Began in 2010 and ended in 2012. Prices went up because: - maize went to producing ethanol instead of feeding people - climate change - political issues/ corruption
Global Food Security Act
Signed in July 2016 by Obama. The law authorizes a comprehensive, strategic approach for United States foreign assistance to developing countries to reduce global poverty and hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, promote inclusive, sustainable agricultural-led economic growth, improve nutritional outcomes, especially for women and children, build resilience among vulnerable populations, and for other purposes.
Place Attachment
Social science theory 1. Bond between people and places: serve your needs, part of your identity 2. Symbolic meanings people give places 3. Positive and negative sense of place 4. Strong and weak sense of place
Tragedy of the Commons
Term used in social science to describe a situation in a shares-resource system where individual users act independently to their own self-interest and behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting that resource.
Biodiverstity
The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is considered to be important and desirable.
Social scientists
Who, what, when, where, why, and how?
Cassava
woody shrub that is able to be grown underground and, thus, in conflict areas.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
- 1945 Rome, Italy - Goal: food security for all - role: technical ( long-term) assistance for agricultural development
Word Food Programme (WFP)
- 1961 Rome, Italy - goal: humanitarian relief to fight hunger - role: provide emergency food aid in response to disasters
Overnutrition
-Overweight: (BMI=25-30 kg/m2) -Obese: (BMI>30kg/m2) - adult obesity is rising everywhere
L.I.F.E. Project
-environmental/ agricultural project -southern province -Batonga people
Did the Green Revolution Fail?
- Diluted biodiversity of crops- lost variety - 54% of India faces high water stress - Groundwater was depleted and not able to be replenished in time - Encouraged unsustainable population growth - Crisis books were being published, such as "The Population Bomb"
Youth Development Program in Dominican Republic Speaker
- disparity in education system between rural and urban areas - structured, out-of-school learning, leadership experience, and adult mentoring are crucial to student success. - develop 4-H program in DR.
Why are native plants important?
- ecologically already active - well-adapted to that ecosystem - good for trade because they only grow in a specific region - culture - food and nutrition
Biodiversity Crisis
- extinction rates have increased to 1,000x natural rates. - species abundance has decreased by 40% between 1970 and 2000. - We may be in the 6th extinction crisis - ecosystem disruption by humans - habitat destruction - greatest amount of land lost is converted to agriculture - ocean pollution - invasive species - greenhouse effect: warming temperatures and high levels of CO2 in the atmospghere have caused coral bleaching - mining - overharvest
Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?
- maintain agricultural diversity to feed people ( can't feed everyone the same thing ) - Jobs - tourism and farming - Every species serves a purpose in the food web ( tropic cascade: what happens to one animal affects another ). - conserving land fights global warming - genetic diversity - medicinal applications - leisure/ aesthetics - culture
Norman Borlaug
- plant pathologist studying wheat rust - international hero and pioneer of the Green Revolution - Spent 25-30 years in Mexico working with higher-yielding crops - Transformed Mexico's agriculture - Also used plant-breeding
Bushmeat Complex
- potential for zoonotic disease and foodborne illnesses - In Uganda, it is legal to hunt certain animals for bushmeat ( monkeys, etc ) and some people lie about what they are hunting.
Grain Amaranth
- pseudo-cereal - gluten-free - 3 species: - Amaranthus caudatus - A. cruentus - A. hypochondriacus - cultivated in Central America in 4,000 BC - drought- tolerant - highly nutritious: fiber, protein, lysine
Former CEO of Tyson
- pursues sustainable agriculture - transportation is a big issue- expensive - the part of the world with the most arable land is where the most poverty is. - why: education, corruption, transportation, capital, too much aid. - ASAP nonprofit
How to measure place attachment?
- quantitative: how many people visit a place each year? - qualitative: why do people visit a place each year?
Why is bushmeat a problem?
- threat to biodiversity - guns - people hunt for trophy - consumption has gone up -
Early Conservation Movement
-1850-1950 -Started in US -Era of game management and protected areas - Lacey act stopped market hunting - First National Park: Yellowstone - No animal has gone extinct from hunting in the US since laws were enacted.
World Bank
-1944 Washington, D.C. -goal: end poverty; increase prosperity -role: poverty-reduction programs; government financing for agricultural development
Constitutive Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
-1971 Monpelier, France goal: collab with organizations to solve development problems role: international agriculure research with a focus on developing countries.
Zambia - Food Aid Issues
-2002, 30% of population lack food -severe drought and cattle disease -dependent on WFP (World Food Program) -Reject GMO maize from the U.S. -lots of myths about food and agriculture in villages -Zambian agriculture linked to EU -rain dependent -post-harvest loss to pests
Environmental Movement
-60s-80s -1962 Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" - raised awareness of the environmental movement -DDT movement - prevents mosquito bites (malaria) - in high concentrations, it causes bird eggs to soften and collapse. - US Clean Water, Clean Air, and Endangered Species Act - International treaties - CITES - Earth Day
Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab (SIIL)Women in Agriculture Network Cambodia: Gender-and Ecologically-Sensitive Agriculture
-Empower women in Cambodia• -Improve participation in rice/horticulture value chains -Improve household nutrition/dietary diversity -Provide a scientifically rigorous and comprehensive understanding of the nexus of gender and SI
Doubly dispossessed out of Phnom Penh
-Families given a choice of cash, or a place to live 20km outside of PP -Given house, but no livelihood -Given loans with house as collateral -Now renting houses still no jobs -Children working in factory, brothels, streets
"The First 1000 Days: A Crucial Time for Mothers and Children-And the World" by Roger Thurow
-First 1000 days: from the time a woman is pregnant to when the child is 2 yrs old. -The book is about how development during that time period is affected by nutrition or lackthereof. -80% of the brain and its functions develop by 2 yrs old. -Any lack of micronutrients during that period causes stunting. -need to nourish the planet, not just feed it - need to use agriculture
Gender
-Gender relates to the socially assigned roles and behaviors of men and women. -It is the social meaning of biological sex differences. -It affects the distribution of resources, wealth, work, decision-making and political power, and the enjoyment of rights and entitlements within the family as well as public life -A social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, mental or emotional characteristics for males and females.
Bushmeat
-Harvested wild animals for food -One of the "Evil Quartet" -Not for trophy or medicine
Iodine
-Lack of iodine causes mental impairment. -2011 earthquake in Japan caused a nuclear reactor to blow up. Iodine prevents radiation poisoning. 1/3 of the world's iodine was produced by Japan wells and the price of iodine went up. In Cambodia, iodine wasn't sold anymore. It resulted in an iodine deficiency in Cambodia.
Qualitative
-Quality- emphasis on descriptions -develops theory & scenarios: INDUCTIVE -detailed understanding of situations, groups, or areas -personal interviews
Quantitative
-Quantity- emphasis on numbers -tests theory & explains behavior: DEDUCTIVE -represents generalized data to whole populations, statistical analyses -surveys
Bat Research in Cambodia Speaker
-bats provide ecosystem services: - pollinators - seed dispersal - arthropod suppression->saves money for farmers on pesticides -threats to bats: - wind energy - disease - habitat loss
biodegradable mulch
-plastic mulch films for crop production -plastic mulch films have environmental consequences -biodegradable can only be used with till agriculture
pollution
-point -nonpoint
Why HDNR research?
-social imperative -learn ABOUT constituents -learn FROM constituents -build social capital -improve policy, management, and programs
Participatory GIS: PPGIS (public participation)
-soft GIS -in person (paper, 3D, and computer) -internet -sampling & quantitative analysis
Elinor Ostrom Assumptions & Solutions
1. Clearly defined resource that can be monitored 2. The resource is appropriated and provisioned following local conditions ( not by some guy in D.C. ) 3. Local power is recognized by higher government
Three Levels of Biodiversity
1. Genetics -variations in traits and genes within species -ex: hair color -evolutionary survival and natural selection ( Darwin ) - disease could wipe out a species with little genetic diversity 2. Species -1.8/5-15 million species have been described - Most diverse: fungi, plants, insects - discovering new species every year - species diversity increases as you get closer to the equator 3. Ecosystem - abiotic and biotic components to form a system - the number of systems is the diversity
Multilateral Institution
2 criteria: 1. international institution, spanning several countries and regions. 2. government membership Ex: NATO, UN
Native plant
A plant that occurs naturally in a articular region, ecosystem, or habitat without direct or indirect human intervention.
Garrett Hardin
Argued that Tragedy of the Commons situations always resulted in social/ environmental problems and that it provides opportunities for individuals to benefit while the rest struggle.
Garrett Hardin's Assumptions & Solutions
Assumptions: 1. Individuals act out of self-interests 2. Open access to depletable resource Solutions: 1. Privatize 2. Top-down government control
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 1973
CITES is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. Bald eagle recovered due to CITES.
Accumulation by Dispossession
Commodification of natural resources and patronage network tied to dispossession and dis-empowerment of rural people
Scarce Wildlife Global
Convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna (CITES) 1973 -billions of $ per year of illegal trade -appendix II LEGAL trade of $350 - 530 million USD
What is a Social Science (HDNR) research?
Cornell Human Dimensions Research Unit- developing fundamental understandings of human behavior associated with resource management and to applying concepts and empirical findings to real-world, contemporary problems of management.
Scarce Wildlife US
Endangered Species Act and CITES 1973 -only law with 'teeth' -snail darter, TVA V. Hill (UT law student)
Peace Corps
Federally funded government program that sends volunteers to other countries to help them. Biggest volunteer organization. Started in 1961 by John F. Kennedy.
Who were the main players of the Modern Agricultural Movement?
Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch: European scientists who took atmospheric nitrogen and fixed it into usable forms. Called the Haber-Bosch process. They were more interested in using it to make bombs. Henry Wallace, who was V.P. in the 1970s, used the Haber-Bosch process to make fertilizers and pesticides.
Microbiota
Gut bacteria are involved with the absorption and breakdown of micronutrients.
Participatory Research
Includes the active involvement of those being studied. Relies mostly on activities.
Overabundant Wildlife
People lose tolerance for a wildlife species as it threatens human life, property, or enterprise -most conflict is with small wildlife
mixed methods research
Qualitative and quantitative methods are equally important but collect very different data. They can be used in conjunction.
Stunting
Reduced growth rate in human development due to a lack of micronutrients.
Calendars & rankings
Seasonal calendars: Important events & Time interventions -Daily activities -historical time lines -pairwise or other rankings ex: Ebeagwa Women's Seasonal Calendar
Purpose sampling
Separate groups (usually)
Conservation Agriculture
Sustainable farming -no-till farming -crop rotation and diversity -no slash-and-burn -cover soils -drip irrigation
Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals including: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. Rio Summit 1992. All UN states ratified except for United States.
Feed the Future
The Feed the Future Initiative (FTF) was launched in 2010 by the United States government and the Obama Administration to address global hunger and food insecurity. According to the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, it is "the U.S. government's global food security initiative." This system has no strings attached for foreign countries.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable".
Organic Act
The National Park Service was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act. The National Park Service Organic Act (or simply "the Organic Act" within the National Park Service, conservationists, etc.) is a United States federal law that established the National Park Service (NPS), an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. The Act was signed into law on August 25, 1916, by President Woodrow Wilson
Undernutrition
The failure to consume adequate energy, protein, and micronutrients to meet basic requirements for body maintenance, growth, and development.
Economists
Valuation of natural resources and ecosystem
Sophia Huyer
closing the gender gap
A gender ideal a caricature,...
it exaggerates the characteristics that make someone the so-called perfect male or female.
Scheidel and Work
new land grabbing techniques
