AGRI 21: reproductive system

false; they *only* become motile when they are suspended in a fluid and this occurs when they come in contact with secretion of the accessory glands

(t/f) testicular and epididymal sperm cells are motile

True

(t/f) unilateral cryptorchid animals should be culled since this condition is heritable

Mesosalpinx

lateral fold on the anterior portion of the broad ligament which suspends the oviduct (salpinx)

Metestrus

leucocytes can be found among cornified cells in the vaginal smear

Diestrus

leucocytes predominate among the nucleated epithelial cells in the vaginal smear

Bursa

pocket-like structure formed by the fusion of two or more of the mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium and the infundibulum encloses the ovary

Mesometrium

portion that suspens the anterior portion of the vagina, cervix uterus, and comprises the major portion of the broad ligaments

Progesterone

prepares the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg and maintains normal pregnancy until birth

Vagina

primary organ of copulation in females and receptacle of the sperm cells in many species

ovaries

principal sex organs of the females

inhibin

produced by the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules. has a negative feedback effect on FSH secretion

cortex

refers to the outer layer of the ovary

testosterone

required for the final maturation of the spermatozoa

testosterone

responsible for male characteristics such as muscular development, aggressiveness, and libido

Corpus luteum

responsible for production of progesterone

Clitoris

rudimentary organ located in the ventral commissure of the bulva in mammals; homologous to the glans penis

Neck of the bladder opens through the roof of the sub-urethral diverticulum

safety feature to prevent entrance of foreign objects into the urinary bladder proper

seminiferous tubules

seat of the spermatogenesis

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

secreted by the uterus and causes the regression of CL when there is no pregnancy

Prostaglandin

secreted when female is not pregnant

Corpus luteum

secretes a specific hormone known as progesterone

Graafian follicle (GF)

secretes estrogen

level of testosterone

serves as negative feedback in controlling the LH production by the sertoli cells

Os uteri

serves as the sperm receptacle in certain animals

Reddening or swelling of the vulva, mucus discharge, frequent urination, restlessness and lack of appetite, mouting animals, stands still when mounted

signs of heat or estrus

Oviduct

site of fertilization and beginning of embryonic development

Mesovarium

specialized portion of the anterior edge of the broad ligament which suspends the ovary proper

vasectomized

sterile but with libido; vas deferens is severed

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimuates the germinal epithelium lining of the seminiferous tubules to initiate spermatogenesis up to the secondary spermatocytes stage

Presence of estrogen

stimulates production of LH

Secretion of estrogen

stimulates secretion of LH

Leutenizing hormone (LH)

stimulates the interstitial cells or the cells of the Leydig to secrete testosterone

Celia-like structures at the rim of the infudibular funnel

structues believed to facilitate the "picking up of the egg"

Broad ligament

suspends the female genital syste from the dorsolateral wall of the pelvic canal

Cremaster muscle and dartos muscle

thermoregulatory muscles of the testes

Graafian hormone

this follicle secretes a hormone known as estrogen

Cloaca

this organ of birds is comparable to the vulva of mammals; homologous with the scrotum of the males since both are derived from the same embryological structure

Mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium

three specialized regains of the broad ligament

FGELCPUP

estrous cycle

Estrus is inhibited

As long as the CL is secreting progesterone,

21

estrus comes every _____ days

FSH; LH

__________ has a direct effect on spermatogenesis, whereas _____ affects the stimulating on testosterone secretion

fission, propagation, budding

examples of asexual reproduction

Oviduct

a.k.a. fallopian tube

ovum

a.k.a. female sex cell

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowper's gland

accessory glands of the male reproductive system

infundibulum, oviducts, uterus (horn and body), cervix, vaigina, vulva

accessory reproductive organs

ovaries

almond-shaped bodies attached by the broad ligament to the dorsal wall in the sublumbar region of the body cavity

Polyestrus

animal comes in heat all throughout the year (e.g. cattle, swine, carabao)

Seasonally polyestrus

animal comes in heat at certain seasons only (e.g. sheep)

Monoestrus

animal comes in heat only once a year (e.g. dogs)

Induced ovulators

animals that do not ovulate unless there is copulation (e.g. rabbit)

Spontaneous ovulators

animals that ovulate during/around estrus (e.g. cattle, carabao, goat, sheep, etc.)

Sub-urethral diverticulum

blind pouch opening into the floor of the genital tract at the external urethral opening of the junction between the vagina and the vulva

castrated

both testes are removed; sterile and no libido

Secretion of FSH

causes the formation of GF in the ovary

FSH

causes the growth and development of the Graafian follicle in the ovary

Proestrus

characterized by follicular growth

Vulva

common passage way for the products of reproduction and for urine

semen

consists of sperm cells plus the secretions of the three accessory glands

Estrus

cornified cells are observed in the vaginal smear

Scrotum

cutaneous sac that serves as the external covering of the testes which protects in from injuries and has cooler temperature required for spermatogenesis

asexual reproduction

does not require the sex organ to facilitate the perpetuation of the species and is very common in *unicellular* organisms as well some plants

estrogen

female sex hormone

FSH and LH

first gondatropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland when the animal reaches puberty

Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

four main portions of estrous cycle

Infundibulum

funnel-shaped structure which picks up the egg when released by the ovary

Estrogen

hormone that causes estrus in females

LH

hormone that causes the ovulation of maturing follicles

CL will regress

if there is no pregnancy,

puberty

indicates that the female has reaches sexual maturity (capable of producing offspring)

puberty

indicates the sexual maturity of female animals (producing offspring)

Secretion of LH

initiate production of corpus luteum

Secretion of estrogen

initiates estrous cycle or heat, which is the best time to breed

LH

initiates the maturation of corpus luteum by converting the cells of the stratum granulosum into lutein cells (what used to be the GF will become the CL)

Bilateral cryptorchid

instances when both testes failed to descent to the scrotal sacs and the individual is said to be sterile

cortex (ovary)

made up of germinal epithelium with a very large number of primary follicles each of which contains blood vessels, nerves, ganglion cells, stroma, and embryonic vestiges

Testis

main sex organ of the male

penis

male organ of copulation; introduces spermatozoa to the vagina

testosterone

male sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics

Cervix

neck of the uterus

Comes every 21 (12-30) days

normal days of estrous cycle

Proestrus

nucleated epithelial cells are observed in the vaginal smear

Ferning pattern

observed in the mucus discharge of an animal when it is in heat

Unilateral cryptorchid

only one of the testes failed to descend to the scrotal sac and the individual is fertile

Os uteri

opening of the cervix that closes when the animal gets pregnant to protect the uterine contents

Horn of the uterus

organ which serves as site of implantation for the fertilized egg

Estrus

part of estrous cycle under the influence of estrogen

Diestrus

part of the estrous cycle under the influence of progesterone secreted by the CL

pair of ovaries + accessory reproductive tract

parts of the female reproductive system

Oviduct

tubular structure connecting the infundibulum to the uterus; passage way of egg to the uterus

1.) production of ovum 2.) production of estrogen

two main functions of ovaries

1.) production of sperm cells 2.) production of testosterone

two main functions of the testes

sexual reproduction

union of sex cells, ovum and sperm cell, are involved to form a new individual

Body of the uterus

unites the two horns of the uterus and connects them to the cervix

Pinkish and pale

vaginal lining of an animal when it is not in heat

Horn of the uterus

where the fetus would develop during the the stage of pregnancy in gestating animals