AI generated responses to chapter 5 review questions
How would addressing social determinants of health lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty, unemployment, and social isolation, can help reduce the risk of depressive disorders and suicide attempts.
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does social factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Adverse life events, social isolation, and lack of social support can all contribute to the development of depression.
What is the component of interpersonal formulation, in IPT
Based on the results of the interpersonal inventory, the therapist formulates a hypothesis about the interpersonal issues that are contributing to the patient's depression.
How does CBT provide patents with practical skills as a therapeutic intervention for depression
CBT equips patients with practical skills for managing their symptoms, which they can continue to use beyond therapy.
How does CBT focus on the present as a therapeutic intervention for depression
CBT focuses on the patient's current problems and symptoms, rather than exploring past events or childhood experiences.
How does cognitive behavioural therapy reduce the risk of relapse following treatment for depression?
CBT for relapse prevention typically involves identifying and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs that can lead to depression, developing coping strategies to manage stress and negative emotions, and creating a plan for how to respond if depressive symptoms re-emerge. CBT can also include problem-solving skills training and behavioral activation, which involves engaging in activities that provide a sense of mastery or pleasure.
What are the key components of CBT for depression
CBT involves identifying and challenging negative thinking patterns, developing coping strategies and increasing behavioural activation. The following are key components of CBT for depression: Psychoeducation, Behavioural Activation, Cognitive Restructuring, Problem-solving skills training, and Relapse prevention
How is CBT collaborative as a therapeutic intervention for depression
CBT is a collaborative approach, where the therapist and patient work together to identify and address problems.
How is CBT highly effective as a therapeutic intervention for depression
CBT is an evidence-based treatment with a strong empirical support for the treatment of depression.
How is CBT relatively short term as a therapeutic intervention for depression
CBT typically involves 12 to 20 weekly sessions, making it more accessible and time-efficient than some other therapies.
What prevention strategies for depression are best supported by the research?
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-based interventions, Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), Behavioral activation, and Antidepressant medication. Overall, the best prevention strategy may vary depending on an individual's specific needs and preferences. A combination of different prevention strategies may also be effective for some individuals.
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does interpersonal factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Conflicts in interpersonal relationships, such as marital or family problems, can contribute to the development and maintenance of depression.
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does cultural factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Cultural values, beliefs, and practices can influence the expression and experience of depression.
Within the DSM-5 why is the inclusion of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) controversial
DMDD is a relatively new diagnosis that was added to the DSM-5. Some critics have argued that the diagnosis is overused and that the criteria for DMDD overlap with other diagnoses such as oppositional defiant disorder and bipolar disorder.
What are the defining features of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
DMDD is a type of depression that is typically diagnosed in children and adolescents. To be diagnosed with DMDD, an individual must experience severe and frequent temper outbursts that are inconsistent with their developmental level, along with a persistently irritable or angry mood most of the day, for more days than not.
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does environmental factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Environmental stressors, such as trauma, abuse, and poverty, can increase the risk of developing depression.
How does family-focused therapy (FFT) reduce the risk of relapse following treatment for depression?
FFT focuses on improving communication and problem-solving skills within the family, and on reducing the impact of stress and conflict on the individual with depression. By addressing the interpersonal issues that can contribute to depressive episodes, FFT can help to prevent future relapses.
How may environmental factors account for gender differences in vulnerability to depressive disorders
Females may be exposed to higher levels of negative life events, such as interpersonal conflict or relationship loss, which can increase the risk of depression.
How may cognitive factors account for gender differences in vulnerability to depressive disorders
Females may be more likely to engage in negative self-talk and rumination, which can contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.
How may sociocultural factors account for gender differences in vulnerability to depressive disorders
Females may be more likely to experience stressors such as discrimination, gender-based violence, and caregiving responsibilities, which can increase the risk of depressive symptoms. Additionally, gendered socialisation practices may contribute to females feeling a greater sense of helplessness or hopelessness, which are core features of depression.
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does biological factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Genetic predisposition, neurobiological abnormalities, and hormonal imbalances can all contribute to the development of depression.
How would training and education for healthcare providers lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Healthcare providers, including general practitioners, emergency department staff, and mental health professionals, can be trained to identify and respond to individuals at risk of suicide.
How may biological factors account for gender differences in vulnerability to depressive disorders
Hormonal changes may play a role in the increased vulnerability of females to depressive disorders. Specifically, fluctuations in oestrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause have been linked to depressive symptoms.
How would improving follow up care lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Improving follow-up care for individuals who have attempted suicide or who are at high risk of suicide can help prevent future attempts.
What happens in the termination phase of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
In this phase, the therapist and patient review the progress made in therapy, identify any remaining interpersonal issues, and develop a plan to maintain the gains made in therapy.
What happens in the initial phase of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
In this phase, the therapist establishes a therapeutic alliance with the patient, assesses the patient's current interpersonal relationships, identifies the patient's social support network, and formulates a treatment plan.
What happens in the middle phase of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
In this phase, the therapist works with the patient to address the interpersonal issues that are contributing to the patient's depression. This may involve addressing interpersonal conflicts, improving communication skills, and increasing social support.
Outline some ways in which the risk of suicide and suicide attempts can be lowered in Australasian communities.
Increasing access to mental health services, Training and education for healthcare providers, Public awareness campaigns, Addressing social determinants of health, Restricting access to lethal means, Providing support and resources for at-risk populations, and Improving follow-up care It's important to note that suicide prevention requires a multi-faceted approach and that no single intervention can fully address the complex factors that contribute to suicide risk.
According to Seligman, how does the factor of memory give rise to learned helplessness?
Individuals with depression have difficulty recalling positive experiences and tend to remember negative experiences more vividly. This reinforces their negative beliefs and sense of helplessness.
According to Seligman, how does the factor of behaviour give rise to learned helplessness?
Individuals with depression may engage in avoidance or withdrawal behaviours, which prevent them from experiencing positive outcomes or learning new coping strategies. This further reinforces their sense of helplessness.
According to Seligman, how does the factor of attention give rise to learned helplessness?
Individuals with depression tend to focus on negative events and neglect positive events. They have a bias towards attending to negative information, which reinforces their sense of helplessness.
According to Seligman, how does the factor of attribution give rise to learned helplessness?
Individuals with depression tend to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative events. They attribute negative events to personal flaws or weaknesses that cannot be changed, rather than to external circumstances that can be controlled.
What are the key components of IPT
Interpersonal inventory, Interpersonal formulation, Interpersonal interventions, and Relapse prevention
What is interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited, structured psychotherapy that focuses on the patient's current interpersonal relationships and interpersonal stressors as triggers for depressive symptoms. IPT views depression as a medical illness that arises in a social context and posits that depressed patients often have impaired interpersonal functioning that contributes to the onset and maintenance of their depression. IPT typically involves three phases, the initial, middle, and termination phase.
What are the advantages of using CBT as therapeutic intervention for depression
It is highly effective, it is relatively short term, it is collaborative, it focuses on the present, it provides patients with practical skills
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does behavioural factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Lack of exercise, poor diet, and substance abuse can all contribute to the development of depression.
How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduce the risk of relapse following treatment for depression?
MBCT combines elements of cognitive therapy and mindfulness meditation to help individuals become more aware of their thoughts and feelings and to develop a more accepting and non-judgmental attitude toward them. By learning to disengage from negative thoughts and emotions, individuals can reduce their risk of relapse.
Within a biopsychosocial model, what what role does psychological factors play in the the aetiology of depression.
Negative thought patterns, low self-esteem, and cognitive distortions can all contribute to the development and maintenance of depression.
What are the best psychological options for reducing the risk of relapse following treatment for depression?
Overall, a combination of psychological approaches may be most effective in reducing the risk of relapse for individuals with major depressive disorder. Three of these effective approaches are cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and family focused therapy (FFT).
What are the defining features of persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
PDD is a chronic form of depression that lasts for two or more years. To be diagnosed with PDD, an individual must experience a depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, along with several other symptoms such as poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness.
What are the defining features of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
PMDD is a type of depression that occurs in women during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. To be diagnosed with PMDD, an individual must experience significant mood symptoms such as depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, and mood swings during the premenstrual phase, along with other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and physical symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, and joint or muscle pain.
Why have preventive approaches been developed for depression
Preventive approaches have been developed for depression because it is a recurrent and chronic condition that can significantly impair an individual's functioning and quality of life. The goal of preventive approaches is to reduce the likelihood of future episodes and improve long-term outcomes.
How would increasing access to mental health services lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Providing affordable and accessible mental health services, including crisis intervention and suicide prevention services, can help individuals with depressive disorders receive timely and effective treatment.
How would providing support and resources for at-risk populations lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Providing support and resources for populations at increased risk of suicide, such as Indigenous communities and LGBTQ+ youth, can help reduce the risk of suicide and suicide attempts.
How would public awareness campaigns lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Public awareness campaigns can help reduce the stigma associated with mental illness and increase awareness of the warning signs of suicide. Such campaigns can also provide information on where to seek help and how to support someone who may be at risk.
Why is it important to focus on reducing the risk of relapse when treating major depressive disorder?
Reducing the risk of relapse is important when treating major depressive disorder because depression tends to be a recurrent and chronic disorder. Individuals with a history of depression are more likely to experience future episodes, even after successful treatment. Therefore, focusing on relapse prevention strategies can help to maintain the gains made during treatment and reduce the likelihood of future episodes.
How would restricting access to lethal means lower suicide/attempts in Australasian communities
Restricting access to lethal means, such as firearms and certain medications, can help reduce the risk of suicide.
What are the proposed factors that give rise to learned helplessness in Seligman's revised model?
Seligman's revised model of learned helplessness proposes that individuals with depression develop a sense of helplessness and hopelessness as a result of repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events. Seligman's revised model proposes that learned helplessness in depression arises from a combination of cognitive, attentional, and behavioural factors. These factors contribute to a sense of helplessness and hopelessness, which in turn leads to the symptoms of depression.
What aspects of the DSM-5 categories of depressive disorders have proven to be controversial?
Several aspects of the DSM-5 categories of depressive disorders have proven to be controversial; the cutoff criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), the inclusion of grief as a symptom of depression, the inclusion of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), the use of a categorical approach to diagnosis, and the lack of attention to cultural and social factors
The DSM-5 criteria provide a number of ways in which clinicians can differentiate between individuals in regard to the particular features of their depressive disorder. What are some of these specifiers in the DSM-5.
Severity, Psychotic features, Seasonal pattern, Postpartum onset, Peripartum onset, Melancholic features, Catatonic features, and Anxious distress.
Does interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) work in treating depression?
Some advantages of IPT include its focus on the patient's current interpersonal relationships and social support network, its structured and time-limited nature, and its evidence base. IPT has been shown to be an effective treatment for depression in numerous randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses.
How does Antidepressant medication work as a preventative strategy for depression
Some types of antidepressant medication have been found to be effective in preventing depressive relapse. However, medication should be used in conjunction with psychological interventions for the best outcomes.
Within the DSM-5 why is the lack of attention to cultural and social factors controversial
The DSM-5 has been criticised for not adequately considering the impact of cultural and social factors on the experience and diagnosis of depression. Some argue that the current diagnostic criteria may not accurately reflect the experiences of individuals from diverse cultural and social backgrounds.
How is anxious distress specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 includes a specifier for MDD with anxious distress, which indicates that an individual experiences significant anxiety symptoms (such as feeling tense or restless) along with their depressive symptoms. This specifier is important because it may guide treatment decisions and may indicate a higher risk for suicide.
How are catatonic specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 includes a specifier for MDD with catatonic features, which indicates that an individual experiences symptoms such as stupor (a state of unresponsiveness), mutism (lack of verbal response), and motor agitation or immobility. This specifier is important because it may guide treatment decisions and can have implications for prognosis.
How are melancholic features specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 includes a specifier for MDD with melancholic features, which indicates that an individual experiences a specific set of symptoms such as early morning awakening, loss of pleasure, and significant weight loss or loss of appetite. This specifier is important because it can have implications for treatment and prognosis.
How are psychotic features specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 includes a specifier for MDD with psychotic features, which indicates that an individual is experiencing delusions or hallucinations as part of their depressive episode. This specifier is important because it can have implications for treatment and prognosis.
How is seasonal pattern specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 includes a specifier for MDD with seasonal pattern, which indicates that an individual experiences depressive symptoms that coincide with specific times of the year (e.g., fall or winter). This specifier is important because it can help clinicians identify potential environmental triggers for the depressive episode and may guide treatment.
How is peripartum onset specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 includes a specifier for major depressive episode with peripartum onset, which indicates that an individual experiences a depressive episode during pregnancy or within four weeks of giving birth. This specifier is important because it highlights the unique challenges that pregnant and postpartum women may face and may guide treatment decisions.
Within the DSM-5 why is the inclusion of grief as a symptom of depression controversial
The DSM-5 includes the experience of grief as a symptom of depression, but this has been controversial. Some critics argue that grief is a normal and natural response to loss and should not be pathologized as a symptom of depression.
Within the DSM-5 why is the cutoff criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) controversial
The DSM-5 requires that an individual must experience at least five of nine symptoms for a minimum of two weeks to be diagnosed with MDD. However, some critics have argued that this cutoff may be too arbitrary and may result in under-diagnosis or over-diagnosis.
How is severity specified in the DSM-5
The DSM-5 specifies different levels of severity for major depressive disorder (MDD) based on the number and intensity of symptoms. For example, an individual with mild MDD may experience fewer symptoms, while an individual with severe MDD may experience more symptoms and have greater impairment in functioning.
Within the DSM-5 why is the use of a categorical approach to diagnosis controversial
The DSM-5 uses a categorical approach to diagnosis, which means that individuals are classified into discrete categories of disorders based on their symptoms. However, some critics argue that this approach is too rigid and that it may not accurately reflect the complex and varied experiences of individuals with mental health issues.
List the factors that feature within a biopsychosocial model of the aetiology of depression.
The biopsychosocial model of depression suggests that the disorder is caused by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. The factors that feature within this model are: Biological, Psychological, Social, Cultural, Environmental, Behavioural, and Interpersonal. It is important to note that these factors do not operate independently of each other, but rather interact and influence each other in complex ways. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and holistic approach to understanding and treating depression.
What are the main depressive disorders included in the DSM-5
The main depressive disorders included in the DSM-5 are Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder
What is the component of relapse prevention, in IPT
The therapist and patient develop a plan to prevent relapse and maintain the gains made in therapy.
How is the component of relapse prevention in CBT therapeutic intreating depression
The therapist and patient work together to develop a plan for maintaining gains and preventing relapse.
How is the component of psychoeducation in CBT therapeutic in treating depression
The therapist provides information about depression and how negative thinking patterns can contribute to and maintain depressive symptoms.
How is the component of problem solving skills training in CBT therapeutic intreating depression
The therapist teaches the patient skills for solving problems and managing stressful situations.
What is the component of interpersonal interventions, in IPT
The therapist works with the patient to address the identified interpersonal issues. This may involve improving communication skills, addressing interpersonal conflicts, or increasing social support.
How may genetic factors account for gender differences in vulnerability to depressive disorders
There may be genetic factors that contribute to the increased vulnerability of females to depressive disorders. For example, studies have found that certain genetic variations may be associated with a higher risk of depression in females compared to males.
How do Mindfulness-based interventions work as a preventative strategy for depression
These interventions aim to increase awareness of the present moment and reduce rumination and negative thought patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has been found to be effective in preventing depressive relapse.
How does Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) work as a preventative strategy for depression
This approach focuses on addressing interpersonal difficulties that contribute to depression, such as relationship conflicts or social isolation. IPT has been found to be effective in preventing depressive episodes.
How does Behavioural activation work as a preventative strategy for depression
This approach focuses on increasing engagement in positive activities and reinforcing positive behaviours. Behavioural activation has been found to be effective in preventing depressive relapse.
How does Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) work as a preventative strategy for depression
This approach helps individuals to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to depression. CBT has been found to be effective in reducing the risk of depressive episodes in individuals with a history of depression.
What is the component of interpersonal inventory, in IPT
This involves a thorough assessment of the patient's interpersonal relationships, including relationships with family members, romantic partners, friends, and coworkers.
How is the component of cognitive restucturing in CBT therapeutic intreating depression
This involves identifying and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs that contribute to depressive symptoms. The therapist helps the patient to identify cognitive distortions and replace negative thoughts with more positive and realistic ones.
How is the component of behavioural activation in CBT therapeutic intreating depression
This involves identifying and increasing the patient's engagement in positive activities that provide a sense of achievement, pleasure or mastery.
What are the defining features of Major depressive disorder
This is the most commonly diagnosed depressive disorder. To be diagnosed with MDD, an individual must experience one or more major depressive episodes over a consistent period of two weeks, which are characterised by a persistent low mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities, along with several other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and suicidal thoughts or behaviours.
What are the defining features of substance/medication-induced depressive disorder
This type of depression is caused by the use of certain substances or medications. To be diagnosed with substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, an individual must experience a major depressive episode that is directly caused by the effects of a substance or medication.
Females are especially vulnerable to depressive disorders. What factors might account for this gender difference
biological, sociocultural, cognitive, environmental, and genetic factors.