AJ CH. 5

Sons of Liberty

- A group composed mainly of artisans and shopkeepers, secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the stamp act. They planned to intimidate Andrew Oliver appt to the office of stamp distributer into resigning. They destroyed the homes Oliver and Hutchinson and the stamps could not be distribute

Boycott

- A punitive ban that forbids relations with certain groups, cooperation with a policy, or the handling of good

Nonimportation

- A tactical means of putting economic pressure on Britain by refusing to buy its exports in the colonies

Revenue Act of 1766

- An act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in response to objections raised to the Sugar Act of 1764

committees of correspondence

- Committees formed in the colonies to keep Americans informed about British measure that would affect them

Boston Massacre

- Crowd gathered outside customs house, began throwing snowballs and rocks at the guards, a soldier accidentally fired his bayonet then all soldiers fired on crowd. ( After months of increasing friction between townspeople and the British troops stationed in the city, on March 5, 1770, British troops fired on American civilians in Boston )

Proclamation of 1763, Proclamation Line

- Royal proclamation settling boundary known as the proclamation line that limited British settlements to the eastern side of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonist who were living west of proclamation line had to move back to the east. Britain had to estab regulated indian trade in the interior Established civilian gov in East and West Florida Unfortunately, this was not enforced over the years

Taxation

- The levying of tax, money paid as tax Paid taxes surrendered some property to do so

Sovereignty

- The supreme authority of the state, including both the right to take life (as in the case of executions for capital crimes) and to tax

Quartering Acts

- acts of parliament requiring colonial legislators to provide supplies and quarters for troops stationed in America

Regulator Movement

- emerged in North Carolina Once again, political representation was a major grievance, for the western counties elected only seventeen of the assembly's seventy eight members. And while North Carolina backcountry did have county courts they were plagued by corruption.

Country or "Real Whig" ideology power vs. liberty

- ideology that republican political thinkers acknowledged that government must exercise power, but be cautioned that power could easily overwhelm liberty. Too much power in the hands of a ruler could mean tyranny, however too much liberty in the hands of the people could mean anarchy.

Townshend Duty Act, 1767

- imposed new duties on imports that colonist got from Britain, including tea, paper, lead, glass, and paint. Revenue from the act would pay salaries of governors and judges in the colonies. (named after Charles Townshend, who had leadership of House of Commons)

Neolin

- known as Deleware prophet stated in vision that the indians were to reject dependence on European's and embrace their own practices again

Stamp Act, 1765

- law passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise revenue in america by requiring taxes for stamped paper for legal documents, publications, and playing cards.

Declaratory Act, 1766

- law passed in 1766 to repeal the stamp act. Stated that parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

George III

- naive new monarch ascended from the age of 22

external tax

- the Sugar Act, which was an external tax (i.e. it taxed only goods imported into the colonies),

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

-Asserted that the Stamp Act and other taxes imposed on the colonists without their consent were unconstitutional

Republicanism

-Influenced from writings of classical Rome and linked to what is known in England as Country "Real Whig" The idea that governments must exercise power, but simultaneously cautioning that power could easily overwhelm liberty

House of Commons

-governmental unit closest to the people retained the right to initiate tax laws, and no tax could pass without the consent of the representatives of both houses

Currency Act of 1764

1. - prohibited all colonial legislatures from making paper money legal tender. Debt to be paid in gold or silver Passed the Sugar Act - 1764 to raise revenue in american colonies it lowered the duty from 6 pence to 3 pence per gallon on foreign molasses imported into the colonies and increased the restrictions on colonial commerce Also took aim at smugglers by requiring ships to carry documentation of cargo Vice-admiralty courts - they were jurisdiction over maritime affairs, normally operated without jury and were more likely to enforce trade restrictions Colonist petitioned the Sugar Act but were ignored

What governance problems did the British encounter after 1763?

1. Challenges of control and finance 2. Native Americans and Frontier Conflict 3. Dealing with the New Territories 4. Sugar Act. After 1763, Britain had to find ways to govern its enlarged territorial empire in North America Peace of Paris Treaty of 1763 Britain gained much land, but new subjects had little loyalty toward George III Those populating these regions would most likely side with France if another war broke out to pay off its enormous post war debt.Britain believed that the Americans should pay for debt from the war since they benefited most from outcome the passage of the sugar act, intending to help address Britain's debt sparked colonial protest. Indian conflict on the frontier and unregulated colonial settlement posed major challenges,

How did republican ideology influence the American colonists' view of their political relationship with Britain?

1. Power versus Liberty 2. British Constitution 3. Taxation and Sovereignty Republican ideology encouraged colonists to be wary of excessive power and to protect their liberties. Many colonists regarded British imperial reforms, especially the passage of new taxes, as infringements on colonial liberty, since colonists did not elect representatives to the Parliament that imposed such taxes.

Domestic Divisions that divided the cololnist

1. Regulator movements 2.The Beginninging of Anti slavery

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts + Quebec Act),

1774: american term for coercive acts and quebec act.

Pontiac, Pontiac's War

2. - May 1763 the indians were ready to strike. They were led by Ottawa Chief named Pontiac and a coalition of at least 8 tribes launched attacks on more than dozen British forts in west beginning in Detroit Then from the Great Lakes to Virginia General Amhurst distributed blankets infected with small pox and killed Indian prisoners Starvation ended the attacks and the Pontiacs signed treaty 1766

How did conflicts such as the Cherokee War and Pontiac's Rebellion affect relations between Native Americans and colonists?

2. Conflict with Cherokee on Southern Frontier flared into violence. Once allies of South Carolina, the Indians resented theft of land and violence by the frontier colonist. This started the Cherokee War. The unjust treatment of indians by the British started the Pontiac War. The Native American Indians were forced to sign treaties. After the treaty of Pontiac war the colonist were suppose to go back to supplying indians with diplomatic gifts, encouraging trade and mediating disputes, but the frontier colonist did not want to distinguish between friendly and hostile indians, all indians were now enemies. Paxton boys - group who murdered christian indian tribes

Explain the difference in approach of the Sugar and Stamp Acts.

4. The Sugar Act was an act passed by Parliament in 1764 that lowered the tax on imported molasses from 6 pence to 3 pence. The purpose of this act was to increase American revenue. This act also was supposed to prevent ships from smuggling goods because it required them to document all of their cargo. Colonist sent petitions to protest this act because they were worried it would negatively impact their rum industry. The Stamp Act was an act that required tax on paper products, this included playing cards, publications, and stamped paper for legal documents. Merchants in the colonies refused to import British goods until the taxes were gone. The differnce in approach was that in the Sugar act by decreasing the tax that wasnt a neccesity so that it would make them want to but more whereas paper products are needed and in the Stamp Act they increased taxes to gain more revenue.

Suffolk Resolves

: demanded creation for an armed force of "minutemen" to respond to any emergency quickly

First Continental Congress

: endorsed Suffolk Resolves, adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, and agreed to establish the Continental Association

Britain society comprised of 3 elements

:Monarchy, aristocracy, and common people Crown - House of Lords - House of Commons

How did country ideology shape American reaction to Sugar and Stamp Acts?

American colonist believed that British parliament exercised unjust power by enforcing the Sugar and Stamp Act. Colonist respected the power of Britain, however did not want their liberties taken through taxes. They wanted Britain to act fairly and sent to parliament the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. They did not want Britain's power to control completely America and definitely not taxes. Sons of Liberty was also established to protest the Stamp Act. Their reaction and protest led to the repeal of the Stamp Act.

What were British and American perspectives at this point?

At this point the Americans had unrest in their colonies and they were rebelling against the laws and acts that were made (Ex. Stamp Act, Townshend Act)

pushed colonist from protest to rebellion

Boston Tea Party Tea Act of 1773 Intolerable Acts Quebec Act Intolerable Acts

Sugar Act, 1764 -

Britain faced soaring national debt Post war recession

How did the American and British views of representation differ? Who cares?

British authorities contended that colonist,like all inhabitants of Britain were virtually represented in parliament because that bodies members served the interest of the British nation and empire as a whole. Colonist thought they could only be represented by men for whom they actually voted, such as the members of their colonial legislatures. And they insisted that the right to be taxed only by their own rep. Was one of the most basic rights of Englishmen.

Gaspee

British customs vessel

What pushed the colonists from protest to rebellion?

Parliament's passage of the Coercive Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party convinced many colonists that Britain aimed to rule the colonies by force. Thus colonists responded with another trade boycott and the calling of a Continental Congress to coordinate American resistance in an increasingly polarized political environment.

What interests divided the colonists?

Some colonist, especially on the Carolina frontier, worried that local leaders were just as guilty as Parliament of encroachment on settlers liberties. Groups like the Regulators fought back to protect their property rights and to call for political representation. Other colonies also began to question the legitimacy of the institute of slavery.

internal tax

Taxes levied directly upon the property and goods of the colonists

How did the British respond to the Boston Tea Party?

The British passed the Coercive Acts in response to the BTP. This was a legislation passed by parliament in 1774 including the Boston Port act, the massachusetts Govt. Act, the administration of justice act, the quartering act of 1774.

indirect tax

The consumer is ultimately paying the tax by paying more for the product. An indirect tax is shifted from one taxpayer to another

How did the American colonists respond to the Townshend Act?

The radicals called for a boycott of British goods, but knew they needed full support for this to be effective. John Hancock's ship was seized on grounds of smuggling, and this sparked a riot. Even women boycotted and made their own spun clothing Non - importation movement - produced sharp drop in British imports which got British attention

Does the idea of country ideology still influence political debate in the U.S.?

Yes, we debate today on taxes and how federal and state taxes should be spent. U. S still debates how much power and control the federal government should have on states and citizens.

Vigilante

a member of a self-appointed group of citizens who undertake law enforcement in their community without legal authority, typically because the legal agencies are thought to be inadequate.

Tories:

a term for loyalists in america who supported the king and parliament just before and during the American Revolution

Tea Act of 1773

allowed the East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying the duty collected in Britain

Boston Tea Party, 1773:

boston people dressed up as Indians destroyed $9,000 worth of tea that belonged to the British East India Company in order to prevent payment of the duty of it

Cherokee War

conflict from 1759 - 1761 on the southern frontier btw the Cherokee Indians and colonist from Virginia southward. Launched attack on western settlements in all the southern colonies. Treaty in 1761 later made cherokee people surrender land in Carolinas and Virginia to the colonist General Amherst made conditions worse for the Indians by now refusing to give supplies to Indians that were customarily given to Iroquois and other allies. He saw no reason to continue with promises even reneging on trading post, since they were no longer a threat to Britain. Indians saw this as Britain's intent to occupy Indian lands

British East India Company: formed to trade with Asia

formed to trade with Asia

Boston Port Act:

helped secure great britain's authority over american dominions

Quebec Act, 1774:

law passed by parliament in 1774 that provided: an appointed government in canada, enlarged boundaries of Quebec, confirmed the privileges of the catholic church

Coercive Acts, 1774:

legislation passed by parliament in 1774 included; the boston port act, the massachusetts government act, the administration of justice act, and the quartering act of 1774

Stamp Act Congress, 1765

meeting in october 1765 where representatives from 9 of the 13 colonies came together. In this meeting, the declaration of rights was adopted and they petitioned against the stamp act.

direct tax

taxes directly paid by an individual or organization

Whigs:

the name used by advocates of colonial resistance to british measures

Continental Association:

to cut off trade with britain until the objectionable measures were repealed