All Criminal Justice Q's

As of January 5, 2016, approximately how many community policing officers and deputies have been funded by the Office of the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)?

127,000

From 1973 through 2015, how many inmates have been freed from death row because of problems or errors in the legal process?

156

In 2012, the federal government spent about ________ of the total expenditures on criminal and civil justice.

18 percent

Approximately how many local, state, and federal public law enforcement agencies operate in the United States?

18,000

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ________, and the lower limit is usually ________.

18;7

Following the backlash to Reconstruction and the loss of jobs of black police officers, during which of the following periods were black police officers hired again in most southern cities?

1940s and 1950s

In 2014, ________ percent of all probationers in the United States were male.

75

At the end of 2012, about ________ percent of the security staff in state correctional agencies were male.

76

According to a 2013 New York Times/CBS News poll, ________ of Americans said that "surveillance cameras were a good idea."

78 percent

According to research, 1 in ________ prisoners in the United States has a serious mental illness.

8

Between 1977 and 2016, approximately ________ of all executions in the United States occurred in the South.

80 percent

In 2013, ________ percent of all juveniles committed to institutions were males.

87

Approximately what percentage of the sworn officers in the nation's police departments are males?

88%

There are three major differences between federal law enforcement agencies and local and state police agencies. Which of the following is NOT among those differences?

A significant function performed by a special category of federal law enforcement officers is university or campus policing.

________ is a model of state law enforcement services in which the agency and its officers have the same law enforcement powers as local police anywhere within the state.

The state police model

Which of the following statements is true about a high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates?

They are judged frivolous and are therefore dismissed.

Which of the following statements is true about active drug court participants?

They are more likely to reap psychosocial benefits unrelated to drug use or criminal behavior, such as less family conflict and being enrolled in school

Probation officers usually perform four important roles in the juvenile justice process. Which of the following does NOT describe one of those roles?

They enforce parental-liability sentences.

Identify a true statement about day treatment programs.

They target serious offenders who would otherwise be candidates for institutionalization.

Which of the following is one of the first offenses added to the uniform crime report's (UCR's) list of Part I offenses since 1982, when collection of arson data was made permanent?

human trafficking/involuntary servitude

Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal grounds. Which of the following is NOT one of the legal grounds described in your textbook?

illegal search and seizure

Which of the following types of single-bias hate crimes was reported most often to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2014?

crimes motivated by racial bias

Criminal justice officials frequently complained that their jobs were made ________ because of the practice, once common in many states, of sealing juvenile court records.

more difficult

Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime?

necessity defense

Breaking up a fight, holding back a crowd at a sporting event, or intervening in a domestic dispute before it gets violent are examples of the police duty of

order maintenance

________ are imposed at the discretion of the judge and probation officials and are designed to address the offender's particular situation.

special conditions

At year-end 2007, which of the following types of probation accounted for the largest percentage of adults on probation?

straight probation

Which of the following systems of confinement avoided the harmful psychological effects of total solitary confinement and allowed more inmates to be housed in less space because cells could be smaller?

the Auburn system

Which of the following agencies has the largest Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)?

the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Which of the following events likely made the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) a major factor in policing?

the Lindbergh baby kidnapping

Which of the following factors has made the police the major responder to domestic violence calls?

the availability of 24-hour service

The most important aspect of the crime control model of criminal justice is

the control of criminal behavior.

Your textbook gives three reasons why many victims of cybercrime fail to report these crimes to authorities. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

the fear of being implicated in the crime

Which of the following tests of insanity did the attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial?

the irresistible-impulse or control test

In the context of the selection of judges, identify a true statement about merit selection.

It does not entirely eliminate political influence from the selection process

Which of the following is the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule?

It fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions.

Which of the following statements is true of parole?

It is given before prisoners have served their full sentences

Which of the following statements reflects a feature of conflict theory?

It is reformist in its policy implications.

________ are referred to as "the workhorses of the juvenile justice system."

Juvenile probation officers

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court first extend the Fifth Amendment protection against compelled self-incrimination to trials in state courts?

Malloy v. Hogan

In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule extended to state courts?

Mapp v. Ohio

In which of the following Supreme Court cases was a good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule recognized?

Massachusetts v. Sheppard

Identify a true statement about straight probation.

Straight probation occurs when an offender is sentenced only to probation, with no incarceration or other form of residential placement.

Where did the deadliest prison riot occur in American history?

The Attica Correctional Facility in New York

Which of the following focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?

feminist theory

From which of the following sources does the federal government's Crime Victims Fund receive its funding?

fines and penalties paid by federal criminal offenders

Which of the following is the most widely used crime-mapping application?

geographic information system (GIS) crime mapping

According to due process model advocates, in practice, the ________ is a sham because it has become nothing more than a rubber stamp for the prosecutor.

grand jury

How much did the state of Florida reportedly spend to administer justice to serial murderer Ted Bundy in 1989?

$10,000,000

Drug courts have been found to be cost effective. For every $1 invested in drug courts, how much have local communities been estimated to realize in net economic benefits?

$2

How much does it cost to file an appeal with the U.S. Supreme Court?

$300

Which of the following statements is true about electronic monitoring?

. It is used to verify that offenders are at their designated locations at particular times.

Approximately ________ percent of the jail population in 2014 consisted of juveniles (under the age of 18).

1

What percentage of juveniles placed in residential facilities committed delinquency offenses in 2013?

100

According to a government-sponsored survey, approximately what percentage of the estimated 40 million people who experienced face-to-face police contact during 2008 were the recipients of force or threat of force by the police?

1.9%

According to a 2015 opinion poll of 1,000 likely American voters, what percentage of Americans thought that the United States was winning the war on terrorism?

26 %

Of the approximately 1.2 million people arrested in 2014 for drug abuse violations, approximately ________ were black. Yet, blacks are about ________ of all lifetime illegal drug users.

29 perecnt; 12 percent

As of November 2014, how many states had laws prohibiting racial profiling by law enforcement officers?

30 states

As of September 30, 2012, there were about ________ employees of adult correctional agencies in the United States.

422,000

In 2014, approximately ________ percent of all probationers in the United States were white (non-Hispanic).

50

In 2014, approximately ________ of federal prisoners and, at year-end 2013, ________ of state prisoners were incarcerated for drug offenses.

50 percent; 15.7 percent

According to the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics 2013 special report entitled "Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2012," approximately ________ percent of the sexual victimization among youths involved force or the threat of force.

66

Identify a true statement about a yearlong study conducted by The Washington Post about the U.S. police's use of deadly force in 2015.

About 90 percent of those killed by the police were armed, usually with guns.

From whose theory can it be inferred that crime may be a means by which individuals satisfy their basic human needs?

Abraham Maslow

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that inmates are entitled to either an adequate law library or adequate legal assistance?

Bounds v. Smith (1977)

Identify a true statement about community policing.

Critical decisions are required to be made at the neighborhood level

Cesare Beccaria recommended six ways to prevent crime. Which of the following does NOT belong?

Determine the physiological causes of crime.

In 2014, the safest city in the United States was ________.

Edison New Jersey

The ________ states that excessive bail shall not be required.

Eighth Amendment

The criminal law of the United States, for the most part, is derived from the laws of

England

Who among the following men has NOT been a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director?

Felix Frankfurter

Which of the following is one of the three landmark cases in which the Supreme Court set aside death sentences for the first time in its history?

Furman v. Georgia

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court extend the Sixth Amendment right to be represented by an attorney to indigent defendants facing felony charges in state courts?

Gideon v. Wainwright

Which of the following is one of the three landmark cases in which the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty by approving guided-discretion statutes?

Gregg v. Georgia

Which of the following is a state in the United States that does NOT have a state policing agency?

Hawaii

Which of the following is one of the principles advocated by August Vollmer to professionalize American policing?

He advocated education as a key ingredient in professionalizing policing

Which of the following is NOT a value or norm of the convict code?

Inmates should follow the prison rules and not cause trouble.

Which of the following countries does NOT employ an adversarial trial system?

Mexico

Which of the following countries is NOT on the U.S. State Department's list of principal state sponsors of terrorism?

North Korea

________, which involved relocating children to farms in the West and Midwest, was believed to have several advantages over ________.

Placing out; houses of refuge

Which of the following has NOT been found about private correctional facilities?

Privatization can substantially increase legal liability costs of operating prisons and jails

There are at least three crime policy implications of Seymour Halleck's humanistic psychological theory. Which of the following is NOT one of the three policy implications listed in your textbook?

Psychoactive drugs should be provided as part of the psychotherapy process.

There are at least three different reasons that the Supreme Court did not interpret the Fourteenth Amendment as incorporating the Bill of Rights for approximately 100 years. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons given in your textbook?

Voters frequently showed their disapproval of following trial procedures mandated by the provisions of the Bill of Rights, interpreting them as a possible threat to their civil rights

Which of the following institutions is commonly regarded as the first state prison of the United States?

Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia

The purpose of ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged.

a preliminary hearing

Which of the following is a general criticism of positivism?

a. Positivistic theories generally account for too much crime, and, at the same time, they have difficulty explaining exceptions. b. Positivistic theories generally ignore the criminalization process. c. Positivistic theories generally ignore the multitude of fundamental conflicts of value and interest in society.

In which of the following ways do advances in electronic surveillance promise greater efficiency in crime control?

a. Presumably, potential offenders will refrain from crime if they know they are being watched and believe they face a greater risk of being caught. b. Police, it is assumed, will more quickly learn of dangerous situations and, equipped with crucial information, will be able to respond in the safest way possible. c. Electronic surveillance may increase perceptions of safety among law-abiding citizens, encouraging them to make greater use of public spaces where they can serve as informal guardians and potential witnesses.

What is the most important factor contributing to wrongful convictions?

eyewitness misidentification

Which of the following statements is true about the present-day juvenile courts?

a. They are increasingly replacing paternalistic, treatment-oriented correctional strategies with more punitive ones. b. They are adopting more adversarial procedures. c. They are providing juvenile offenders with a greater number of procedural rights.

Which of the following is an advantage of hiring college-educated police officers?

a. better written reports b. enhanced communication with the public c. fewer citizen complaints

The booking process typically involves

a. entering a suspect's charge in the police blotter. b. entering a suspect's name in the police blotter. c. entering a suspect's fingerprints or photograph in the police blotter.

In which of the following situations can judges suspend the entire sentence of an offender?

a. when he or she seeks medical treatment b. when he or she stays out of trouble c. when he or she makes restitution

The movement to limit the discretion of police officers is the result of

abuses of that discretion

What is the meaning of the word "crime"?

accusation of fault

For Émile Durkheim, the cause of crime is ________, that is, the dissociation of the individual from the ________.

anomie; collective conscience

If defendants are not satisfied with the outcome of their trials, they have the right to

appeal

The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.

arraignment

Which of the following is a requirement for participants to ensure the most effective drug court program?

at least one clinical case management session per week

Which of the following events did NOT contribute to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI's) increasing influence over local policing?

being given responsibility for the Witness Security Program

Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a(n)

bench trial

What standard of proof is necessary to find a defendant guilty as charged?

beyond a reasonable doubt

Which of the following scientists suggested that some people were "less highly evolved or developed than others" and that some people "were nearer their apelike ancestors than others in traits, abilities, and dispositions"?

charles darwin

Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?

classical theory

Reductions in sentences for death row inmates, which are granted by a state's governor, are called ________.

commutations

It was the common-plea decisions made by judges in eyre that formed the body of legal precedent that became known as

case law

Edwin H. Sutherland's theory that a person who becomes a criminal does so because of his or her contact with criminal definitions and isolation from anticriminal definitions is known as

differential association

Edwin H. Sutherland's ________ states that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal definitions and isolation from noncriminal definitions.

differential association theory

In ________ patrol, officers are given guidance on how to use their patrol time, which is often based on the results of crime analyses that identify problem areas

directed

Which of the following circumstances accounted for the largest number of law enforcement officers assaulted in the United States in 2014?

disturbance calls

In U.S. states that do not use grand juries, the alternative is to

draft an information

Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the police in 2014?

drug abuse violations

The research of the Chicago School was based on a model taken from

ecology

Today, jurisdictions are increasingly ________ and using ________.

enacting mandatory sentencing statutes; sentencing guidelines

Which of the following is a measure of coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants in a conflict?

excessive force

Which of the following is defined as the harmful physical and emotional outcomes that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of an employee?

job stress

What was the index crime for which women were most frequently arrested in 2014?

larceny-theft

The due process model is based on the doctrine of

legal guilt

In the 1969 case of Chimel v. California, the Supreme Court

limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest

In 2012, which level of government spent the most on police protection?

local

In the context of crowding in American prisons, criminologist Michael Tonry attributes high incarceration rates to ________.

low levels of trust and legitimacy

What is the Latin term for crimes that are "wrong in themselves"—crimes characterized by universality and timelessness?

mala in se

Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and "negative" philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers?

positivist theory

In common law, the decision in a particular case becomes a potential basis, or ________, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future.

precedent

________ refer to individuals who are actually sent to the United States, often on work or student visas, with the purpose of moving money for criminals.

premier mules

According to Peel, the main function of the police was to ________ by ________ of the community.

prevent crime; preventive patrol

Which of the following terms is defined as the process by which an inmate becomes socialized into the customs and principles of the inmate society?

prisonization

Generally, a presentence investigation report (PSI) is prepared by a ________.

probation officer

Police officers cannot make an arrest for every violation of law—that is, they cannot

provide full enforcement

Which of the following penal sanctions is used primarily to prevent undesired conduct and to provide retribution?

punishment

According to political scientist William Muir's styles of policing, who among the following police officers hold values that make it difficult for them to use force to solve problems?

reciprocators

A merit system of police employment is established when an independent civil service commission, in cooperation with the city personnel section and the police department, sets standards for three of the following factors. Which of the following is NOT set by a merit system?

recruitment criteria

A key to successful community adjustment for inmates leaving prison is ________, which means rebuilding former prosocial ties to the community and establishing new ties.

reintegration

Which of the following is an effort to do something for victims and their survivors—to return them, as much as possible, to their previous state and to make them "whole" again?

restoration

To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to ________.

school children

Which of the following refers to explorations or inspections by law enforcement officers of homes, premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of discovering evidence of crimes or persons who are accused of crimes?

searches

The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce is referred to as

selective enforcement

According to the 2014 national crime victimization surveys (NCVS), which of the following demographic groups had the highest rate of violent crime victimization?

separated persons

Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter ________ have been found in impulsive murderers and arsonists.

seratonin

State-level law enforcement officers include three of the following groups. Which of the following does NOT belong?

sheriffs

Which of the following forms of policing has been called the "first distinctively American police system"?

slave patrols

Cocorrectional prisons are usually ________, and security is typically ________.

small; minimum

Most institutions have elaborate ________, in which staff learn from inmate informants about the presence of contraband, the potential for disruptions, and other threats to security.

snitch systems

From the perspective of ________, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so.

social control theory

Which of the following legal defenses was used successfully by Amy Carter (daughter of former President Jimmy Carter), Jerry Rubin, and other activists who were charged with trespassing for protesting apartheid on the property of the South African embassy in Washington, DC?

the necessity defense

Which of the following provisions in the Bill of Rights is NOT yet applicable to the criminal justice process of the states?

the right to a grand jury indictment

According to your text, three highly important qualities for police officers to have are

the three I's of police selection, common sense, and compassion.

Which of the following terms is defined as a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States?

the uniform crime reports (UCR)

According to your textbook, restorative justice has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

to punish the offender for the harm done

Earlier in American history, two forms of police protection began to evolve—the ________ in the villages, towns, and cities; and the ________ in the rural areas, unincorporated areas, and counties.

watch;sheriff

For which of the following purposes is most of jail funding used?

workhouses