ALL (excluded 7,9,10,15)

3. Which of the following is NOT a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells? A. Action B. Reaction C. Receptor D. Resting E. Post-synaptic

B

19. The brain structure most closely associated with motor learning is the A. hippocampus. B. basal ganglia. C. cerebellum. D. dorsal root ganglion

CEREBELLUM

14. Cortical areas that plan and initiate motor sequences A. all fall within the primary motor cortex. B. comprise five functionally distinct and functionally isolated regions. C. comprise several functionally distinct but highly interconnected regions. D. all receive direct inputs from the basal ganglia.

Comprise several functionally distinct but highly interconnected regions

20. Which of the following statements about the medium spiny neurons is FALSE? A. They are GABAergic. B. They are the major output of the striatum. C. They receive input from dopaminergic neurons. D. Each one densely innervates 100 to 200 pallidal neurons.

Each one densely innervates 100-200 pallidal neurons

40. The substantia nigra pars reticulata projects to the A. inferior colliculus. B. VA/VL nuclei. C. superior colliculus. D. corpus striatum.

Superior colliculus

3. A motor pool (as opposed, e.g., to a motor unit) consists of A. all of the motor neurons that project to a given muscle. B. all of the motor neurons within a single segment of spinal cord. C. all of the motor neurons that project to a given limb. D. a single motor neuron and all of the different muscles that it innervates. E. a single motor neuron and all of its afferent interneurons.

All of the motor neurons that project to a given muscle

41. _________ molecules guide axons to the general target area of the neuron. How specific synapses are formed remains something of a mystery; however, it's likely made possible by alternatively spliced genes expressed as _____________ proteins. A. Chemotropic; diffusible C. Chemotrophic; diffusible B. Chemotropic; cell surface D. Chemotrophic; cell surface

Chemotropic Diffusable

The auditory hair-cell bodies are embedded in the a. tectorial membrane. b. basilar membrane. c. tunnel of Corti. d. spiral ganglion. e. oval window.

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

The structural brain imaging technique that relies on atoms behaving as small magnets is called MRI. CT. fMRI. SPECT. PET. Textbook Reference: Box 1B: Brain Imaging Techniques, pp. 18-20

a. MRI.

2. Relative to an unmyelinated axon, a myelinated neuron has membrane resistance and longitudinal resistance. A. high; high B. high; low C. high; similar D. low; high

B

39. Cocaine acts A. on GABA receptors. C. as an MAO inhibitor. B. by blocking serotonin reuptake. D. by blocking dopamine reuptake.

B. by blocking serotonin reuptake.

37. Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? A. dopamine B histamine C. norepinephrine D. adrenaline

B. histamine

28. Saccadic eye movements are characterized as being _____________ and _______________. A. conjugate B. disconjugate C. ballistic D. both A&C E. both B&C

BALLISTIC & CONJUGATE

19. The proteins that establish ionic gradients are called A. passive transporters. C. active transporters. B. voltage-gated ion channels. D. ligand-gated ion channels.

C

47. The kinase that is activated by a lipid is kinase A kinase G kinase C

C

22. The medium spiny neurons of the corpus striatum are GABAergic, indicating that the cells of the globus pallidus express GABA receptors. The relevant GABA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. Based on your knowledge of the effect of striatal inputs into the globus pallidus, you can infer that the ion conducted by the GABA receptors is most likely ​. A. Na+ ​ ​ B. Cl- ​ ​C. Ca2+ ​ ​ D. Cd2+ ​

Cl-

46. Which of the following is an "effector" of G-protein-initiated signaling mechanisms? A. ADENYLYL CYCLASE B. PHOSPHOLIPASE C C. MEMBRANE BOUND D. ALL

D. All of the above.

25. One of the outputs of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, is most similar in its function to the A. corpus striatum. B. caudate. C. globus pallidus. D. substantia nigra pars compacta.

Globus pallidus

Textbook Reference: The External Ear, pp. 281-282 Which of the following is not a cause of hearing loss? a. Acoustic trauma b. Infection c. Ototoxic drugs d. Aging e. All of the above are causes of hearing loss.

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

44. Let FR = fast, fatigue-resistant, FF=fast fatigable and S= slow. Based on the size principle, the order of recruitment of motor units by type is A. FR, FF, S B. S, FR, FF C. FF, FR, S D. S, FF, FR

Slow Fast Resistant Fast Fatigable

45. Based on the size principle, the order of recruitment of motor units by type is A. fast, fatigue-resistant; fast, fatigable; slow B. slow; fast, fatigue-resistant; fast, fatigable C. fast, fatigable; fast, fatigue-resistant; slow D. slow; fast, fatigable; fast, fatigue-resistant

Slow Fast, fatigue-resistant Fast, fatigable

9. ________________ is the process by which mature cells like muscle fibers end up being innervated by a single neuron, and it is thought to be based on competition among neurons for __________________________ A. Synapse proliferation; tropic factors C. Synapse elimination; tropic factors B. Synapse proliferation; trophic factors D. Synapse elimination; trophic factors

Snaptic elimination Trophic factors

32. The basal ganglia's ability to select/elicit one specific movement pattern out of an almost endless variety of possible movement patterns is best ascribed to which kind of neural coding strategy? A. Feedforward B. Feedback C. Surround inhibition. D. Coarse coding

Surround inhibition

38. The basal ganglia's ability to select/elicit one specific movement pattern out of an almost endless variety of possible movement patterns has been compared to center/surround inhibition in the retina. The ability of the basal ganglia to use surround inhibition is due to _______________ circuitry. A. caudate vs. putamen C. substantia nigra pars compacta vs. substantia nigra pars reticulata B. direct vs. indirect D. cortical vs. thalamic

Surround inhibition is due to INDIRECT/ DIRECT circuitry

2. The part of the motor system that acts to minimize motor error through error correction is A. Brodman's area 4. C. the brainstem B. Brodman's area 6. D. the cerebellum

The cerebellum

4. As illustrated by work published in 1822 by the French neuroscientist François Magendie, one would expect severing the ventral roots emanating from the lumbosacral enlargement to result in A. loss of mobility of the upper/fore limbs. C. loss of mobility of the lower/hind limbs. B. loss of sensation of the upper/fore limbs. D. loss of sensation of the lower/hind limbs.

Would result in loss of mobility of the lower/hind limbs

Listed below are the enzymes needed to synthesize epinephrine (adrenaline). 1. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase 2. Tyrosine hydroxylase 3. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase 4. DOPA decarboxylase. Which of the following is the correct sequence of enzyme actions in the synthesis of epinephrine? a. 2; 4; 1; 3 b. 3; 1; 4; 2 c. 2; 1; 3; 4 d. 1; 2; 4; 3 e. 2; 4; 3; 1

a

Listed below are the five steps in a nitric oxide (NO)-mediated signaling event. 1. Calcium binds to calmodulin 2. Activation of nitric oxide synthase 3. NO diffusion for tens of micrometers 4. Activation of guanylyl cyclase 5. Inactivation by reaction with oxygen. Which of the following is the correct sequence of these steps? a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 c. 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 d. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 e. 1, 5, 2, 3, 4

a

Which of the following statements about EPSPs in the central nervous system is false? a. They are much larger than end plate potentials. b. EPSPs occurring close together in time can summate and help bring a neuron to threshold. c. Multiple EPSPs arriving together at different locations on the dendritic tree can summate and help bring a neuron to threshold. d. Their effect in the central nervous system can be nullified by IPSPs. e. All of the above are false none is true

a

difference between channels and pumps

channels-> down gradient, selective, gated pumps-> up gradient, require energy

Why is myopia in humans thought to be more common now than it was in ancient times? a. The vigorous exercise associated with early human lifestyles better nourished the retina. b. Early humans were not exposed to the environmental toxins present in modern life. c. Chronic exposure to fire smoke had a protective effect on the vision of early humans. d. Early humans did not engage in the kinds of activities (e.g., reading and writing from an early age, watching television) characteristic of modern life. e. Myopia was not less common, but was less recognized.

d

The set of neurons and small ganglia associated with the digestive tract is called the _______ nervous system. autonomic sympathetic parasympathetic peripheral enteric

enteric

A measured membrane potential of +58 mV would be consistent with _______ inside the cell and _______ outside the cell. a. 100 mM K+, 10 mM K+ b. 10 mM Na+, 100 mM Na+ c. 10 mM Cl-, 100 mM Cl- d. 100 mM K+, 100 mM Na+ e. All of the above

10 mM Na+, 100 mM Na+

22. Which of the following statements regarding the diversity of ion channels is FALSE? A. With only six different types, potassium channels are the least diverse channel type. B. There are at least 10 different sodium channels in humans. C. Sodium channels that do not inactivate have been found. D. There are least 16 different types of calcium channels. E. Calcium channels serve such diverse functions as influencing action potential shape and mediating the release of neurotransmitters.

A

50. The type of glial cells that myelinate peripheral axons are called A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. astrocytes. D. microglia.

A

9. Calculate the equilibrium potential for Cl- given an intracellular concentration of 40 mM and an extracellular concentration of 560 mM, as is typical for a squid neuron. R = 1.987 cal mol-1K-1, T = 292 K, F = 23,062 cal mol-1V-1. A. 0.066 mV b. .066 V c. -.066 mV d. -.066 V

A

Which of the following receptor types can be modulated by both barbiturates and benzodiazepines? a. GABAA b. GABAB c. GABAC d. Glycine e. Muscarinc ACh receptor

A

1. In an article published in 2012, Rick Helmich and colleagues observed that 3 out of 4 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease experience tremor at rest. Parkinson's disease is considered a ______ kinetic disorder, so the occurrence of tremors can strike one as odd. Apparently, the underlying cause is a defect in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuitry in addition to degradation of the ___________________ , the part of the brain more generally degraded in Parkinson's disease. A.hypo; substantia nigra C. hypo; corpus striatum B. hyper; substantia nigra D. hyper; corpus striatum

A Hypo kinetic disorder Degradtion of the substantia nigra

14. The growth cone is responsible for A. axon growth and guidance. C. color vision in the developing retina. B. enabling mitotic division of stem cells. D. responding to inductive signals in development.

Axon growth and guidance

11. Action potentials are generated A. at most subthreshold voltages. B. when the cell reaches threshold. C. only when the membrane potential exceeds threshold by 5 to 10 millivolts. D. only after all of the sodium channels are open.

B

The TRP ion channel family includes channels responsive to a. complex sequences of voltage commands. b. heat and cold. c. intracellular cyclic nucleotides. d. hyperpolarization. e. ultraviolet light.

Correct Answer: b

Which of the following is not a variant of the patch clamp technique? a. Cell attached b. Intracellular c. Whole cell d. Inside-out patch e. Outside-out patch

Correct Answer: b

Animal toxins have been discovered that a. block sodium channels. b. prolong the open state of sodium channels. c. alter the voltage-dependence of sodium channels. d. block potassium channels. e. All of the above

Correct Answer: e

50. The primary motor cortex is located in the lobe of the cerebrum. A. frontal B. temporal C. parietal D. occipital E. medullary

Frontal

36. A patient with Huntington's disease has jerky, random, movements and poor coordination.Huntington's is a ______________ disorder resulting from damaged neurons in the ______________ A. hyperkinetic; corpus striatum C. hypokinetic; corpus striatum B. hyperkinetic; substantia nigra D. hypokinetic; substantia nigra

Hyperkinetic disorder Corpus striatum

Textbook Reference: The Ionic Basis of Mechanotransduction in Hair Cells, pp. 290-291 Which of the following most depends upon the utilization of bilateral auditory information? a. Frequency discrimination b. Sound localization c. Distinguishing pitch from timbre d. Encoding of speech sounds e. Detection of very faint sounds

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Integrating Information from the Two Ears, pp. 294-296 In order to increase the decibel measurement of a sound, one would have to alter its wave a. form. b. phase. c. amplitude. d. frequency. e. length.

Incorrect Correct Answer: c Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells, pp. 257-259 Which of the following is the structure where a visuotopically organized, alternating (left/right) pattern of monocular responsiveness is found? a. Layers 2 and 3 of LGN b. Layer 4 of LGN c. Layer 2/3 of visual cortex d. Layer 4 of visual cortex e. All layers of visual cortex

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes, pp. 267-269 In the pupillary light reflex, a. the reflex is elicited only by photic stimulation of both eyes. b. light falling on the left eye will cause left pupil constriction. c. light falling on the right eye will cause left pupil constriction. d. light falling on one eye will cause both pupils to constrict. e. None of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Ionic Basis of Mechanotransduction in Hair Cells, pp. 290-291 Cells with pronounced selectivity for specific combinations of sound frequencies are first found in the a. ventral cochlear nucleus. b. nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. c. inferior colliculus. d. medial geniculate complex. e. lateral and medial superior olives.

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field, pp. 259-261 Visual area _______ is most specialized for the processing of color information. a. V1 b. V2 c. V3 d. V4 e. V5

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

7. The muscle fibers that signal sustained stretch of a muscle are _______ fibers. A. all extrafusal muscle B. just the S-type extrafusal muscle C. intrafusal

Intrafusal

2. The primary motor cortex seems to encode _________________ not ______________ , and those of the _______________ side of the body are encoded in the left primary motor cortex. A. movement; muscle; left C. muscle; movement; right B. movement; muscle; right D. muscle; movement; left

It encodes movement NOT muscle The right side of the body are encoded in the left primary motor cortex

11. Which of the following statements about cat locomotion is FALSE? A. Flexors play an important role during the swing phase. B. Extensors play an important role during the stance phase. C. It is controlled by a single spinal central pattern generator that always produces left-right alternation within a segment. D. Some gaits alternate activity between the left and right legs. E. Some gaits involve synchronous use of forelimbs and hindlimbs.

It is controlled by a single spinal central pattern generator that always produces left-right alternation within a segment

Which of the following is not a true statement about a center-surround receptive field? It is found only in primary sensory cortex. It can be mapped by electrophysiological recording techniques. It can involve an excitatory response (e.g., to touch). It can involve an inhibitory response (e.g., to touch). It is characterized by a circular center and a donut-shaped surround. Textbook Reference: Functional Analysis of Neural Systems, pp. 16-21

It is found only in primary sensory cortex.

24. An example of a non-diffusible signal for axon guidance is A.retinoic acid ​ ​ B. L1 CAM ​C. netrin ​D. semaphorin ​

L1 CAM

15. The Primary motor cortex is located in/on the ​ ​A.cerebellum ​ B. postcentral gyrus ​ ​ C. superior colliculus ​ ​ D. precentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus

22. The primary input to the striatum is from A. the globus pallidus. C. cerebellar cortex. B. cerebral cortex. D. the thalamus.

The cerebral cortex

Which of the following statements about action potentials is false? a. They can transmit signals over long distances. b. They boost the spatial spread of electrical signals. c. They are elicited by hyperpolarization. d. They occur at threshold. e. They are all-or-none.

They are elicited by hyperpolarization.

1. Which of the following is the most common cause of brain pathology for 15-24 year olds? A. stroke B. traumatic brain injury C. infection D. neurotoxins

Traumatic Brain Injury

Which of the following statements about the conveyance of luminance signals by bipolar cells is false? a. Bipolar cells do not have direct contacts with HCs and so are unaffected by HC activity. b. Off-bipolar cells hyperpolarize in response to light. c. On-bipolar cells depolarize in response to light. d. Glutamate causes off-bipolars to depolarize. e. Glutamate causes on-bipolars to hyperpolarize.

a

Which of the following type of glial cell myelinates peripheral axons? Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia All of the above Textbook Reference: Glial Cells, pp. 7-10

a. Schwann cells

The synaptic potential a. makes communication between nerve cells possible. b. occurs only in response to external stimuli. c. propagates along axons. d. determines the cell's resting potential. e. All of the above:

a. makes communication between nerve cells possible.

Which of the following is not a component of the phototransduction signaling cascade initiated by light falling on a rod? a. Absorption of a photon of light by 11-cis retinal b. Activation of protein kinase A c. A conformational change in the rhodopsin protein d. Dissociation of the α subunit of transducin from the β/γ complex e. Increased activity of PDE (phosphodiesterase)

b

16. According to a recent article in Science News, the caudate plays an important role in associative learning. The caudate is part of the A. corpus striatum B. globus pallidus C. straite cortex D. substantia nigra

corpus striatum

47. In a large muscle like the quadriceps, the muscle fibers innervated by an alpha motor neuron are distributed A. diffusely C. in clusters, or fascicles B. in muscle spindle organs D. according to where need is greatest

diffusely

Which of the following is not an observation that helped to identify sodium as the early current of the action potential? a. The current declined when there was decreased driving force on sodium fluxes. b. The current disappeared near the Nernst potential for sodium. c. The early current was blocked by tetrodotoxin. d. The early current was unaffected by tetraethylammonium. e. When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential.

e. When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential.

42. The gain (ratio of output to stimulus strength) of the muscle spindle organ is increased by increased activity of the associated A. alpha motor neuron. B. Ia afferent C. gamma motor neuron D. Golgi tendon organ

gamma motor neuron

38. Alcohol-induced damage to the vermis of the cerebellum has been associated with A. chronically slurred speech. C. word-finding difficulties. B. impaired walking. D. impaired use of hands and fingers.

impaired walking

21. Which of the following statements about the Babinski sign (or reflex) is FALSE? A. It involves the corticospinal tract. B. It is considered an upper motor neuron deficit. C. It changes between infancy and later development. D. It concerns normal versus abnormal flexion of the fingers. E. It can be affected by stroke, trauma, and other neurological problems.

it concerns normal versus abnormal flexion of the fingers

2nd order neurons are where? for somatosensory

medulla & decussate here

2nd order neurons are where? for pain

medulla & decussates in the spinal cord

The type of nerve cell that synapses upon muscles is called a(n) spinal interneuron. motor neuron (or motoneuron). cranial neuron. afferent neuron. dorsal root neuron. Textbook Reference: Neural Circuits, pp. 10-13

motor neuron (or motoneuron).

34. In her song "Wntspiration," Texas State alumna Katie Saul explains the signaling pathway by which ________ Wnt influences neuronal development. Wnt is an example of a ______________ induction signal. A. diffusible; protein C. diffusible; small molecule B. non-diffusible; protein D. non-diffusible; small molecule

non-diffusable Wnt influences neuronal development Wnt is an example of a PROTEIN induction signal

classes of neurotransmitters

peptide (substance p) small molecules (ach, glutamate, gaba, dopamine)

A neuron that innervates (i.e., makes synaptic contact with) a large number of other neurons represents convergent neural signaling. must fire at very high frequencies to be useful. can fire only at very low frequencies. represents divergent neural signaling. represents massive neural integration. Textbook Reference: Neurons, pp. 6-7

represents divergent neural signaling.

27. Focal application of a GABA receptor agonist (like muscimol) within the substantia nigra pars reticulata would most likely A. result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease such as those induced by MPTP. B. lead to degeneration of the globus pallidus. C. produce a temporary thought disorder. D. result in abnormal limb movements. E. result in involuntary saccadic eye movements.

result in involuntary saccadic eye movements

The technique that first revealed the tremendous diversity of neuronal cell types (numbering in the hundreds or thousands in vertebrate animals) is called the Golgi stain. cresyl violet staining. fluorescence staining. the Nissl stain. electron microscopy. Textbook Reference: Cellular Diversity in the Nervous System, p. 10

the Golgi stain.

The resting membrane potential is not exactly equal to the Nernst potential for potassium because a. the Nernst equation is not able to predict potentials that precisely. b. rapid fluctuations in membrane potential prevent accurate measurements. c. the membrane has some resting permeability to species other than potassium. d. potassium does not contribute to the resting membrane potential. e. All of the above

the membrane has some resting permeability to species other than potassium.

30. Observed in newborn infants and patients with upper motor syndrome, the ___________ sign/reflex manifests as ______________ of the toes. A. Babinski; extension C. Lewinski; extension B. Babinski; flexion D. Lewinski; flexion

upper motor syndrome: the BABINSKI reflex manifests as EXTENSION of the toes

30. Listed below are the events that make up chemical synaptic transmission: 1. Diffusion of transmitter across the synaptic cleft 2. Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal 3. Vesicle fusion with plasma membrane 4. Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels 5. Activation of presynaptic, calcium-sensitive proteins Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events? A. 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 B. 2; 4; 5; 3; 1 C. 2; 5; 4; 3; 1 D. 5; 4; 2; 3; 1

B

35. Which of the following are the physically largest neurotransmitters? A. Biogenic amines C. Amino acid transmitters B. Neuropeptide transmitters D. Purinergic transmitters

B

31. The basal ganglia are thought to elicit movement by means of A. direct excitation of the primary motor cortex. B. direct excitation of the premotor cortex. C. disinhibition of thalamic neurons (VA/VL). D. direct excitation of thalamic neurons (VA/VL). E. excitatory projections from the globus pallidus to higher-order association areas of cortex.

Basal ganglia elicits movement by disinhibition of thalamic neurons (VA/VL)

30. Listed below are the events that occur during basal ganglia functioning: 1. Disinhibition of ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei 2. Inhibition of globus pallidus 3. Excitation of corpus striatum Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events? A. 1; 2; 3 B. 3;2;1 C. 1;3;2 D. 3;1;2 E. 2;3;1

Basal ganglia functioning: - Excitation of corpus striatum - Inhibition of globus pallidus - Disinhibition of ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

17. Which of the following was NOT one of the observations that led scientists to revise their original notion of motor cortex (i.e., as a fixed and precisely ordered motor map that paralleled the sensory somatotopic map)? A. Consistent activation of multiple muscles by the lowest-threshold stimuli tested B. The generation of ethologically relevant movement patterns with prolonged stimulation C. Both A&B contributed to this revised view of motor cortical operations.

Both A&B contributed to this revised view of motor cortical operations -> Consistent activation of mutitple muscles by lowest threshold stimuli tested AND the generation of ethologically relevant movement patterns with prolonged stimulation

Which of the following factors is important in determining the membrane potential when there are multiple permeant ions? a. The concentration gradient of the individual ionic species b. The permeability of the membrane to the individual ionic species c. The sum total of all of the ions on both sides of the membrane d. Both a and b e. All of the above

Both a and b

Which of the following is not a cause of sensory receptor potentials? a. Heat b. Pressure c. Sound d. Chemicals e. Brain waves

Brain waves

45. Based on the fact that their axons wrap around Purkinje cell dendrites, making multiple synapses with them, one would expect to strongly affect Purkinje cell activity. A. climbing fibers. B. parallel fibers C. mossy fibers. D. medium spiny neurons

Climbing fibers

49. Based on the fact that their axons wrap around Purkinje cell dendrites, making multiple synapses with them, one would expect ________________________ to strongly affect Purkinje cell activity. A. climbing fibers. C. parallel fibers B. mossy fibers. D. medium spiny neurons

Climbing fibers

The technique that provides the most direct information about the physical, three-dimensional structure of ion channels is a. the sequencing of the channel's amino acids. b. physiological measurements of ion selectivity. c. X-ray crystallography. d. fluorescence imaging of channel subunit dynamics. e. All of the above provide similar information on the channel's three-dimensional structure.

Correct Answer: c

Textbook Reference: Box 12A: Random Dot Stereograms and Related Amusements, pp. 270-271 The strictly monocular portion of the visual field is represented exclusively in the _______ retina. a. superior b. inferior c. nasal d. temporal e. None of the above

Correct Answer: c

The _______ most directly affects the rate of information processing within the central nervous system. a. number of sodium channels along an axon b. number of potassium channels along an axon c. propagation speed of action potentials d. threshold voltage of neurons e. ratio of sodium to potassium channels

Correct Answer: c

Which of the following statements on either the rising or overshoot phase of the action potential is false? a. The time from threshold to maximum depolarization is essentially instantaneous (i.e., too fast to be measured accurately with current electronics). b. A positive feedback loop leads to a regenerative depolarization that would increase continuously if unchecked. c. The degree of depolarization is limited in part by the declining driving force on sodium entry. d. The degree of depolarization is limited in part by the inactivation time course for the sodium current. e. The degree of depolarization is limited in part by the activation time

Correct Answer: a

Which of the following ligand-gated ion channels is (are) not regulated primarily by an intracellular signal? a. The IP3 receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum b. The potassium-activated calcium channel c. The glutamate receptor d. The cAMP- and cGMP-gated ion channels e. The acid-sensing ion channels

Correct Answer: c

In familial hemiplegic migraine, the underlying mutation in a calcium channel causes a. abnormally functioning pain receptors in the peripheral nervous system. b. enhanced synaptic excitation of second-order pain-sensitive neurons. c. abnormal activation of thalamic pain centers. d. abnormal activation of neocortical pain centers. e. the syndrome by some unknown mechanism.

Correct Answer: e

16. When current is injected into an axon, A. an action potential is always evoked before the current can spread any distance from the point of injection. B. the current will spread only in one direction. C. the current will spread passively only if it is a depolarizing current. D. the current will decay exponentially with increasing distance from the injection site. E. the current will propagate as an oscillating wave independently of its polarity.

D

18. Which of the following is important for the unidirectional propagation of action potentials? A. The voltage dependence of the sodium channels B. The voltage dependence of the potassium channels C. The presence of a refractory period at a location where an action potential has just fired D. Sufficient "leakiness" of the axons, such that backward propagation of action potentials is prevented E. The capacity of axons to function as perfect insulators and prevent current leakage and back-propagation

D

6. Which of the following is NOT required in order for neurons to communicate electrically? A. Changes in Vm due to the movement of ions across the cell membrane B. Consumption of metabolic energy C. Selective permeability of the membrane due to different types of ion channels D. Separation of large amounts of electrical charge, with excess positive charges stored inside the cell E. Use of active transporters to create ionic gradients

D

Which technique first produced unequivocal support for the neuron doctrine of the nervous system (as opposed to the reticular theory)? Acetylcholinesterase staining Electron microscopy of nervous tissue Extracellular electrical recordings Golgi stain (light microscopy) EEG (electroencephalogram) Textbook Reference: The Cellular Components of the Nervous System, pp. 4-5

Electron microscopy of nervous tissue

5. At the highest rates of motor neuron activation (achieved artificially), individual twitches are no longer apparent. This condition is called A. fused tetanus B. muscle twitches C. temporal summation D. unfused tetanus

Fused tetanus

47. During the development of the neural tube, the expression of _________ genes coincides with or precedes the formation of morphological features, and the chromosomal loci for these genes correlates with the location of their expression along the ________ axis. A. blue; anterior/posterior C. hox; anterior/posterior B. blue; dorsal/ventral D. hox; dorsal/ventral

HOX gene -> coincides w/ formation of morphological features Anterior/posterio

3. Neurons in the inferior olive conduct action potentials with a noteworthy, depolarized plateau. Based on this information, one would expect olivary neurons to A. make excitatory inputs into the cerebral cortex. B. make high frequency inputs into the cerebral cortex. C. hyperpolarize in response to inputs from the spinal cord. D. have a relatively long refractory period. E. be particularly susceptible to alcohol.

Have a relatively long refractory period

Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells, pp. 257-259 In which brain region would you expect to find very large, motion sensitive cells that respond selectively to oriented moving edges, while lacking responsiveness to fine structural details? a. Parvocellular LGN b. Area 17 c. V4 d. Peristriate cortex e. Area MT

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

15. Which of the following statements about the reticulospinal (RS) tract (or system) is FALSE? A. It originates mainly in the cerebellum. B. It receives input from multiple sensory modalities. C. RS neurons can be rhythmically active during locomotion. D. There can be widespread activation of RS neurons during locomotion. E. RS neurons receive information during locomotion concerning the activity of spinal circuits.

It originated mainly in the cerebellum - FALSE where does it originate?

41. The topography of inputs into the medium spiny neurons of the basal ganglia is such that the local circuit neurons synapse with the cell body, the nigral neurons synapse on the distal-most part of the dendrites, and the cortical inputs are intermediate. All else being equal, one would expect the to be most influential on the output of the striatal neurons. A. local circuit neurons B. cortical neurons C. nigral neurons

Local circuit neurons

35. Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are functionally analogous to A. Purkinje fibers of the heart. C. olivary neurons. B. medium spiny striatal neurons. D. Golgi cells.

Medium spiny striatal neurons

Which of the following statements about the expression of genes in the nervous system is true? Humans have three to four times more genes than mice have. There are tens of thousands of neuron-specific genes (i.e., genes that are not expressed outside the CNS). Humans have 100 times more genes than invertebrate animals such as Drosophila. Every gene in the human genome is expressed in the CNS. Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS. Textbook Reference: Genetics, Genomics, and the Brain, pp. 1-4

Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS

32. A single motor axon may innervate hundreds of muscle fibers. Taken together, the lower motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are known as a A. nerve. B. motor unit. C. motor pool. D. neuromuscular junction

Motor unit

10. Golgi tendon organs are most sensitive to A. muscle tension. C. muscle stretch. B. absolute joint position. D. muscle contraction frequency.

Muscle tension

7. Golgi tendon organs are most sensitive to A. muscle length. C. muscle tension. B. absolute joint position. D. muscle contraction frequency.

Muscle tension

Which of the following is not necessary for neurons to communicate electrically? a. Consumption of metabolic energy b. Use of active transporters to create ionic gradients c. Separation of large amounts of electrical charge, with excess positive charges stored inside the cell d. Selective permeability of the cell membrane via different kinds of ion channels e. Changes in membrane potential caused by the movement of ions across the cell membrane

Separation of large amounts of electrical charge, with excess positive charges stored inside the cell

39. The part of the cerebellum that receives input from the statoacoustic organs of the ears is the A. spinocerebellum. B. vestibulocerebellum. C. cerebrocerebellum. D. LSO

Vestibulocerebellum

37. One characteristic of the growth cone is the presence of , finger-like projections from the leading edge. These structures are filled with actin filaments, and are populated by Ca2+-channels, which modulate localized changes in intracellular calcium, which in turn can influence cytoskeletal architecture. A.filopodia B. lamellipodia C. stereocilia D. kinocilia E. apical processes

* Filopodia

10. If a person's spinal cord were cut in the midthoracic region, s/he would be expected to _____________ voluntary movement of her/his lower extremities. If that were the only injury, one would expect the patellar (knee jerk) reflex to be ______________ A. lose; lost B. lose; retained C. retain; lost D. retain; retained

* Lost, lost ?

21. In the basal ganglia's direct pathway, only when the cells of the globus pallidus are ________, the thalamic neurons are ___________ and can relay signals from other sources to the upper motor neurons in the cortex. A. disinhibited; inhibited ​C. GABAergic; inhibited B. inhibited; disinhibited ​D. GABAergic; glutamatergic

****When cells of globus pallidus are INHIBITED the thalamic neurons are DIS INHIBITED and can relay signals from other sources to upper motor neurons in cortex

9. The patellar tendon (knee-jerk) reflex is A. mediated by Golgi tendon organs. B. a monosynaptic reflex arc mediated by Ia afferents. C. a polysynaptic reflex arc that integrates the input from groups Ia, Ib, and II afferents. D. mediated by collaterals of somatosensory afferents. E. a volitional response to the impending impact of an object (i.e., the physician's rubber hammer) directed toward the knee.

A monosnaptic reflex arc mediated by la afferents

44. A motor unit is A. a muscle and all the lower motor neurons (the motor pool) that innervates it. B. a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. C. a muscle fiber and all the motor neurons that innervate it. D. the neurons associated with innervation of a particular muscle including the upper motor neurons, local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons.

A motor NEURON and all the muscle FIBERS it innervates

6. The condition called "fused tetanus" refers to A. a muscle firing pattern resulting from one's willing a muscle to contract at maximum velocity. B. the response of single muscle fibers to a single action potential input. C. a motor unit firing pattern that is rarely observed under normal physiological conditions. D. an excessive contraction that results in the fusing of muscle fibers.

A motor unit firing pattern that is rarely observed under normal physiological conditions

24. Which of the following cortical regions collectively make substantial inputs to the basal ganglia? A. Motor and premotor cortex B. Primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex C. Frontal and prefrontal cortex D. The frontal and parietal lobes E. All neocortex except for the primary visual and primary auditory cortices

All neocortex except for the primary visual and primary auditory cortices

Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes the four model organisms from other animals that have been intensively studied by neuroscientists? Nervous systems of substantial complexity All of the above Specific neural structures or behaviors of interest Ease of genetic analysis and manipulation An extensive and interesting behavioral repertoire Textbook Reference: Box 1A: "Model" Organisms in Neuroscience, p. 2

All of the above

23. Which of the following ligand-gated ion channels is NOT regulated primarily by an intracellular signal? A. The IP3 receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum B. The glutamate receptor C. The cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels

B

29. The capability of a nerve terminal to rapidly and dramatically produce very large changes in calcium levels is most absolutely dependent on A. the presence of calcium-selective ion channels. B. the enormous gradient of calcium across the membrane. C. the fact that calcium is a positively charged ion. D. the fact that calcium is a divalent cation. E. All of the above are essential for producing large, rapid concentration changes.

B

32. Tetrodotoxin is a useful experimental tool because A. it's produced by fugu. B. it blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. C. it blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. D. it blocks nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. E. it blocks voltage-gated calcium channels.

B

38. Serotonin reuptake blockers such as fluoxetine are used clinically A. to treat hypertension. C. to treat panic disorders. B. as antidepressants. D. as antipsychotics.

B

7. The transmembrane potential is generated by A. repulsion of positive and negative charges. B. diffusion of ions down a concentration gradient. C. the greater mobility of small ions. D. the selectivity of the membrane to positive charges only. E. All of the above.

B

18. ________________ induce(s) ectodermal cells to become __________________ ; however,______________________ rescue(s) them from that fate so they can become "neuralized." These observations illustrate that cell fates depend on the inductive factors to which cells are exposed. A. bone morphogenetic protein; bone; noggin and chordin B. bone morphogenetic protein; epidermis; noggin and chordin C. noggin and chordin; skull and spinal cord; bone morphogenetic protein D. noggin and chordin; neural tube; bone morphogenetic protein

BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN induces ectodermal cells to become EPIDERMIS however, NOGGIN AND CHORDIN rescue them from fate so the can become neutralized

Which of the following statements about neural and glial cells is false? a. Mitochondria are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. b. The endoplasmic reticulum is concentrated in axons. c. Exocytosis and endocytosis are important for synaptic communication. d. Glial cells rapidly transmit long-range electrical signals. e. Both b and d Textbook Reference: Neurons, pp. 6-7

Both b and d

1. Which of the following correctly describes nerve cells? A. Nerve cells are good conductors of electricity, comparable to copper wires. B. Nerve cells are better conductors of electricity than copper wires. C. Nerve cells are poor conductors of electricity relative to copper wires. D. Nerve cells don't conduct electricity at all. E. Nerve cells absorb electrons, but no electricity comes out of them.

C

12. For which of the following reasons was the development of the voltage clamp critical to investigations of the ionic basis of the action potential? A. Voltage changes in the cell cannot be seen without voltage clamp. B. Ionic conductances can be activated only in cells that have been voltage clamped. C. Because sodium and potassium currents are both time- and voltage-dependent, voltage clamping makes it possible to determine the contribution of each one to the action potential. D. Sodium and potassium currents are activated in non-overlapping voltage regimes. E. All of the above.

C

14. Which of the following does NOT stem from the application of Ohm's law to ionic conductances? A. The driving force on the ionic current is the difference between the membrane potential and the ion's Nernst potential. B. The conductance for an ion is inversely proportional to the resistance of the membrane to the passage of that ion. C. All permeant ions experience an identical driving force at each time point during the course of an action potential. D. The conductance for each ion can be calculated based on the measured ionic currents and the calculated driving force. E. The calculations stemming from Ohm's law can be used to derive a mathematical description of the action potential.

C

21. Individual ion channels A. were demonstrated experimentally with the advent of voltage clamp in 1956. B. show the same time course as macroscopic ionic currents. C. may pass thousands of ions per millisecond. D. have a different voltage dependence than the macroscopic ionic current has. E. have a different reversal potential than the macroscopic ionic current has.

C

26. Which if the following is a common, defining feature of membrane-bound active ion transporters? A. All transporters are electrogenic. B. All are able to move at least one ion against its concentration gradient. C. All transporters transport two or more different ions. D. All of the above.

C

33. Which of the following is NOT, to date, part of the experimental evidence favoring the vesicular release hypothesis of neurotransmission? A. Quantized distribution of events occurring at the neuromuscular junction B. Visualization of synaptic vesicles using electron microscopy C. Visualization of acetylcholine molecules diffusing out of the neck of the membrane-fused vesicle D. All of the above are part of the experimental evidence. E. None of the above are part of the experimental evidence.

C

4. Which of the following statements about action potentials is FALSE? A. Action potentials can transmit signals over long distances. B. Action potentials can amplify small signals. C. Action potentials are elicited by hyperpolarization. D. Action potentials occur when the membrane is brought to threshold. E. Action potentials are all-or-none.

C

48. The role of the Na+, K+-pump in the action potential is to A. pump in sodium ions to effect membrane depolarization during the rising phase B. pump out potassium to effect membrane repolarization during the falling phase C. pump out sodium ions to effect membrane hyperpolarization D. establish and maintain sodium and potassium ion gradients

C

33. The part of the cerebellum that is highly developed in humans and involved with the planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences, including speech, is the A. cerebrocerebellum. B. spinocerebellum. C. vestibulocerebellum. D. flocculus.

Cerebrocerebellum

35. The part of the cerebellum that is highly developed in humans and involved with the planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences is the A. cerebrocerebellum. C. spinocerebellum. B. vestibulocerebellum. D. flocculus.

Cerebrocerebellum

40. The medium spiny neurons of the corpus striatum are GABAergic, indicating that the cells of the globus pallidus express GABA receptors. GABA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. Based on your knowledge of the effect of striatal inputs into the globus pallidus, you can infer that the ion conducted by the GABA receptors is A. Ca2+ B. Cl- C. Na+ D. cAMP-

Cl-

The inventor of voltage clamp was a. Kenneth Cole. b. Alan Hodgkin. c. Andrew Huxley. d. Bernard Katz. e. Alessandro Volta.

Correct Answer: a

The mode of action potential propagation along myelinated axons is called a. salutatory. b. scleorid. c. oligodendroid. d. ranvierian. e. hyperian.

Correct Answer: a

Which of the following statements regarding the diversity of ion channels is false? a. With only six different types, potassium channels are the least diverse channel type. b. There are at least 10 different sodium channels in humans. c. Sodium channels that do not inactivate have been found. d. There are least 10 different types of calcium channels. e. Calcium channels serve diverse functions such as influencing action potential shape and mediating the release of neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: a

Which of the following was not observed in studies measuring the efflux of radioactive sodium from the squid giant axon? a. Dramatic increase of efflux during a brief train of action potentials b. Sharp drop in efflux when extracellular potassium was removed c. Dependence of efflux upon the presence of ATP d. Decrease of efflux when mitochondrial ATP synthesis was inhibited e. All of the above were observed.

Correct Answer: a

Which of the following was shown to eliminate the early inward current in squid giant axons? a. Removal of external sodium b. Doubling of external sodium c. Removal of external potassium d. Doubling of external potassium

Correct Answer: a

Action potentials are generated a. at most subthreshold voltages. b. only when the cell reaches threshold. c. only when the membrane potential exceeds threshold by 5 to 10 millivolts. d. intermittently, but usually when the membrane potential exceeds threshold. e. only after all of the sodium channels are open.

Correct Answer: b

Neurons exhibit a threshold above which an action potential is triggered because of a. a positive feedback loop between sodium current activation and potassium inactivation. b. a positive feedback loop between depolarization and sodium current activation. c. a negative feedback loop between sodium current activation and inactivation. d. the precise time constant of sodium channel activation (i.e., a threshold would not be observed if this were measurably changed). e. pacemaker-like activity that is present in all nerve cells.

Correct Answer: b

Paddle-like, charged transmembrane domains of potassium channels may a. serve as a plug or inactivation gate. b. be the primary voltage sensors. c. confer ion selectivity to the channel. d. enable the aggregation of channel subunits into functional channels. e. All of the above

Correct Answer: b

The proteins that establish ionic gradients are called a. passive transporters. b. active transporters. c. voltage-gated ion channels. d. ligand-gated ion channels. e. permeability transition pores.

Correct Answer: b

Which of the following statements about multiple sclerosis (MS) is false? a. MS is characterized by demyelination of axons along with some axon loss. b. It was recently proven that all cases of MS are due to persistent infection by a tropical parasite. c. Cases of MS vary considerably in terms of severity and progression of the illness. d. Symptoms of MS may include weakness, paralysis, double vision, monocular blindness, and abnormal somatic sensations. e. Magnetic resonance imaging can help diagnose some cases of MS.

Correct Answer: b

Which of the following statements about myelination is false? a. Myelin sheaths are created by glial cells. b. Myelin serves to sharply increase the time constant of the axon. c. Multiple layers of closely opposed glial membranes wrap the axon and serve as an electrical insulator. d. Myelin is absent at the nodes of Ranvier. e. Sodium and potassium channels are clustered at the nodes of Ranvier.

Correct Answer: b

For which of the following reasons was the development of the voltage clamp critical to investigations of the ionic basis of the action potential? a. Voltage changes in the cell cannot be seen without voltage clamp. b. Ionic conductances can be activated only in cells that have been voltage clamped. c. Voltage clamping allows simultaneous control of membrane potential and measurement of permeability changes. d. Sodium and potassium currents are activated in non-overlapping voltage regimes.

Correct Answer: c

Which of the following does not stem from the application of Ohm's law to ionic conductances? a. The driving force on the ionic current is the difference between the membrane potential and the ion's Nernst potential. b. The conductance for an ion is inversely proportional to the resistance of the membrane to the passage of that ion. c. All permeant ions experience an identical driving force at each time point during the course of an action potential. d. The conductance for each ion can be calculated based on the measured ionic currents and the calculated driving force. e. The calculations stemming from Ohm's law can be used to derive a mathematical description of the action potential.

Correct Answer: c

Which of the following explains the unidirectional propagation of action potentials? a. The voltage dependence of the sodium channels b. The voltage dependence of the potassium channels c. The presence of a refractory period at a location where an action potential has just passed d. Sufficient "leakiness" of the axons, such that backward propagation of action potentials is prevented e. The polarized orientation of microtubules within the axon

Correct Answer: c

Which of the following is the main reason that the opening of sodium channels causes a very rapid depolarization of most neurons? a. The movement of a sodium ion produces a larger voltage change than the movement of other ions. b. Sodium ion diffusion proceeds so quickly that whenever sodium channels are open, there is a rapid directional flux across the membrane. c. The conjunction of the sodium gradient and the negative membrane potential produces a very large driving force on sodium ions. d. All of the above e. None of the above

Correct Answer: c

Which of the following statements about the spread of electrical signals/currents along an axon is false? a. The spread of a passive signal is limited by the leakage of current out of the axon. b. The time course of passive signal spread slows with increasing leakiness of the axon. c. The membrane length constant describes how far an action potential can propagate along an axon. d. Action potentials can propagate for long distances without decrement. e. Action potential propagation requires both current flow along the axon and ion fluxes across the axon membrane.

Correct Answer: c

Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes, pp. 267-269 In the upper layers (2/3) of primary visual cortex (PVC), a lateral sampling of pyramidal cell responses would reveal a. alternating bands of monocular columns (left eye only/right eye only). b. a population of binocular cells that respond equally well to both eyes. c. a roughly sinusoidal pattern of ocular dominance moving from left dominance, through equal responsiveness, to right dominance and then back. d. only color-sensitive cells. e. only orientation-selective cells.

Correct Answer: c Your Answer: Did not answer

In an experiment using a series of voltage steps to study the two different ionic currents associated with the action potential (as shown in Figure 3.2), it was found that a. both currents had the exact same voltage dependence. b. both currents increased monotonically with increasingly large voltage steps. c. both currents decreased with increasingly large voltage steps. d. the early current increased initially, but then it decreased in size as the voltage step was increased. e. the late current increased initially, but then it decreased in size as the voltage step was increased.

Correct Answer: d

In which of the following ways do potassium channels in the squid giant axon differ from sodium channels? a. The potassium channels pass only a few ions per second. b. The potassium channels show little voltage dependence. c. The summing of the individual potassium channels does not reconstruct the macroscopic current. d. Once the potassium channels open in response to a voltage step command, they tend to remain open. e. All of the above

Correct Answer: d

The calcium ATPase a. is much simpler than the sodium-potassium pump because it has only three transmembrane regions. b. pumps 15 calcium ions for each molecule of ATP consumed. c. uses the same intracellular domain for both nucleotide binding and ion translocation. d. pumps calcium in a cyclical process that utilizes energy from ATP. e. is unique among transporters in that its pumping action involves no conformational changes.

Correct Answer: d

When current is injected into an axon, a. an action potential is evoked before the current has spread any distance from the point of injection. b. the current will spread only in one direction. c. the current will spread passively only if it is a depolarizing current. d. the current will decay exponentially with increasing distance from the injection site (if no action potential is present). e. the current will propagate as an oscillating wave independently of its polarity.

Correct Answer: d

Which of the following appears to contribute to the selectivity filter of the potassium channel? a. The channel pore narrows to fit the size of a non-hydrated potassium ion. b. Cations such as cesium are too large to pass through the pore. c. Cations such as sodium are too small to be dehydrated at the pore filter. d. All of the above e. None of the above

Correct Answer: d

Which of the following is a common, defining feature of membrane-bound active ion transporters? a. All transporters are electrogenic. b. All transporters transport two or more different ions. c. All catalyze the conversion of ATP to ADP. d. All are able to move at least one ion against its concentration gradient. e. All of the above

Correct Answer: d

Which of the following is not integral to the action potential waveform? a. A change in permeability of the membrane to sodium b. A change in permeability of the membrane to potassium c. A transient increase in the sodium current d. An initial decrease in the potassium current e. A "self-activating" aspect to the rise in the sodium current

Correct Answer: d

Which of the following was not seen in the voltage-clamp study of squid action potentials? a. Capacitive currents in response to hyperpolarizing voltage steps b. Capacitive currents in response to depolarizing voltage steps c. A transient inward current as a result of depolarization d. A sustained outward current as a result of hyperpolarization e. All of the above were seen in squid giant axons.

Correct Answer: d

Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway, pp. 269-272 Which of the following statements about extrastriate areas is false? a. One "stream" of information helps the viewer detect fine details of structures and aids in object recognition. b. One "stream" of information helps the viewer detect and analyze motion. c. The dorsal stream is thought to be important for understanding positional relationships between objects. d. Deficits in the ventral stream often give rise to visual deficits such as an inability to perceive the motion of objects. e. Information from parvocellular and magnocellular LGN contribute to both the dorsal and ventral streams.

Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

In the operation of sodium-potassium ATPase, a. there is an obligatory coupling of sodium efflux and potassium influx. b. this transporter (or "pump") is electrogenic. c. phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are respectively associated with the sodium and potassium transport steps. d. the pump transports two potassium ions for every three sodium ions. e. All of the above

Correct Answer: e

Voltage clamp data, in which investigators analyzed membrane conductances during action potentials, showed all of the following except a. the sodium current was rapidly activated by depolarization. b. the potassium current activates on a comparatively slow time scale of a few ms. c. at certain potentials, there can be zero current even with a large conductance. d. depolarization leads to a time-dependent inactivation of the sodium current. e. depolarization leads to a time-dependent inactivation of the potassium current.

Correct Answer: e

Which of the following is a major advantage to researchers of the Xenopus oocyte expression system? a. Xenopus is the only lower vertebrate whose genome has been sequenced. b. The unusually small size of the eggs makes patch-clamping relatively easy. c. The oocytes have many endogenous ion channels to which exogenous channels can be compared. d. The oocytes have quite thin membranes, which amplifies the ionic currents. e. It facilitates physiological characterization of modified ion channel genes.

Correct Answer: e

Which of the following is not a type of ion transporter that has been observed? a. The sodium/calcium exchanger b. The sodium/potassium/chloride co-transporter c. The sodium/neurotransmitter co-transporter d. The sodium/proton exchanger e. All of the above transporters have been observed.

Correct Answer: e

Which of the following was not one of the features of Hodgkin and Huxley's mathematical model? a. The action potential can be reconstructed based entirely upon the time course and amplitudes of the ionic conductances. b. The fast-rising phase can be accounted for by selective sodium entry. c. The model mimics the experimentally measured refractory period. d. The falling phase can be at least partially accounted for by the activation time course of the potassium current. e. The undershoot can be accounted for by the time course of sodium current reactivation.

Correct Answer: e

20. In which of the following ways do potassium channels in the squid giant axon differ from sodium channels? A. The potassium channels pass only a few ions per second. B. The potassium channels show little voltage-dependence. C. The summing of the individual potassium channels does not reconstruct the macroscopic current. D. Once the potassium channels open in response to a voltage step command, they tend to remain open. E. All of the above

D

24. Which of the following is a mechanism by which the potassium-channel selectivity filter selects for potassium? A. The channel pore narrows to fit the size of a non-hydrated potassium ion. B. Cations such as cesium are too large to pass through the pore. C. Cations such as sodium are too small to be dehydrated at the pore filter. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

D

25. Miniature end-plate potentials, or MEPPs, are produced A. at miniature end-plates. C. in response to weak stimuli. B. by the smallest axons. D. by spontaneous release of neurotransmitter.

D

27. Gap junctions (electrical synapses) A. are found only in a few species of animals. B. are far more numerous than chemical synapses. C. have larger pores than voltage-gated ion channels have. D. are found only where there are large gaps between nerve cells. E. are used to pass chemical neurotransmitters.

D

28. Gap junctions may exhibit all of the following features EXCEPT for the ability to A. pass small metabolites, including some second messengers. B. pass electrical current bidirectionally. C. pass electrical current unidirectionally. D. amplify small incoming electrical signals into large regenerative potentials. E. synchronize the activity of populations of nerve cells.

D

5. Electrical signals occurring in nerve cells are caused by the cell membrane. A. positive charges bound to the inner and outer surfaces of B. negative charges bound to the inner and outer surfaces of C. movement of charged proteins within the plane of D. fluxes of ions across E. patterns of electrical eddy currents inside

D

10. Which of the following does NOT happen during an action potential? A. A change in permeability of the membrane to sodium B. A change in permeability of the membrane to potassium C. A transient increase in the sodium current D. A sustained decrease in the potassium current E. A self-activating, self-perpetuating rise in sodium current

E

13. Which of the following is NOT a step in the propagation of action potentials? A. Sufficient local inward current causes the axon to reach threshold. B. Local depolarization/inward current spreads to adjacent axonal regions. C. Adjacent regions eventually reach threshold and exhibit an action potential waveform. D. Current/depolarization continue to spread directionally along the axon, repeating steps A & C. E. All of the above are steps contributing to the propagation of action potentials.

E

15. Voltage clamp data, in which investigators analyzed membrane conductances during action potentials in squid axons, showed all of the following EXCEPT A. the sodium current was rapidly activated by depolarization. B. the potassium current activates on a comparatively slow time scale of a few ms. C. at certain potentials, there can be zero current even with a large conductance. D. depolarization leads to a time-dependent inactivation of the sodium current. E. depolarization leads to a time-dependent inactivation of the potassium current.

E

17. Which of the following observations was NOT among the evidence leading to the identification of sodium as the early current in the action potential? A. The current declined when there was decreased driving force on sodium fluxes. B. The current disappeared when the Vm was clamped near ENa. C. The early current was blocked by tetrodotoxin. D. The early current was unaffected by tetraethylammonium. E. When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential.

E

31. Which of the following is NOT an accepted criterion for defining a molecule to be a neurotransmitter? A. It must be present in the presynaptic terminal. B. It must be synthesized in the presynaptic terminal. C. It must be released in response to presynaptic electrical activity. D. It must exert an effect on the postsynaptic cell. E. It must possess any of the above characteristics.

E

34. Which of the following experimental observations support a role for calcium in transmitter secretion? A. Observation of presynaptic depolarizing currents after blockade of sodium channels B. Voltage clamp experiments showing voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal C. Induction of transmitter release by injection of calcium into the presynaptic terminal D. Blockade of transmitter release by injection of calcium buffer into the presynaptic terminal E. All of the above.

E

8. Which of the following statements about electrochemical equilibrium is FALSE? A. Electrochemical equilibrium involves the movement of a relatively small number of ions. B. Ionic gradients are necessary for the generation of the membrane potential. C. The size of the potential is proportional to the size of the ion gradient. D. The direction of the ion gradient determines the polarity of the membrane potential. E. For a given concentration gradient, the resulting potential is independent of the number of charges on the ion.

E

25. The embryonic notochord ______________ the neural tube, which is derived from __________ A. develops into; ectoderm C. induces the formation of; ectoderm B. develops into; mesoderm D. induces the formation of; mesoderm

Embryonic notochord INDUCES THE FORMATION OF the neural tube Which is derived from ECTODERM

5. Spinal interneurons that project ipsilaterally between the lumbar and cervical enlargements are involved with A. ensuring left-right alternation during rhythmic behaviors. B. ensuring coordination of the forelimbs and hindlimbs. C. ensuring the proper speed of locomotion. D. coordinating activity of a limb joints and extremities. E. producing alternating flexion and extension patterns in an individual limb.

Ensuring coordination of the forelimbs and hindlimbs

13. Based on his experiments on nerve regeneration in frogs, Roger Sperry proposed the "chemoaffinity hypothesis" to explain how spatial (retinotopic) maps on the optic tectum could be reconstructed after the optic nerve had been severed and allowed to regenerate. Although the model as he originally conceived it (with each cell in the tectum having a unique "ID code" that enabled the appropriate axon to identify it and synapse with it) is probably incorrect, gradients of cell surface molecules and their receptors seem to be important in this process. The relevant proteins for performing this function are A. retinoic acid and its receptor. C. Wnt and frizzled. B. Notch and delta. D. Ephrin and Eph.

Ephrin and Eph

29. If an ionic conductance is inhibitory, you can safely infer that the equilibrium potential for that ion is A. 0 mV. B.. greater than the resting potential for the neuron. C. less than the threshold potential for the neuron. D. greater than the threshold potential for the neuron.

Equ Pot = less than threshold potential for the neuron

50. Direct projections from the motor cortex refer to those which innervate the A. premotor cortex B. basal ganglia C. cerebellum D. reticular formation E. local circuit and lower motor neurons

Local circuit and lower motor neurons

13. In an anticipatory postural response of a standing person who is about to tug on a handle, the early response of leg muscles (such as the gastrocnemius) that precedes the actual tug is an example of A. feed-forward motor control. C. feed-back motor control. B. equilibrium-point motor control. D. a "winner take all" motor coding strategy.

Feed-forward motor control

Which of the following statements about electrochemical equilibrium is false? a. Electrochemical equilibrium involves the movement of a relatively small number of ions. b. Ionic gradients are necessary for the generation of the membrane potential. c. The size of the potential is proportional to the size of the ion gradient. d. The direction of the ion gradient determines the polarity of the membrane potential. e. For a given ion concentration gradient, the resulting potential is independent of the number of charges on the ion

For a given ion concentration gradient, the resulting potential is independent of the number of charges on the ion.

The equation used to calculate membrane potential when there are multiple permeant ions is called the _______ equation. a. Nernst b. ionic imbalance c. Goldman d. Finch and Augustine e. atomic permeability

Goldman

Which of the following best describes nerve cells? a. Nerve cells are exceptionally good conductors of electricity (much better than copper wires). b. Nerve cells are similar in their electrical conduction properties to copper wires. c. In comparison to copper wires, nerve cells are relatively poor conductors of electricity. d. Nerve cells are unable to conduct electricity under any circumstances. e. Nerve cells are electron sinks: they absorb many electrons, but no electricity comes out of them.

In comparison to copper wires, nerve cells are relatively poor conductors of electricity.

Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture, pp. 265-267 For which of the following tasks would near and far cells help the viewer extract relevant information? a. Deciphering a random dot stereogram b. A color blindness test c. In compensating for near-sightedness and far-sightedness d. Perceiving color as objects moved closer e. Rapidly detecting objects moving in the visual periphery

Incorrect Correct Answer: a Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Audible Spectrum, pp. 278-279 Which of the following statements about the functioning of cochlear implants (CIs) is false? a. They are designed to induce electromechanical pressure waves within the cochlear fluid. b. They require an electrical connection from an implanted stimulator to a cochlear electrode array. c. They provide tonotopic delivery of electrical signals along the length of the cochlea. d. They require an auditory signal processing device that decomposes sounds into component frequencies. e. They electrically stimulate residual hair cells and/or primary auditory afferents.

Incorrect Correct Answer: a Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve, pp. 291-292 Which of the following statements about lemniscal and collicular sound processing is false? a. The different acoustical cell types seen in the inferior colliculus were present in the earlier cochlear nuclei, but had not been formed into a topographic map. b. Unlike the physical mapping of the visual world onto the retina, the auditory "space map" in the inferior colliculus is purely a construct of the brainstem's processing of auditory information. c. Certain collicular neurons respond preferentially to frequency-modulated sounds. d. Certain collicular neurons respond preferentially to sounds of a fixed duration. e. The monaural pathway connects the cochlear nucleus to the midbrain via the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.

Incorrect Correct Answer: a Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Visual Field Deficits, pp. 261-263 Which of the following statements about Primary Visual Cortex is false? a. Each of the six layers has distinct cell types that send projections both within cortical columns and to structures outside of cortex. b. Pyramidal cells are the principal projections neurons of visual cortex. c. Layer 4C is dominated by spiny stellate cells. d. The upper layers (layers 2 and 3) project to layer 5. e. The lower layers (layers 5 and 6) project to the brainstem and thalamus.

Incorrect Correct Answer: a Your Answer: Did not answer

In relation to the visual field, the cortical representation/visuotopic map is a. proportionate. b. disproportionate. c. fragmented. d. both a and c e. both b and c

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Box 13C: Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implants, pp. 283-284 Which of the following statements about sensory transduction by hair cells is false? a. Bending of the cilia toward the longest cilium produces depolarization. b. The electrical activity initiated by the tip links is transmitted to the vesicular release sites along microtubules that undergo voltage-dependent rearrangements. c. The dynamic range of the hair cell for reporting mechanical events is determined by the degree to which mechanical deflection can result in changes in membrane potential. d. Hair cells are presynaptic to second-order sensory neurons. e. The firing of action potentials in second-order sensory neurons can be either up- or down-regulated, depending on the direction in which the bundle of cilia (of the afferent hair cell) is bent.

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes, pp. 267-269 A contralateral visual field deficit is a. found only with scotomas. b. often due to optic tract or cortical damage. c. found only with damage to the LGN. d. indicative of a pituitary tumor. e. caused by damage to just one optic nerve.

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Integrating Information from the Two Ears, pp. 294-296 _______ gives rise to tonotopy along the cochlea. a. The changing width and stiffness of the tectorial membrane b. The changing width and stiffness of the basilar membrane c. The speed at which sound waves propagate along the length of the cochlea d. The changing mechanical properties of the cochlear wall along the length of the cochlea e. The increasing density of the cochlear fluid along the length of the cochlea

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Auditory Cortex; Box 13E: Representing Complex Sounds in the Brains of Bats and Humans, pp. 299-300 Otoacoustic emissions a. were predicted by Von Békésy's model of cochlear mechanics b. are a means of assessing hearing in newborn babies c. originate exclusively from inner hair cells d. are missing from the ears of rock musicians suffering from tinnitus e. All of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas, pp. 272-274 Which of the following statements about LGN is false? a. Each LGN receives light from both the left and right eyes. b. The alternating layers represent alternate color sensitivities, i.e., blue-green-blue-green. c. It is organized into six principal layers. d. The four parvocellular layers have small cells. e. The two magnocellular layers have large cells.

Incorrect Correct Answer: b Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Box 13A: Four Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss, p. 279 Which of the following is the primary function of the three bones in the middle ear? a. Selective transmission of high-frequency sounds b. Selective transmission of low-frequency sounds c. Amplification of sound pressure waves to increase auditory sensitivity d. Dampening sound pressure waves to prevent damage to the ear e. Facilitation of fluid drainage from the Eustachian tube

Incorrect Correct Answer: c Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the Lateral Lemniscus; Integration in the Inferior Colliculus, p. 297 Which of the following is not a function or operating feature of the outer ear? a. Boosting sound pressure level as it enters the ear b. Filtering sound in an adaptive manner based on source elevation c. Directing different frequencies of sound to specific cochlear locations d. Optimally transmitting sounds in our range of vocalizations e. Boosting frequencies by means of passive resonances

Incorrect Correct Answer: c Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Inner Ear, pp. 284-286 Which of the following is not representative of the computations performed in auditory cortex? a. Specializations for communications between conspecifics. b. Use of orthogonal frequency-auditory dominance maps. c. Processing in distinct "auditory object" (ventral) and "auditory location" (dorsal) information streams. d. Specializations for detecting temporal sequences of sounds. e. Lateralization of processing for speech, music and environmental sounds.

Incorrect Correct Answer: c Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway, pp. 269-272 An orderly mapping of orientation sensitivity in primary visual cortex has been accomplished via a. microelectrode penetrations. b. intrinsic optical signal-imaging techniques. c. two-photon, calcium imaging of patterns of pyramidal cell responses. d. All of the above e. None of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of Sound Waves, pp. 287-290 Which of the following is a valid distinction between hair cells that operate at 500 Hz and those that operate at 5000 Hz? a. The 500 Hz cells make use of different ions in the transduction processes. b. The 500 Hz cells make use of different tip link proteins to confer frequency specificity. c. The 500 Hz cells provide a phase-locked auditory signal, whereas the 5000 Hz cells do not. d. The 500 Hz cells fatigue far more readily than the 5000 Hz cells do. e. All of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture, pp. 265-267 Near and far cells are distinct from other pyramidal cells in terms of their sensitivity to a. motion. b. edges. c. monocularity. d. binocular disparity. e. oscillating luminance.

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture, pp. 265-267 Retinal axons project to the a. thalamus. b. hypothalamus. c. superior colliculus. d. All of the above e. None of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas, pp. 272-274 In relation to other retinal ganglion cells, the P ganglion cells have a. a larger receptive field and sustained responses. b. a larger receptive field, a faster-conducting axon, and transient responses. c. a faster-conducting axon, finer spatial resolution, and better color sensitivity. d. finer spatial resolution and better color sensitivity. e. transient responses and better color sensitivity.

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Middle Ear, pp. 282-283 Which of the following statements about the audible spectrum is false? a. Children can often hear frequencies that adults cannot. b. Small animals are often more sensitive to higher frequencies than larger animals. c. Animals that echolocate often rely on very high-frequency sounds. d. Large predators often make high-frequency sounds as they approach their prey. e. Collectively, mammals can hear tones at frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 200 kHz.

Incorrect Correct Answer: d Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Box 13B: Music, pp. 280-281 In which of the following ways is the mechanism of hair-cell transduction distinct from sensory transduction mechanisms that occur outside the ear? a. Potassium influx from the endolymph depolarizes the hair cell. b. Potassium efflux into the perilymph repolarizes the hair cell. c. Calcium and calcium-activated potassium channels contribute to electromechanical resonance. d. The two domains of the hair cell operate, in effect, as two distinct Nernstian compartments. e. All of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells, pp. 257-259 Axons carrying retinal information through the left internal capsule to visual cortex will be carrying information a. from the left eye only. b. from the right eye only. c. that is 90% from the left eye. d. that is 90% from the right eye. e. that is a roughly 60/40 split of information from the two eyes.

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Sound, p. 277 Which of the following statements about auditory nerve fibers is false? a. Afferent fibers receive input from inner hair cells. b. Efferent fibers innervate the three rows of outer hair cells. c. The characteristic frequency of the hair cells varies systematically along the cochlear axis. d. The higher frequency fibers can respond well to stimuli at frequencies in the 10 to 20 KHz range. e. The lower frequency fibers have a sharp tuning peak plus a separate extended hump.

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Auditory Thalamus, pp. 297-298 Research into the biology of those stem cells that generate cochlear hair cells during development could be valuable because a. hair cells are quite sensitive to damage. b. humans begin life with a relatively small number (~15,000 per cochlea) of hair cells. c. mammalian hair cells do not regenerate themselves. d. understanding the basic mechanisms of hair-cell development may suggest therapeutic approaches. e. All of the above

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Cochlear Amplifier, p. 291 Tones that are an octave apart are perceived to be similar or sound "the same" because a. it is easier for the brain to process sounds and tones if groups of them sound similar. b. of periodic resonant frequencies within the cochlea. c. such octaval relationships commonly occur in the realm of environmental noise. d. the octave is the most compact representation of auditory stimuli. e. of reasons that we seem far from understanding.

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas, pp. 272-274 The phenomenon of macular sparing a. is associated exclusively with cortical damage. b. results only from bilateral damage to the optic tracts. c. results only from bilateral damage to the optic nerves. d. is a transient phenomenon that precedes total blindness. e. is of uncertain etiology.

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: The Inner Ear, pp. 284-286 In which of the following brain regions are the intensities (not the phases) of impinging sound waves compared in order to determine the location of sound sources? a. Cochlear nucleus b. Inferior colliculus c. Medial geniculate complex d. Medial superior olive e. Lateral superior olive

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

Textbook Reference: Visual Field Deficits, pp. 261-263 Which statement about orientation-selective cells is false? a. Within a vertical column in PVC, one finds cells with the same orientation. b. An oblique penetration thru PVC would show cells with continuously varying orientations. c. Orientation-selective cells were discovered by accident by Hubel and Wiesel. d. Higher order orientation-selective cells have preference for line length as well ("end-stopped"). e. The first orientation-selective cells are found in alternating layers within the LGN.

Incorrect Correct Answer: e Your Answer: Did not answer

18. "Spike-triggered averaging" A. refers to the generation of "average" motor behaviors by individual spikes. B. requires use of the patch-clamp technique to resolve single ion channels. C. is a means of averaging out noise to obtain better signals. D. is used to determine the exact number of motor neurons contributing to each EMG signal.*

Is a means of averaging out noise to obtain better signals

43. The "final common pathway" in motor control is the A. muscle spindle organ C. lower motor neuron B. muscle fiber D. upper motor neuron

Lower motor neuron

12. Upper motor neurons involved with the control of muscles of the fingers would most likely project to spinal cord in which of the following patterns? A. Lateral gray matter over many spinal segments B. Lateral gray matter over just a few spinal segments C. Medial gray matter over many spinal segments D. Medial gray matter over just a few spinal segments E. In equal proportions to both lateral and medial gray matter

LATERAL GRAY MATTER OVER JUST A FEW SPINAL SEGMENTS

11. Which of the following ocular muscles is innervated by neurons with cell bodies residing in the abducens nucleus? A. lateral rectus B. inferior oblique C. inferior rectus D. medial rectus

Lateral rectus

23. Depending on where and when cells derived from the neural crest are exposed to various factors, they can develop into a host of different cell types, including cells with no obvious relationship to the nervous system, like A. chromaffin cells. ​ B. melanocytes. ​ C. muscle fibers. ​ D. cholinergic neurons.

MELANOCYTES -> cells w/ no obvious relationship to nervous system

12. Upper motor neurons involved with the control of axial muscles would most likely project to spinal cord in which of the following patterns? A. Lateral gray matter over many spinal segments B. Lateral gray matter over just a few spinal segments C. Medial gray matter over many spinal segments D. Medial gray matter over just a few spinal segments E. In equal proportions to both lateral and medial gray matter

Medial gray matter over many spinal segments

43. Which of the following is a known trophic molecule? A. acetylcholine B. nerve growth factor D. semaphorin E. netrin

Nerve growth factor

48. The most prominent means by which migrating neurons move through the CNS is by A. following their own chemically guided growth cones. B. following axon tracts laid down by pioneer neurons. C. following gradients of cell adhesion molecules. D. following radial glia fibers. E. means of basic (non-growth cone-mediated) chemotaxis.

Neurons move through CNS by FOLLOWING RADIAL GLIA FIBERS

26. The cell type that is the prime computational element of the cerebellum is the _______ cell. A. Purkinje B. granule C. Golgi D. basket E. stellate

Purkinje

37. The cell type that is the main output from cerebellar cortex and is considered its prime computational element is the _______ cell. A. Purkinje cell B. granule C. Golgi D. basket E. stellate

Purkunje cell

36. Which of the following statements on Huntington's disease is FALSE? A. It involves atrophy of the striatum (caudate and putamen). B. It results in involuntary, choreiform motor acts. C. It is attributed to a genetic defect in the huntingtin gene. D. Recent genetic findings have led to successful gene therapy treatment and a cure.

Recent genetic findings HAVE NOT led to a successful gene therapy treatment and cure

6. Stimulation of the surface of the superior colliculus (SC) results in eye movements that direct the foveas of the eye to a specific area in visual space. This phenomenon is due to the fact that _____________ project directly to the SC, enabling a construction of a visual map on its surface. The cells in the SC's visual layer synapse with cells in the motor layer, which in turn project to the_________________________ A.photoreceptors; lateral geniculate nucleus C. retinal ganglion cells; lateral geniculate nucleus B. photoreceptors; gaze centers D. retinal ganglion cells; gaze centers

Retinal ganglion cells project to SC Cells in motor later project to GAZE CENTERS

46. In the developing nervous system, the posterior-most region of the neural tube differentiates into the A. mesencephalon. B. cerebral cortex. C. myelencephalon. D. spinal cord.

SPINAL CORD (posterior - back Anterior- front)

4. The motor neurons innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat are found in which of the following locations? A. Concentrated with a single segment of cervical spinal cord B. Concentrated within a single segment of lumbar spinal cord C. Spanning several segments of medial lumbro-sacral spinal cord. D. Spanning several segments of lateral lumbro-sacral spinal cord. E. Distributed diffusely throughout the dorsal and ventral horns of lumbro-sacral spinal cord.

Spanning several segments of medial lumbro-sacral spinal cord

34. Parkinson's disease is associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in A. the substantia nigra. C. the putamen. B. the caudate. D. the globus pallidus. E. the primary motor cortex.

Substantia nigra

8. The neural circuitry for saccadic eye movements includes all of the following brain structures EXCEPT the A. substantia nigra pars reticulata C. gaze centers B. Edinger-Westphal nucleus D. superior colliculus

Substantia nigra pars reticulata Saccadic eye movements circuitry includes gaze centers, superior colloculus and edinger-westphal nucleus

28. The substantia nigra pars reticulata projects to the A. inferior colliculus. C. VA/VL nuclei B. superior colliculus. D. corpus striatum

Superior colliculus

49. Although the knee jerk response was originally described by German neurobiologists (one of whom was Westphal of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus), it was Sir Charles Sherrington who ultimately showed that the knee jerk response was a reflex. He did this by showing that if the dorsal or ventral roots were severed, the response was eliminated. His results led him to ask how the muscle signaled stretch. We now know that the ______________ responds to changes in muscle length and transmits the signal via Ia afferent fibers. A. muscle spindle organ B. muscle fiber C. Golgi tendon organ D. mouth organ

The MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGAN responds to changes in muscle length and transmits the signal via la afferent fibers

33. Which of the following statements about the dopaminergic system associated with the basal ganglia is FALSE? A. The primary set of dopamine cells is located in the substantia nigra pars compacta. B. The dopamine cells receive major input from medium spiny neurons. C. The dopamine cells project to both segments of the globus pallidus. D. Dopamine exerts excitatory and inhibitory effects on the corpus striatum. E. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are both G-protein-coupled receptors.

The dopaminergic system associated w/ basal ganglia DOES NOT have dopamine cells projecting to both segments of the globus pallidus It does have primary set of dopamine cells located in substantia nigra pars compacta Dopamine cells do receive major input from medium spiny neurons Dopamine does exert excitatory and hibitory effects on corpus striatum Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are both GPCRS

8. Which of the following statements about the muscles and motor neurons is FALSE? A. Slow muscle fibers contract slowly and produce the smallest amount of force. B. Large motor neurons are recruited only at higher levels of stimulus intensity. C. The fastest, strongest muscle fibers can produce the most sustained force output. D. Successive stimulation of muscles can produce force levels that build up over time. E. Individual muscles can be used in a variety of different locomotor patterns or gaits.

The fastest, strongest muscle fibers can produce the most sustained force output -> FALSE

16. Which of the following statements about primary motor cortex (PMC) neurons is FALSE? A. The firing of PMC neurons occurs precisely at the onset of a muscle contraction. B. PMC neurons can be directionally selective. C. The firing rate of a PMC neuron codes for or contributes to the force of a movement. D. The directional control of a movement is coded by the activity of a population of PMC neurons. E. PMC pyramidal cells located in different cortical layers have distinct influences on the control of motor behaviors.

The firing of PMC neurons occurs precisely at the onset of a muscle contraction

23. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The basal ganglia include the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. B. The corpus striatum includes the caudate and putamen. C. The major inputs to the basal ganglia are to the corpus striatum. D. The major outputs of the basal ganglia are from the putamen.

The major outputs of the basal ganglia are from the putamen -FALSE The basal ganglia include the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus The corpus striatum includes the caudate and putamen The major inputs of the basal ganglia are to the corpus striatum

Which of the following is not considered to be a "model" organism? The marine snail Aplysia Fruit fly Zebrafish The nematode C. elegans Mouse Textbook Reference: Box 1A: "Model" Organisms in Neuroscience, p. 2

The marine snail Aplysia

26. Which of the following is characteristic of the acute phase of upper motor neuron syndrome? A. The passive dropping of an affected limb that has been elevated and then released B. The tendency of an affected limb to remain in any position in which it has been placed C. An infant-like Babinski response D. Spasticity E. Random waves of muscle contraction that propagate throughout the affected limb and body parts

The passive dropping of an affected limb that has been elevated and then released

29. Which of the following statements about the subthalamic nucleus is correct? A. It receives input from the globus pallidus external segment. B. It receives input from the globus pallidus internal segment. C. It receives input from the substantia nigra pars compacta. D. Its main output is to the substantia nigra pars compacta. E. It is the main source of dopaminergic input to the putamen.

The subthalamic nucleus recieves input from the globus pallidus external segment

Which of the following statements about ionic distributions in nerve cells is false? a. Potassium is higher inside cells than outside cells. b. Sodium is higher outside cells than inside cells. c. Chloride is higher outside cells than inside cells. d. Calcium is higher outside cells than inside cells. e. The total concentration of all ionic species is approximately the same for all nerve cells in all animals

The total concentration of all ionic species is approximately the same for all nerve cells in all animals.

19. Which of the following statements about directional tuning and population coding by primary motor cortical (PMC) neurons is correct? A. The precision of directional motor movements equals the precision of directional tuning of individual PMC pyramidal cells. B. Most PMC neurons have two or three distinct, preferred directions separated by intervening ranges of non-preferred directions. C. The vector summation of population responses of PMC neurons is important for directional control of motor movements. D. Every possible direction of motion is made possible by specific populations of PMC neurons that are tuned specifically to each of the possible directions. E. All of the above

The vector summation of population responses of PMC (primary motor cortical) neurons is important for directional control of motor movements

A surprising result that emerged from the molecular analysis of ion channels was the a. size of the individual ion channels. b. voltage-dependence of the ion channels. c. time-dependence of the ion channels. d. discovery of differences in ionic selectivity. e. sheer number of different ion channels.

Your Answer: b

42. GABA is generally regarded as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which means that its release and the activation of its receptor decreases the probability that the post-synaptic cell will initiate an action potential. Based on this information, if the GABA receptor is ionotropic, it most likely conducts A. Cl- B. K+ C. Na+ D. A or B E. A or C

a

By which of the following mechanisms are rod signals transmitted in conditions of low light? a. Rod bipolar cells synapse upon AII amacrine cells, which in turn synapse upon cone bipolar cells. b. Rod bipolar cells synapse upon off ganglion cells that then transmit the rod signals to other ganglion cells. c. Rod bipolar cells of both on and off types send outputs selectively to on and off ganglion cells. d. Rod photoreceptors send their outputs directly to melanopsin containing ganglion cells. e. Rod photoreceptors send their signals mainly through horizontal cells to the rod bipolars.

a

Which of the following represents the most direct pathway for the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain? a. Photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → brain b. Horizontal cell → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → brain c. Photoreceptor → bipolar cell → amacrine cell → brain d. Photoreceptor → horizontal cell → ganglion cell → brain e. Photoreceptor → bipolar cell → amacrine cell → ganglion cell → brain

a

Which of the following statements about color vision is false? a. Because there are several different color types of cones, they are sensitive to dimmer illumination levels than is the population of rods. b. Cones (in humans) come in three different "colors": blue, green, and red (or short, medium, and long wavelength). c. Different wavelengths of light produce different patterns of activity in the cone population as a whole. d. Information from specific color cones can be selectively relayed to specific regions of a retinal ganglion cell's receptive field. e. All of the above are true, none is false.

a

Which of the following is not an established role for glial cells? Maintaining the ionic milieu surrounding nerve cells Assisting synaptic transmission via neurotransmitter uptake Integrating information to assist neural computation Hastening the propagation of neural impulses Providing scaffolds that assist neural development Textbook Reference: Glial Cells, pp. 7-10

a. Integrating information to assist neural computation

Representation of which of the following is best accomplished using a topographic map? The visual world Objects Episodic memory Odors Verbs and nouns Textbook Reference: Neural Systems, p. 15

a. The visual world

The death of retinal cells in retinitis pigmentosa is most likely a. due to infection. b. via apoptosis. c. due to excessive light exposure. d. due to environmental toxins. e. All of the above

b

The iris a. is responsible for the refraction of light onto the retina. b. regulates the amount of light entering the eye. c. applies tension to the lens. d. contains the pigment epithelial cells that nourish photoreceptors. e. covers the cornea, shielding it from harmful UV rays.

b

20. Vestibular eye movements A. are exemplified by the type of eye movements you are using to read this answer choice. B. are used to track an object as it moves across your visual field. C. are used to keep an image on the fovea as the head moves through space. D. all of the above. E. none of the above.

are used to keep an image on the fovea as the head moves through space

44. In a signal transduction cascade using G-proteins and cAMP, which of the following is NOT a signal amplification step? A. Activation of G-proteins by an activated receptor B. Activation of adenylyl cyclase molecules by G-proteins C. Production of cAMP molecules by adenylyl cyclase D. Phosphorylation of target proteins by protein kinase A E. All of the above are steps in which amplification occurs.

b

45. The acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction would best be described as a(n) A. enzyme-linked receptor. C. G-protein-coupled receptor. B. ligand-gated ion channel. D. nuclear receptor.

b

Our underwater vision is poor because a. water disperses light, making it impossible to focus. b. in water there is no longer a refractive index difference between the cornea and the surrounding media. c. water seeps into the iris, causing temporary cloudiness. d. the hydrostatic pressure of water changes the shape of the eyeball. e. All of the above

b

The presence of which of the following compounds or proteins in a cell makes it quite likely that the cell is a GABAergic neuron? a. Pyridoxal phosphate b. Glutamic acid decarboxylase c. GABA transaminase d. γ-hydroxybutyrate e. Glutamine

b

Which of the following best describes the response of an off-center ganglion cell sitting on or near an edge (dark on one side, light on the other)? a. The cell would fire most strongly if the edge ran through the exact center of the cell. b. The cell would respond most strongly to this stimulus with its off-center sitting on the dark side of the border and just barely touching the border. c. The cell would fire most strongly with its entire receptive field on the dark side of the border. d. Illumination of the entire receptive field would provide a purely inhibitory signal to the cell. e. This stimulus, if optimally aligned, would evoke the cell's strongest possible firing response.

b

Which of the following is not a catecholamine? a. Dopamine b. Histamine c. Norepinephrine d. Epinephrine e. All of the above are catecholamines.

b

Antibody staining is used to trace retrograde pathways. reveal structural changes associated with experimental lesions. identify neurons expressing specific genes. visualize the distribution of specific proteins in the nervous system. trace anterograde pathways. Textbook Reference: Structural Analysis of Neural Systems, pp. 15-16

b. visualize the distribution of specific proteins in the nervous system.

The banded krait uses the neurotoxin _______ to paralyze its prey. a. nicotine b. muscarine c. conotoxin d. α-bungarotoxin e. δ-tubocurarine

d

36. How many subunits does one typically find in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7 E. 9

c

41. Some neurons in the central nervous system are susceptible to excitotoxicity due to the accumulation of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate at the synapse. Astrocytes help prevent excitotoxicity by taking up glutamate and converting it to glutamine using the enzyme A. guanylyl cyclase C. glutamine synthase B. glutaminase D. glutamate translocase

c

In terms of size, which of the following are the largest neurotransmitters? a. Biogenic amines b. Amino acid transmitters c. Neuropeptide transmitters d. Purinergic transmitters e. Gaseous transmitters

c

One typically finds _______ subunits in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. a. two b. three c. five d. seven e. nine

c

Serotonin reuptake blockers such as fluoxetine (Prozac) are used clinically a. to treat hypertension. b. to treat panic disorders. c. as antidepressants. d. as antipsychotics. e. to treat generalized anxiety.

c

The fovea a. covers approximately 40 percent of the retina. b. lies at the center of the optic disk. c. lies at the center of the macula lutea. d. is synonymous with "fundus." e. is the only part of the retina that contains xanthophyll.

c

The main reason that rods are more sensitive to light than cones is that a. the photopigment of rods is much more sensitive to light than the photopigment used in cones. b. the eye contains 1000 times as many rods as cones. c. the rod transduction mechanism provides greater signal amplification. d. the rod is sensitive to a much broader range of wavelengths. e. All of the above

c

The primary or most proximate event that accounts for light-induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptors is a. the gating of ion channels by released retinal monomers. b. a sudden increase in the concentration of cAMP, leading to activation of potassium channels. c. a rapid fall in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+/Ca2+ channels. d. a rapid rise in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+/Ca2+ channels. e. light-induced photoisomerization of membrane-bound calcium channels.

c

The retinex theory of color information processing a. is based on the distribution of different color cones in the retina. b. was proposed by the artist Piet Mondrian. c. makes use of a series of ratiometric equations that integrate spectral features of the visual scene. d. was confirmed by voltage-dye mapping experiments in monkey cortex. e. successfully predicts how different forms of color-blindness will affect color perception

c

The transmitter GABA excites immature cortical neurons because a. immature GABA receptors pass more sodium than chloride. b. immature GABA-receptive neurons have a more negative firing threshold than mature neurons. c. immature GABA-receptive neurons express many Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporters. d. immature GABA-receptive neurons express many K+/Cl- co-transporters. e. the opening of GABA receptor channels tends to excite immature cortical networks because of the networks' wiring.

c

Which of the following is not a feature of glutamate signaling systems? a. The presence of multiple glutamate receptor families with different ionic selectivities b. Voltage-dependent gating of certain types of glutamate receptor c. The passage of large amounts of magnesium and calcium by NMDA receptors d. The use of specialized proteins for loading glutamate into vesicles e. The use of specialized proteins for removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft

c

Which of the following is not a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells? a. Resting membrane b. Action c. Reaction d. Receptor e. Synaptic

c.

Cognitive neuroscience is concerned with mathematical ability. emotions. language. abstract thought. All of the above Textbook Reference: Analyzing Complex Behavior, p. 21

e.

The scientist who shared the Nobel Prize with Camillo Golgi for his anatomical studies of the CNS was Allesandro Volta. Thomas Hodgkin. Luigi Galvani. Louis Pasteur. Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

c. Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Typically, neurons firing action potentials encode a signal's intensity by a. changing the size of their action potentials. b. changing the frequency of their action potentials. c. firing at precise moments so as to signal different sized signals. d. sending signals of different sizes down different axonal branches. e. All of the above

changing the frequency of their action potentials.

Individual ion channels a. were visualized with the advent of the voltage clamp in 1956. b. show the same time course as macroscopic ionic currents. c. may pass thousands of ions per millisecond. d. have a different voltage dependence than the macroscopic ionic current has. e. have a different reversal potential than the macroscopic ionic current has.

correct answer is c

40. Which of the following is NOT a class of opioid peptides? A. dynorphins B. enkephalins C. endorphins D. endocannabinoids

d

49. Which of the following is the slowest chemical signaling process? A. Ion channel-mediated depolarization C. G-protein-mediated gating of channels B. Phosphorylation of effector molecules D. CREB-activated synthesis of proteins

d

Cocaine acts a. on GABAA receptors. b. as an MAO inhibitor. c. by blocking serotonin reuptake. d. by blocking dopamine reuptake. e. by blocking biogenic amine vesicular transporters.

d

Excitotoxicity a. can result from very brief (sub-millisecond) increases in glutamate levels. b. can be prevented by administration of glutamate receptor antagonists after a stroke has been diagnosed. c. has not been correlated with the potency of compounds at glutamatergic receptors. d. can occur in some forms of epilepsy and head trauma. e. has been linked to a specific intracellular signaling pathway that activates a family of excitotoxicity genes.

d

The illusion produced in Box 11F(B), where dark rectangles are placed within a pattern of light and dark bars, is best explained by which of the following? a. Light scattering between adjacent photoreceptors. b. An inability to spatially resolve the intersections of the white bars. c. That photic information is conveyed only by graded electrical responses. d. That brightness percepts are generated on a statistical basis as a means of contending with the inherent ambiguity of luminance. e. All of the above are equally valid explanations

d

The two main functions of the retinal pigment epithelium are _______ and _______. a. structural support to maintain curvature of the retina; phagocytosis of shed outer segments b. structural support to maintain curvature of the retina; synthesis of rhodopsin c. phagocytosis of shed outer segments; synthesis of rhodopsin d. phagocytosis of shed outer segments; regeneration of the photoreceptor photopigments e. synthesis of rhodopsin; regeneration of the photoreceptor photopigments

d

Which of the following is not a class of opioid peptides? a. Dynorphins b. Endorphins c. Enkephalins d. Endocannabinoids e. All of the above are opioid peptides.

d

Which of the following statements about center-surround receptive fields in the retina is false? a. Cells that are inhibited by light in their center are excited by light in their surround. b. Cells that are excited by light in their center are inhibited by light in their surround. c. The surround portion of the receptive field is typically an annulus (or donut-shaped ring) that surrounds the circular center. d. the spatial extent to which a cell can be influenced by light never extends beyond the physical extent of its dendritic field. e. The best stimulus for an on-center cell is light in its center and darkness in its surround.

d

Which of the following statements about the distributions of rods and cones is true? a. Because cones carry three different color channels, there are three times as many cones as rods. b. Rods outnumber cones by 100 to 1, which explains the greater sensitivity of rods in low light. c. Rods are evenly distributed across the entire retina. d. The density of cones is 200-fold higher in the fovea than in the most eccentric retinal regions. e. The density of rods is highest in the far periphery of the retina.

d

While the nature of adenosine's actions on central circuits is not well understood, adenosine is thought to have an inhibitory or relaxing effect because of which of the following observations? a. Its presence in many inhibitory neurons b. Its ability to block the reuptake of inhibitory transmitters c. Its actions as a cofactor at glycine receptors d. The consequences of xanthine (e.g., caffeine) blockade of adenosine receptors e. The co-localization of adenosine with GABA in GABAergic synaptic vesicles

d

Which of the following is not part of the brain? Spinal cord Cerebral hemispheres Brainstem Cerebellum Diencephalon Textbook Reference: The Organization of the Human Nervous System, pp. 13-15

d.

Which of the following is not a reason for the usefulness of the squid giant axon in neuronal studies? a. The large size of the axon makes it easy to penetrate with recording electrodes. b. The axoplasm can be extruded, thus allowing studies of its composition. c. Large synapses between giant nerve cells make them easy to study. d. Giant ion channels allow for the insertion of recording electrodes into the channels. e. Properties of the squid's axons and synapses can be related to its behavior

d. Giant ion channels allow for the insertion of recording electrodes into the channels.

Studies of the ionic basis of the action potential in squid giant axon found that a. decreasing sodium outside the cell decreases the size of the action potential. b. decreasing sodium outside the cell increases the size of the action potential. c. decreasing potassium outside the cell decreases the size of the action potential. d. decreasing potassium outside the cell increases the size of the action potential. e. manipulating sodium has large effects on both the size of the action potential and the resting membrane potential.

decreasing sodium outside the cell decreases the size of the action potential.

The transmembrane potential is generated by a. repulsion of positive and negative charges. b. diffusion of ions down a concentration gradient. c. the greater mobility of small ions. d. the selectivity of the membrane to pass positive charges only. e. All of the above

diffusion of ions down a concentration gradient.

42. Sensory inputs make _________ inputs into lower motor neurons. A. direct B. indirect (through local circuit neurons) C. both direct and indirect D. no

direct and indirect

27. Experiments done with human subjects in which a series of mirrors is used to direct image formation in the eye onto a defined and unchanging part of the retina reveals in spite of the drift and minisaccades which typically accompany examination of an object, the image A. changes color. B. disappears. C. inverts. D. becomes magnified

dissapears

Acetylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter at a. the neuromuscular junction. b. preganglionic synapses of the autonomic (visceral motor) nervous system. c. postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. d. widely distributed synapses in the central nervous system. e. All of the above

e

Age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, a. is rising in incidence in the United States. b. can be detected by means of the Amsler grid. c. can result from gradual loss of the pigment epithelium (dry AMD). d. can be treated by laser-induced phototoxicity (wet AMD). e. All of the above are true.

e

Based upon the distribution of endocannabinoid receptors in the brain, it can be surmised that these compounds have a likely influence on a. neocortex. b. the hippocampus. c. basal ganglia. d. the hypothalamus. e. All of the above

e

Glutamate is a. the most commonly used neurotransmitter in the brain. b. neurotoxic at high concentrations. c. a nonessential amino acid. d. often synthesized from glial-synthesized glutamine. e. All of the above

e

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by a. degeneration of lower motoneurons. b. degeneration of upper motoneurons. c. mutations affecting the synthesis of acetylcholine. d. mutations affecting acetylcholine receptors. e. an autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors.

e

Peptide neurotransmitters are often released a. shortly after their synthesis in presynaptic terminals. b. as pre-propeptides. c. as propeptides. d. more readily and quickly than nonpeptide transmitters. e. together with nonpeptide transmitters.

e

Textbook Reference: The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field, pp. 259-261 Which of the following is not a feature of certain V1/PVC (Primary Visual Cortex) neurons? a. Sensitivity to edges b. Preference for a specific orientation c. Sensitivity to motion d. Preference for a specific-direction of motion e. All of the above can contribute to the firing of V1 neurons.

e

Which of the following statements about the retina's operation across different levels of ambient light is true? a. For a given level of ambient light, an on-center ganglion cell respond's proportionately to a small spot of light over an intensity range of about one log unit. b. Via adaptational mechanisms, on-center ganglion cells can dynamically encode brightness levels in their on-center over a range of 6 log units of ambient light levels. c. Ganglion cells generally do not report absolute light intensities, but rather encode relative intensity differences between center and surround. d. Interactions within the outer plexiform layer play an important role in modulating the photic sensitivity of ganglion cells. e. All of the above

e

The brain imaging technique that makes use of a narrow X-ray beam is called fMRI. CT. PET. SPECT. MRI. Textbook Reference: Box 1B: Brain Imaging Techniques, pp. 18-20

e. CT.

Which of the following statements about the ionic permeability of cell membranes is false? a. The permeability of some ions can be very low. b. The permeability of some ions can change over time. c. In resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to potassium. d. In resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to sodium. e. All of the above statements are true.

in resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to sodium.

*31. In the basal ganglia, the _________ integrates information from a variety of inputs through ________. A. globus pallidus; specialized receptors C. local circuit neuron; the main processing station B. medium spiny neuron; summation D. substantia pars reticula, both intention and execution

in the basal ganglia, the MEDIUM SPINY NEURON integrates info from a variety of inputs through SUMMATION

In their studies of the resting membrane potential of the squid giant axon, Hodgkin and Katz found that a. increasing potassium outside the axon depolarized the axon's potential. b. increasing potassium outside the axon hyperpolarized the axon's potential. c. increasing sodium outside the axon depolarized the axon's potential. d. increasing sodium outside the axon hyperpolarized the axon's potential. e. changing external sodium and potassium had identical effects on the resting axon potential.

increasing potassium outside the axon depolarized the axon's potential.

The different electrical signals occurring in nerve cells are caused by _______ the cell membrane. a. positive charges bound to the inner and outer faces of b. negative charges bound to the inner and outer faces of c. movements of charged proteins within the plane of d. fluxes of ions across e. patterns of electrical eddy currents inside

negative charges bound to the inner and outer faces of

48. Asynchronous firing of motor neurons A. provides a means by which a population of motor neurons can maintain constant force over a finite time interval, enabling movements to be executed smoothly. B. refers to the pattern by which more lateral motor neurons are fired first and more medial ones later. C. refers to alternating firing of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers. D. does not occur under normal physiological conditions. E. is observed only with gamma motor neurons

provides a means by which a pop of motor nuerons can mantain constant force over a finite time interval, enabling movement to be executed smoothly

39. The feed-forward system that makes postural adjustments in anticipation of movements is most closely associated with the A. cerebellum. B. reticular formation . C. vestibular nucleus. D. none of the above.

reticular formation

Hodgkin and Katz proposed that sodium was the predominant ion associated with the firing of an action potential because a. the membrane potential approaches the Na+ Nernst potential during the rising phase. b. the membrane potential approaches the Na+ Nernst potential during the falling phase. c. sodium ions can move more quickly than other ionic species. d. sodium ions are the only ions that can flow into the nerve cell body. e. the sodium gradient explains the rising phase, falling phase, and overshoot of the action potential.

the membrane potential approaches the Na+ Nernst potential during the rising phase.

46. Relative to slow motor units, fast fatigable motor units are able to generate more force for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. they have more fibers per unit B. the associated neurons are larger C. the individual fibers have larger X-sectional diameters D. they are able to form more actin-myosin cross-bridges

they associated neurons are larger!!

Which of the following is an advantage that intracellular recordings have over extracellular recordings? They are technically easier to obtain. They can be used in many more parts of the nervous system. They can record synaptic and receptor potentials. They can record from many neurons at once. All of the above Textbook Reference: Neural Circuits, pp. 10-13

they can record synaptic and receptor potentials.