All of Astronomy Chapter 5 HW

Part b) Rank the forms of light from left to right in order of increasing frequency. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

radio ways -> infrared -> visible light -> ultraviolet -> x-rays -> gamma rays

Part b) Compared to a cold object, a hotter object of the same size emits most of its light at __________ wavelengths and emits _____ light overall.

-short, more

Part c) X ray photons have a _____ wavelength, _____ frequency, and _____ energy than do ultraviolet photons.

-shorter, higher, higher

Part b) Select the telescope that would record a spectrum that looks like the spectrum shown in the figure below. https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/1016301/24/PartB.jpg

-telescope a

12: Ranking Task: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Part a) We divide the electromagnetic spectrum into six major categories of light, listed below. Rank these forms of light from left to right in order of increasing wavelength. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

gamma rays -> x-rays -> ultraviolet -> visible light -> infrared -> radio ways

Part d) Suppose you decide to make a graph of intensity against wavelength for the spectrum shown here. Which of the following shows what the graph will look like? https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_04_VQ.jpg

image link shows the spectrum: https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_04b_VQ.jpg

29: Problem 5.29 Part a) Some nitrogen atoms have seven neutrons and some have eight neutrons; these two forms of nitrogen are:

-isotopes of each other.

26: Problem 5.25 Part a) Why is a sunflower yellow?

-it reflects yellow light

Part d) What does the wavelength of the peak labeled 6 tell us about Mars?

-its surface temperature

Part b) What is the correct composition of a neutral atom of helium-4?

- 2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons

Part c) The acceleration of gravity on Mars is about 3.7 meters per second squared. Suppose a rock falls from a tall cliff on Mars. Which of the following equations indicates how fast the rock will be falling after 8 seconds?

- 3.7 m/s^2 ×8 s

Part b) In the illustration of the solar spectrum, the upper left portion of the spectrum shows the __________ visible light.

-lowest frequency

Part f) If a hot gas cloud is moving across the sky (neither towards or away from us), the emission lines would be

-neither blueshifted nor redshifted.

19: Math Skills 7: Problem Solving with Units Part a) If you assume that there are exactly 365 days in a year, how many seconds are there in one year? Give your answer to the nearest 1000 seconds.

-31,536,000 seconds

Part c) Consider the total amount of light collected by a 4-m telescope observing a star for 10 minutes. If you wanted to collect the same amount of light with a 2-m telescope, how long would you have to observe?

-40 minutes

Part b) Which of the six numbered features represents absorption lines?

-5

Part c) Which portion(s) of the spectrum represent(s) reflected sunlight?

-2, 3, and 4

Part b) Red light has a _____ wavelength and a _____ frequency than does blue light.

-longer, lower

Part d) At a supermarket in France, the price of apples is 2.50 euros per kilogram. Suppose the exchange rate is 1 euro = $1.35. What is the price of the apples in dollars per pound? Recall that 1kilogram=2.205pounds1kilogram=2.205pounds.

-$1.53/pound

24: Visual Skills Check 5.1 Part a) Which of the six numbered features represents emission lines?

-1

Part b) Convert a mass of 10121012 micro-grams to kilograms.

-1000 kilograms

Part b) How much more light does an 8-meter telescope gather than a 2-meter telescope?

-16 times as much

Part b) How much greater is the light-collecting area of a 4-m telescope than that of a 1-m telescope?

-16 times greater

Part e) China mandates that new cars have an average fuel efficiency of 17.9 kilometers per liter. Given that 1 mile is about 1.6 kilometers, and 1 gallon is about 3.8 liters, choose the equation that gives the equivalent fuel efficiency in miles per gallon.

-17.9 km/L ×1 mile/1.6 km × 3.8 L/1 gal

If an atom contained only four energy levels (such as in the figure below), how many possible different emission lines could it emit? Hint: Be sure to count all the possible transitions that give emission lines. https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/1016301/24/PartG.jpg

-6

Part f) Which object emits more infrared radiation?

-A star that is the same size as the Sun but five times hotter

Part f) This figure shows idealized thermal radiation spectra from several stars and a human. Based on this graph, at about what wavelength does a 15,000 K star emit its most intense light? https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_06_VQ.jpg

-About 100 nanometers

Part b) Shown following are the primary mirror arrangements and total light-collecting area of five different telescopes. Each mirror uses a different segmented arrangement, but assume that they are all equivalent in quality and in their ability to focus light. Also assume that the telescopes use identical detectors and have the same observing conditions. Rank the telescopes from left to right based on their ability to detect very dim objects, from greatest to least. To rank two (or more) telescopes as equal, drag one on top of the other(s).

-All are equal, meaning they all stack on-top of one another

Part c) Shown following are the primary mirror arrangements and total light-collecting area of five different telescopes. Notice that although the arrangements look similar to those in Part B, the light-collecting areas are not the same. Also listed is an amount of time (exposure time) that each telescope will be pointed at the same distant galaxy. Again assume that the quality of these mirrors, the detectors, and the observing conditions are identical. Rank the telescopes from left to right based on the brightness of the image each telescope will take of the galaxy in the time indicated, from brightest to dimmest. To rank two (or more) telescopes as equal, drag one on top of the other(s).

-All are equal, meaning they all stack on-top of one another

8: Ranking Task: Light Absorption in Earth's Atmosphere Part a) Shown following are five different colors of visible light that travel to Earth from the Sun. Rank these colors of visible light from left to right based on the altitude in the atmosphere where they are completely absorbed, from highest to lowest (Earth's surface). If two (or more) of the choices reach the surface, rank them as equal by dragging one on top of the other(s).

-All of them are equal

Part c) Most continuous spectra are examples of what we also call thermal radiation spectra. Why do we call them "thermal" spectra?

-Because the peak wavelength of the spectrum depends on the temperature of the object producing the spectrum.

Part b) Most interstellar clouds are made mostly of hydrogen (because hydrogen is the most common element in the universe). Why are these clouds usually dominated by the color red?

-Because the strongest visible emission lines from hydrogen are red.

Part e) Suppose we want to know what the Sun is made of. What should we do?

-Compare the wavelengths of lines in the Sun's spectrum to the wavelengths of lines produced by chemical elements in the laboratory.

Part e) For the radial speed of an astronomical object to be determined, what must the object's spectrum contain?

-Either absorption or emission lines

Part b) Comte was proven wrong in his claim that we could never learn the composition of stars. What do we know today that Comte did not know when making his claim, and that makes it possible for us to learn the chemical compositions of stars?

-Every chemical element produces a unique spectral fingerprint.

Part e) Incandescent light bulbs emit thermal radiation because their filaments are heated to about 2500 Kelvin. LED light bulbs emit only at particular visible wavelengths. Why do incandescent bulbs require more energy to shine with the same amount of visible light as LED bulbs?

-Incandescent bulbs emit most of their energy as infrared light.

Part g) Consider the spectra of the four objects shown beneath the laboratory spectrum. Based on these spectra, what can you conclude about Object 1? https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_08_VQ.jpg

-It is moving away from us.

Part b) Why does Mars appear reddish in color?

-It reflects most of the Sun's red light while absorbing most of its blue light.

Part c) Imagine being on the Moon and looking at the thermal radiation spectrum of Earth. How would it compare to the spectra shown on the graph in the video?

-It would be very similar to the spectrum of the human.

Part h) Now consider Object 2. What can you say about Object 2 in comparison to Object 1? https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_08_VQ.jpg

-Object 2 is moving away from us faster than Object 1.

17: Process of Science: The Solar Spectrum Part a) Which of the following procedures would allow you to make a spectrum of the Sun similar to the one shown, though with less detail?

-Pass a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism.

Part j) What kinds of light are these telescopes designed to detect?

-Radio waves

Part e) Suppose you go outside and look at three stars. Star A is blue, Star B is white, and Star C is red. Which star is the hottest and which star is the coldest?

-Star A is the hottest and Star C is the coldest.

Part c) Which of the following best describes why the Sun's spectrum contains black lines over an underlying rainbow?

-The Sun's hot interior produces a continuous rainbow of color, but cooler gas at the surface absorbs light at particular wavelengths.

Part c) The "extraordinary" part of Comte's claim was his statement that we could never learn the composition of stars. Which of the following best summarizes the key lesson we should learn from the fact that his claim was ultimately proven wrong?

-The advance of science and technology may someday provide ways to answer questions that seem unanswerable today.

Part e) This photo shows the visible light spectrum of the Sun. Why does it have all those dark lines on it? https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_05_VQ.jpg

-The dark lines represent wavelengths of light at which atoms near the Sun's surface absorb radiation from the hotter solar interior.

Part c) Suppose that two stars are separated in the sky by 0.01 arc-second, and you observe them with a telescope that has an angular resolution of 1 arc-second. What will you see?

-The light from the two stars will be blended together so that they look like one star.

Part e) Which telescope has a better (smaller) angular resolution: a 2-m telescope observing visible light (wavelength 5.0×10-7 m) or a 10-m radio telescope observing radio waves (wavelength 2.1×10-2 m)?

-The optical telescope.

Part c) Suppose that Mars had a higher surface temperature. How would its spectrum be different?

-The peak in the infrared would be at shorter wavelength.

Part i) The first telescopic photo shows what appears to be a single star. The second photo shows the same object, now revealed to be two distinct stars. What is the difference between the two photos? https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_09a_VQ.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2640076/3/05_09b_VQ.jpg

-The second photo has better (smaller) angular resolution than the first photo.

Part d)Consider a planet orbiting another star that is very similar to our Sun. Assume the planet is about the size of Earth and has an Earth-like orbit around its star. Which of the following statements are true about the light coming from the star and planet? Select all that apply.

-The star emits much more total light than the planet. -The star's spectrum peaks in visible light. -The planet emits virtually all its light as infrared light.

Part d) Which of the following statements is not a valid advantage for having a telescope in orbit above our atmosphere?

-The telescope is closer to the astronomical objects.

Part b) If a star is moving away from you at a constant speed, how do the wavelengths of the absorption lines change as the star gets farther and farther?

-The wavelengths remain the same.

Part f) Which of the following types of light cannot be studied with telescopes on the ground?

-X-rays

Part e) What is the primary reason that we launch X-ray telescopes into space rather than building them on the ground?

-X-rays from space do not reach the ground.

Part d) Suppose a source at rest emits a spectrum that looks like the following: Which of the following indicates the source moving away from you the fastest?

-[shift 2] (if hover over the picture, it should say "shift 2")

27: Problem 5.27 Part a) Radio waves are:

-a form of light

Part d) For an object producing a thermal spectrum, a higher temperature causes the spectrum to have ___________.

-a peak intensity located at shorter wavelength

9: Visual Activity: Three Basic Types of Spectra Part a) Study the graph of the intensity of light versus wavelength for continuous spectra, observing how it changes with the temperature of the light bulb. Recall that one of the laws of thermal radiation states that a higher-temperature object emits photons with higher average energy (Wien's law). This law is illustrated by the fact that for a higher temperature object, the graph peaks at __________.

-a shorter wavelength

34: Problem 5:34 Part a) The Hubble Space Telescope obtains higher-resolution images than most ground-based telescopes because it is:

-above Earth's atmosphere.

Part c) Which of the following type of spectrum would you expect if you view star light that has passed through a cool cloud of interstellar gas on its way to Earth?

-an absorption line spectrum

Part d) What type of visible light spectrum does the Sun produce?

-an absorption line spectrum

Part c) The absorption line spectrum shows what we see when we look at a hot light source (such as a star or light bulb) directly behind a cooler cloud of gas. Suppose instead that we are looking at the gas cloud but the light source is off to the side instead of directly behind it. In that case, the spectrum would __________.

-be an emission line spectrum

14: Doppler Effect Tutorial Part a) If a star is moving away from you at constant speed, the absorption lines in its spectrum will

-be redshifted (have wavelengths longer than those of an identical stationary star).

30: Problem 5:30 Part a) The set of spectral lines that we see in a star's spectrum depends on the star's:

-chemical composition.

31: Problem 5:31 Part a) A star whose spectrum peaks in the infrared is:

-cooler than our Sun.

Part b) If our eyes were sensitive only to X rays, the world would appear __________.

-dark because X-ray light does not reach Earth's surface

33: Problem 5:33 Part a) How much greater is the light-collecting area of a 6-metermeter telescope than a 3-metermeter telescope?

-four times

25: Problem 5.26 Part a) Compared to red light, blue light has higher frequency and

-higher energy and shorter wavelength.

Part g) If a hot gas cloud is moving toward us, the frequency of the emission lines will be

-higher than those of a stationary gas cloud.

Part c) If you had only one telescope and wanted to take both visible-light and ultraviolet pictures of stars, where should you locate your telescope?

-in space

Part d) The James Webb Space Telescope is designed primarily to observe __________.

-infrared light

28: Problem 5.28 Part a) Compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus:

-is very tiny but has most of the mass.

3: Pre-lecture Narrated Figure: Thermal Radiation Laws Part a) Thermal radiation gets its name because __________.

-its spectrum depends on the temperature of the object emitting it

6: Pre-lecture Overview: Telescopes: Portals of Discovery Part a) What are the two most important properties of a telescope? Select exactly two responses.

-light-collecting area -angular resolution

Part b) Click "show" for the emission line spectrum, then click "choose gases" and study the emission line spectrum for neon. The neon "OPEN" sign appears reddish-orange because __________.

-neon atoms emit many more yellow and red photons than blue and violet photons

10: Light and Spectroscopy Part a) When you listen to the radio, you are hearing

-none of the above

Part e) Suppose that you had "X-ray vision" that allowed you to see X rays. What would you notice when you looked at a friend standing near you that you could not notice with your visible light vision alone?

-nothing

Part d) If you have a telescope that is observing light with wavelengths of a few meters, you are observing __________.

-radio waves

32: Problem 5:32 Part a) A spectral line that appears at a wavelength of 321 nmnm in the laboratory appears at a wavelength of 328 nmnm in the spectrum of a distant object. We say that the object's spectrum is:

-redshifted.

Part c) Select the telescope that would record a spectrum that looks like the spectrum shown in the figure below. https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/1016301/24/PartC.jpg

-telescope b

Part d) Select the telescope that would record a spectrum that looks like the spectrum shown in the figure below. https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/1016301/24/PartD.jpg

-telescope c

Part d) Notice that the Sun's spectrum appears brightest (or most intense) in the yellow-green region. This fact tells us __________.

-the approximate temperature of the Sun's surface

Part e) What feature(s) of this spectrum indicate(s) that Mars appears red in color?

-the fact that the intensity of region 4 is higher than that of region 2

Part c) If the emission lines in the spectrum of one object are more strongly blue-shifted than those from a second object, then the first object is moving

-toward us faster than the second object.

Part d) By only measuring an object's Doppler shift, astronomers tend to

-underestimate the object's total speed.

7: Pre-lecture Video: Light Absorption in Earth's Atmosphere Part a) Which of the following forms of light can be observed with telescopes at sea level? Select all that apply.

-visible light -radio waves

16: Telescopes Tutorial Part a) If the angular separation of two stars is larger than the angular resolution of your eyes.

-you will be able to see both stars.

35: Problem 5:35 Part a) Assume the woman in the figure uses her prism to look at a spectrum of light coming from the object(s) shown. In which case will she see a continuous rainbow of thermal radiation?

1 : Case 1 = hot light source

Part d) Match the words at the left to the correct blanks in the sentences at right. Use each choice only once.

1. A camera is an example of an instrument used for [imaging] observations. 2. [Spectroscopy] refers to telescopic observations in which we separate an object's light so we can measure its intensity at different wavelengths. 3. If we want to confirm that a star's brightness alternately dims and brightens, we need [time monitoring] observations of the star. 4. The familiar twinkling of the stars is caused by [atmospheric turbulence], which also blurs telescopic images. 5. Human civilization is responsible for what astronomers call [light pollution].

1: Pre-lecture Overview: Light and Matter Part a) Drag words from the left to the correct blanks at the right. You may use the same words more than once.

1. Each chemical element has a unique [atomic number]. 2. An atom with more electrons than protons has a negative [electric charge]. 3. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called the [atomic mass number]. 4. Most hydrogen atoms have only a single proton in their nucleus, so a hydrogen atom that also has one neutron is an [isotope] of hydrogen. 5. The number of protons in an atom is called the atom's [atomic number].

23: Vocabulary in Context: Characteristics of Telescopes Part a) Match the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blank in the sentences in the right-hand column. Use each word only once.

1. The [angular resolution] of the Hubble Space Telescope is better for shorter (bluer) wavelengths of light than for longer (redder) wavelengths of light. 2. The large research observatories on Mauna Kea use giant [reflecting telescopes]. 3. [Spectrographs] separate the various colors of light, allowing astronomers to determine stellar composition and many other stellar properties. 4. The twin 10-m Keck telescopes can work together to obtain better angular resolution through a technique known as [interferometry]. 5. The Chandra X-ray observatory focuses X rays with [grazing incidence] mirrors. 6. A 10-meter telescope has a larger [light-collecting area] than a 4-meter telescope. 7. Galileo's telescope designs using lenses were examples of [refracting telescopes].

5: Pre-lecture Video: Interpreting a Spectrum Part a) Each sentence below describes some aspect of the spectrum of Mars shown in the video (and in the corresponding Cosmic Context figure in your textbook). Drag a phrase from the left to complete each sentence correctly.

1. We determine Mars's surface temperature from the peak wavelength of the [thermal radiation] it emits. 2. The [Doppler effect] allows us to determine how fast Mars is moving toward or away from us. 3. Hot gas in Mars's upper atmosphere produces [emission lines] in the ultraviolet portion of its spectrum. 4. Carbon dioxide in Mars's atmosphere produces [absorption lines] in the infrared portion of its spectrum. 5. The color of Mars in our sky is determined by the [visible portion] of Mars's spectrum.

Part b) In which case will the woman see a rainbow of color interrupted by a few dark absorption lines?

2 : Case 2 = hot light source, thin cloud of cool gas

Part c) In which case will the woman see a just a spectrum that is almost entirely black except for few bright emission lines?

3 : Case 3 = hot glowing cloud of hydrogen gas

Part d) Rank the forms of light from left to right in order of increasing speed. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

All equal: -gamma rays -X rays -ultraviolet -visible light -radio waves -infrared

2. Pre-lecture Narrated Figure: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Part a) Which of the following are forms of light (electromagnetic radiation)? Select all that apply.

All: -micro waves -infrared -visible light -radio waves -X rays -ultraviolet -gamma rays

20: Process of Science — Extraordinary Claims: We Can Never Learn the Compositions of Stars Part a) Suppose we obtain a single, detailed (high-resolution) spectrum of a star located many light-years away. What can we learn about the star? Sort each of the following characteristics of a star into the correct bin based on whether we can or cannot learn it from the single spectrum.

Can learn from single spectrum: -surface temperature -speed toward or away from us -chemical composition (surface) Cannot learn from single spectrum: -distance -size (diameter) -interior temperature -speed across our line of sight -mass

4: Pre-lecture Narrated Figure: Three Basic Types of Spectra Part a) Sort each item into the appropriate bin based on which type of spectrum it represents. Drag each item into one of the bins below.

Continuous Spectrum: -a graph of this spectrum shows a smooth curve -the only one of the spectra below that does not give us information about chemical composition -arises from relatively dense objects like light bulb filaments, rocks, and people Emission Line Spectrum: -produced by thin or low-density clouds of gas -a graph of this spectrum has upward spikes Absorption Line Spectrum: -produced when starlight passes through a thin or low-density clouds of gas -a graph of this spectrum is a curve with sharp, downward dips

Part b) Shown following are six different types of light that travel to Earth from sources in space. Rank these types of light from left to right based on the altitude in the atmosphere where they are completely absorbed, from highest to lowest (Earth's surface). If two (or more) of the choices reach the same altitude or the surface, rank them as equal by dragging one on top of the other(s).

From highest to lowest: X-Rays -> Most ultraviolet light -> most infrared light -> most radio ways = green visible light

15: Ranking Task: Doppler Shift of Light Part a) The diagrams below each show the motion of a distant star relative to Earth (not to scale). The red arrows indicate the speed and direction of the star's motion: Longer arrows mean faster speed. Rank the stars based on the Doppler shift that we would detect on Earth, from largest blue-shift, through no shift, to largest red-shift.

Image links from largest blue to largest red: https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.05_E.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.05_D.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.05_B.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.05_C.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.05_A.jpg

18: Process of Science: Observation Techniques Part a) Sort each of the astronomical questions below into the appropriate bin based on the type of observation you would need to perform to answer it.

Imaging: -How large is the Andromeda Galaxy? -Are stars in the Orion Nebula surrounded by dusty disks of gas? -What are the major surface features of Mars? Spectroscopy: -What is the temperature of Jupiter's atmosphere? -Is the star Vega moving toward us or away from us? -What is the chemical composition of the Crab Nebula? Time Monitoring: -Is the X-ray emission from the galactic center steady or changing? -Does the star Mira vary in brightness?

Part b) Each of the following statements describes an astronomical measurement. Place each measurement into the appropriate bin based on the type of telescope you would use to make it.

Infrared telescope: -Determine the surface temperature of Venus. -Study a dense cloud of cold gas in space. Visible light telescope: -Measure the brightness of a star that is similar to our Sun. -Obtain a spectrum of the sunlight reflected by Mars. X-ray telescope: -Observe the hot (1-million K) gas in the Sun's corona. -Look for high-energy radiation from a supernova.

21: Ranking Task: Reflecting Telescopes and Light Collection Part a) Listed following are the names and mirror diameters for six of the world's greatest reflecting telescopes used to gather visible light. Rank the telescopes from left to right based on their light-collecting area from largest to smallest. For telescopes with more than one mirror, rank based on the combined light-collecting area of the mirrors.

Left to Right 1. Large Binocular Telescope: Two 8.4-m mirrors 2. Keck1: One 10-m mirror 3. Hobby-Ebberly: One 9.2-m mirror 4. Subaru: One 8.3-m mirror 5. Gemini North: One 8.3-m mirror 6. Magellan 11: One 6.5-m mirror

22: Sorting Task: Characteristics of Reflecting and Refracting Telescopes Part a) Listed following are distinguishing characteristics and examples of reflecting and refracting telescopes. Match these to the appropriate category.

Reflecting telescopes: -World's largest telescope -Most commonly used by professional astronomers today -The Hubble Space Telescope Refracting telescopes: -very large telescopes become "top-heavy" -incoming light passes through glass -The world's largest is 1-meter in diameter -Galileo's telescopes

13: Sorting Task: Interaction of Light and Matter Part a) Listed following are various physical situations that describe how light interacts with matter. Match these to the appropriate category.

Transmission: -Cell phone signals pass through walls. -Visible light meets clear glass. Absorption: -Visible light does not pass through a black wall. -Blue light hits a red sweatshirt Reflection or scattering: -White light hits a white piece of paper. -Red light hits a red sweatshirt. Emission: -Light comes from a light bulb. -Light comes from your computer screen.

Part f) Any spectrum can be displayed either in photographic form as shown to the left or as a graph. Which of the following graphs could represent a portion of the Sun's visible light spectrum?

image link: https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/1101465/12/Abs_graph.jpg

Part c) An important line of hydrogen occurs at a rest wavelength (as measured in a laboratory) of 656 nmnm (a nanometer (nmnm) is a billionth of a meter). Each diagram below has this line labeled with its wavelength in the spectrum of a distant star. Rank the motion of the stars along our line of sight (radial motion) based on their speed and direction, from moving fastest toward Earth, through zero (not moving toward or away from Earth), to moving fastest away from Earth.

image links from "fastest towards Earth" to "fastest away from Earth": https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.07_E.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.07_A.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.07_C.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.07_D.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.07_B.jpg

11: Ranking Task: Atomic Energy Levels and Photons Part a) The circles in the diagrams below represent energy levels in an atom, and the arrows show electron (blue dot) transitions from one energy level to another. (The spacing between circles represents differences in energy: A larger spacing means a greater difference in energy.) Assuming that the transitions occur as photons are emitted, rank the atoms based on the photon energy, from highest to lowest.

image links from highest energy level to lowest: https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.02_B.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.02_D.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.02_A.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.02_C.jpg

Part c) The diagrams below show the same set of energy levels as in Parts A and B, but with a different set of electron transitions (notice that the arrows are now different). Assuming that these electron transitions were caused by the absorption of a photon, rank the atoms based on the energy of the absorbed photon, from highest to lowest.

image links from highest energy to lowest https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.04_B.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.04_D.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.04_C.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.04_A.jpg

Part b) Each diagram below shows a pair of spectra with a set of spectral lines. The top spectrum always shows the lines as they appear in a spectrum created in a laboratory on Earth ("Lab") and the bottom spectrum shows the same set of lines from a distant star. The left (blue/violet) end of each spectrum corresponds to shorter wavelengths and the right (red) end to longer wavelengths. Rank the five stars based on the Doppler shifts of their spectra, from largest blueshift, through no shift, to largest redshift.

image links from largest blue to largest red: https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.06_B.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.06_D.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.06_E.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.06_A.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399274/2/1013124_05.06_C.jpg

Part b) The diagrams below are the same as those from Part A. This time, rank the atoms based on the wavelength of the photon emitted as the electrons change energy levels, from longest to shortest.

image links from longest wavelength to shortest: https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.03_C.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.03_A.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.03_D.jpg https://session.masteringastronomy.com/problemAsset/2399223/2/1012544_05.03_B.jpg

Part c) Rank the forms of light from left to right in order of increasing energy. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

radio waves -> infrared -> visible light -> ultraviolet -> X- rays -> gamma rays