All of VA History
The Virginia House of Burgesses was established by the...
"Great" Charter of 1618
The Virginia state motto is what?
"Sic Semper Tyrannis"
What is the Virginia state motto?
"Sic Semper Tyrannis"
In response to the Stamp Act, the House of Burgesses passed the ___________ _______________.
"Virginia Resolves"
How did increased tobacco cultivation in Jamestown affect relations between the colonists and Native Americans?
(NOT GRADED YET) The increased tobacco cultivation in Jamestown affect relations between the colonists and Native Americans because the colonists wanted to expand further, but those lands were the Native Americans, so that would cause violent chaos between them.
What led to the end of Salutary Neglect? (choose all that apply)
- British dominance in North America - a need for the British to reorganize a larger empire for more effective management -the end of the French and Indian War
Over the course of time, slaves built their own culture, including distinct forms of...
- music -language -storytelling
Which of the following Virginians were supporters of the Constitution? (choose all that apply)
-Edmund Randoph -James Madison -John Marshall
American colonists argued against British taxation because... (choose all that apply)
-Great Britain was ultimately responsible for protecting colonies against foreign powers. -they had no representation in Parliament.
Which of the following are recognized tribes in Virginia today? (choose all that apply)
-Nottoway -Nansemond -Monacan -Pamunkey -Mattaponi -Chickahominy
Which of the following is true of the original Jamestown settlement? (choose all that apply)
-Some people were more concerned with finding gold than growing food. - it was located in an unhealthy location. -it was intermittently attacked by the Powhatan. -it was in a good location for defense.
What two countries were active in North America before the English first attempted colonization?
-Spain -Portugal
How did the Declaration of Independence justify becoming "free and independent states"?
-The British government had violated natural rights guaranteed by the British government. - The British government had violated natural rights granted by God.
Why did British policymakers feel justified in requiring taxes from the North American colonists in the wake of the French and Indian War? (choose all that apply)
-The bulk of the expense of the war came in defending the colonies. -The war began in America.
Which of the following is true of the General Assembly as created in Jamestown? (choose all that apply)
-The primary purpose was to advise the governor. -It was a representative body.
Which of the following are true of slave life in Virginia? (choose all that apply)
-There were slaves who worked for wages. - Daily life was determined by the master. -Slaves were able to form close-knit families. -Most slaves were field workers. -Some slaves performed household duties.
What two justifications did Virginians give for using African slave labor? (choose two answers)
-They were already enslaved. -They were of a different race.
Virginia's delegates to the First Continental Congress included... (choose all that apply)
-Thomas Jefferson -Richard Henry Lee -George Washington -Patrick Henry
Which of the following is true of Virginia under Sir William Berkeley? (choose all that apply)
-Virginia became more autonomous during the English Civil War. -He wanted to diversify the economy of Virginia. -Virginia began the shift from indentured servitude to slavery.
What were the major provisions of the Compromise of 1850? (choose all that apply)
-allowing new territories to decide the issue of slavery -a stronger Fugitive Slave Act -ending of the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
Because the Church of England was the established church, Virginians were required to... (choose all that apply)
-attend services. -support its ministers by paying taxes.
Why did the king decide to revoke the Virginia Company's charter in 1624? (choose all that apply)
-complaints that the investors were not seeing dividends - high mortality rates -continual issues with local natives
Over the course of the nineteenth century, differences in what things were evidence of divisions in the United States? (choose all that apply)
-economy -culture -social structure -education
Before the Statute for Religious Freedom was passed... (choose all that apply)
-everyone supported the established church with taxes. -Virginia had an established church.
The first Africans to arrive in Jamestown could have been... (choose all that apply)
-indentured servants. -slaves
King Charles I gave the Burgesses the right to... (choose all that apply)
-levy taxes - change laws -form a military -regulate the church in Virginia
What kinds of documents were taxed by the Stamp Act? (choose all that apply)
-ship's papers -legal documents -licenses -playing cards -newspapers
Which of the following are ways in which slaves resisted?
-slave songs -open rebellion -breaking equipment -trickster tales -working slowly
What did British officials think they would find in the Southern states? (choose all that apply)
-slaves who would be willing to fight for them -a large concentration of loyalists
Because the Church of England was the established church, Virginians were required to... (choose all that apply)
-support its ministers by paying taxes. -attend services.
What roles did women fill during the American Revolution? (choose all that apply)
-taking some battlefield duties -performing support services for the military -managed farms -business owners -tended livestock
What conditions made independence the only option for Virginia in 1776? (choose all that apply)
-the Williamsburg gunpowder incident -creation of the Committee of Safety -Governor Dunmore's flight and military action against Virginians
Which of the following were provisions of the Underwood Constitution? (choose all that apply)
-universal male suffrage -a written, secret ballot -reduced-residency requirements for voting -a public school system -more power granted to the governor for vetos and pardons -limited-ability contract debt
Big Lick
...
The first _____ Amendments to the Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.
10
Virginia is the _________ largest state according to the 2013 census.
12th
Virginia is the _____________ largest state according to the 2013 census.
12th
Which Reconstruction-era Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of color?
15
In 1607, Chief Powhatan had political influence over ______________ people.
15,000
In __________, the English arrived in Virginia with 144 settlers.
1607
In what year did the first House of Burgesses meet?
1619
In ______, King James revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made Virginia a royal colony.
1624
In what year did slavery become part of Virginia law?
1705
The Atlantic Slave Trade was abolished in...
1808
The height of power in Virginia for the First Klan was from...
1866 to 1874
In what year was Virginia readmitted to the Union?
1870
In the nineteenth century, what percentage of Virginia's families owned slaves?
25%
When Jamestown was founded there were _____ major Native American people groups living in Virginia.
3
When Jamestown was founded, there was/were _____ Native American people groups living in Virginia.
3
Of the first 5 US Presidents, how many were from Virginia?
4
Virginia is divided into _____ distinct regions.
5
The Headright system guaranteed ___________ acres of land for each paid settler brought to the colony.
50
Since 1776, Virginia has been governed by _____ separate constitutions.
7
How many Presidents have been Virginians?
8
Who believed that since secession was illegal, the Southern states were still, technically, a part of the Union?
Abraham Lincoln
Match the following: Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas John C. Breckenridge John Bell
Abraham Lincoln = Republican Stephen Douglas = Democrat - North John C. Breckenridge = Democrat - South John Bell = Constitutional Union Party
massive resistance
After the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Senator Harry Byrd advocated for a policy of answer to school integration.
Big Lick
After the Norfolk and Western and Shenandoah Valley Railroads made this town home, it changed its name to Roanoke.
1-separate 2-equal
After the reforms enacted by the Constitution of 1902, schools in Virginia remained answer1 but supposedly answer2.
Match the following: Edmund Randolph
Aide-de-camp to Washington; Virginia Attorney General; Governor of Virginia; US Attorney General
This cigarette manufacturer used new marketing techniques and cheap child labor to become the largest cigarette manufacturer in Richmond:
Allan and Ginter
This cigarette manufacturer used new marketing techniques and cheap child labor to become the largest cigarette manufacturer in Richmond:
Allen and Ginter
The ____________ ___________________ ______________ advocated gradual emancipation for slaves followed by their deportation back to Africa.
American Colonization Society
In 1884, the General Assembly passed what act that limited political participation of black Virginians?
Anderson McCormic act
Who was Lincoln's successor and the President who oversaw Reconstruction?
Andrew Johnson
The ____________ ______________, although not a success because only five states were represented there, did establish plans for a Constitutional Convention.
Annapolis Convention
Of the distinct regions of Virginia, which is the smallest?
Appalachian Plateau
The Civil War effectively ended at the village of...
Appomattox Courthouse.
The framers of the ____________ ______ _____________________ were fearful of a strong central government.
Articles of Confederation
Thomas B. Stanley
As part of Massive Resistance in Virginia, this governor declared that any locality attempting to desegregation its schools would lose state funding.
Who was the British General who burned Richmond when the Virginia government refused to surrender the city?
Benedict Arnold
One of the primary complaints against the Constitution during the debate over ratification was the lack of a ___________ ______ _______________.
Bill of Rights
Because of violent conflicts there during the 1850s, Kansas came to be known as "___________ Kansas."
Bleeding
George Wythe
Born 1726 at Chesterville (now in Hampton, Virginia) Man of integrity and virtue, respected by all First Virginia signer of the Declaration of Independence Framer of the federal Constitution Instrumental in design of seal of Virginia Believed poisoned by his grandnephew in 1806 Buried at the church where Patrick Henry made his "liberty or death" speech Early years George Wythe (pronounced "with") was born in 1726 at Chesterville in what is now Hampton, Virginia. His father was Thomas Wythe, a planter who died soon after George's birth. Wythe was reared by his mother, Margaret Walker Wythe, and probably received his early education from her. Margaret Wythe instilled in her son a love of learning that served him all his life. Even as an old man, Wythe took up new subjects, teaching himself Hebrew, for example. George Wythe read law with his uncle Stephen Dewey, who lived near Petersburg. Admitted to the colony's General Court bar in 1746, Wythe first practiced in Elizabeth City County and later with the prominent lawyer Zachary Lewis. In 1747, Wythe married Zachary's daughter Ann. Wythe was admitted to the York County bar January 16, 1748; his wife Ann died August 8 the same year. The young widower was appointed clerk to the Committee of Privileges and Elections of the House of Burgesses in October. George Wythe house George Wythe house Highly respected by fellow Virginians George Wythe's signature is first among the Virginia signatures on the Declaration of Independence. He was so highly respected by his fellow Virginians that the other delegates left a space so that his signature would appear first, as he was absent from the meeting the day they signed the document. "No man ever left behind him a character more venerated than George Wythe," Thomas Jefferson wrote. "His virtue was of the purest tint; his integrity inflexible, and his justice exact; of warm patriotism, and, devoted as he was to liberty, and the natural and equal rights of man, he might truly be called the Cato of his country." Jefferson learned the law from Wythe, and, in a manner of speaking, Wythe's signature on the Declaration was a teacher's endorsement of his pupil's finest brief. Among Wythe's other law pupils were John Marshall, perhaps the greatest chief justice of the United States, and St. George Tucker. When Wythe was Virginia's chancellor, Henry Clay was his assistant. Life of significant achievement If Wythe had accomplished nothing more than signing the Declaration of Independence and teaching Thomas Jefferson, he would have earned a place in history -- but his life was crowded with achievement! He was Virginia's foremost classical scholar, dean of its lawyers, a Williamsburg alderman and mayor, a member of the House of Burgesses, and house clerk. He was the colony's attorney general, a delegate to the Continental Congress, speaker of the state assembly, the nation's first college law professor, Virginia's chancellor, and a framer of the federal Constitution. Served in the House of Burgesses Wythe was elected a burgess for Williamsburg in 1754, and soon he married Elizabeth Taliaferro (pronounced "Tolliver"). She was the daughter of planter and builder Richard Taliaferro, who built what is now called "the George Wythe House" about 1755, and also made substantial repairs and additions to the Governor's Palace about 1752. Taliaferro gave his daughter and her husband life rights to the house. The House of Burgesses sent Attorney General Peyton Randolph to England as its agent in 1753. George Wythe succeeded Randolph as attorney general but resigned the office in Randolph's favor after Randolph returned in 1755. Wythe remained a Williamsburg burgess until 1758, when he was elected burgess for the College of William and Mary. He represented the college until 1761, when he was elected for Elizabeth City County. Early supporter of revolution An early opponent of the Stamp Act, Wythe was appointed to the Committee of Petition and Remonstrance in 1764 and drafted the remonstrance to the House of Commons that protested against the tax. Nevertheless, Wythe, like Peyton Randolph and others, opposed freshman burgess Patrick Henry's stormy resolves against the act the next year, regarding the resolves as redundant and ill timed. Despite Virginia's deepening disputes with the Crown, Wythe maintained close friendships with governors Francis Fauquier and Norborne Berkeley, baron de Botetourt. Association with Jefferson and the college Thomas Jefferson met George Wythe during Governor Fauquier's administration. They were introduced by Professor William Small of the College of William and Mary. Wythe in turn introduced Jefferson to Fauquier, who invited the young man to play his violin in a Palace amateur quartet. Small, Wythe, Fauquier, and Jefferson often made a party of four at Palace dinners, where science, politics, and morals became regular topics of conversation. Wythe was appointed to William and Mary's board in 1768 and was elected Williamsburg's mayor December 1 of that year. He became a vestryman of Bruton Parish Church in 1760. He was appointed clerk of the House of Burgesses July 16, 1767 and took the oath of office on March 31, 1768. When the burgesses ordered the Public Hospital built in 1770, Wythe was named one of its trustees. He remained house clerk until 1775, when he was elected a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. Following instructions from the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg, Richard Henry Lee, another member of the Virginia delegation, rose at the Second Continental Congress and moved for American independence. Jefferson's declaration was approved July 4, but the document was not engrossed and ready for signing until August 2. By that time, Wythe had returned to Williamsburg, thus he and the other absent delegates signed later. Below Wythe's name appear the signatures, in order, of: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, and Carter Braxton. Designed seal of Virginia Though 50 years old, Wythe proposed to fight in the Revolution, but his true service remained in government. He worked on the drafting of the first Virginia constitution, written mostly by George Mason. Wythe served with Jefferson, Mason, Thomas Ludwell Lee, and Edmund Pendleton on the committee that revised Virginia's laws. George Wythe was one of two members of the committee who designed the seal of Virginia. Virtue, sword in hand, stands with her foot on the prostrate form of Tyranny, whose crown lies nearby. The motto, "Sic Semper Tyrannis," may be translated "Thus Ever to Tyrants." First professor of law in America In 1777, Wythe was elected speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates. Two years later, he accepted appointment as professor of law and police in now-Governor Jefferson's reorganization of the College of William and Mary. It was the first such professorship in the nation. After the government moved to Richmond in 1780, Wythe taught classes, presided over moot courts, and conducted mock legislatures in the old Capitol. Wythe accepted law students as boarders in his home and treated them as if they were the sons he never had. His kindness was returned by admiring pupils like Jefferson, who called him "my faithful and beloved Mentor in youth, and my most affectionate friend through life." Late in the1780s, student William Munford preserved a glimpse of Wythe's domestic establishment. "Old as he is," Munford wrote, "his habit is, every morning, winter and summer, to rise before the sun, go to the well in the yard, draw several buckets of water, and fill the reservoir for his shower bath, and then, drawing the cord, let the water fall over him in a glorious shower. Many a time have I heard him catching his breath and almost shouting with the shock. When he entered the breakfast room his face would be in a glow, and all his nerves were fully braced." In a dispute with the administration, Wythe resigned from the college in 1789 and accepted an appointment as judge of Virginia's Court of Chancery in Richmond. He moved there in 1791, turning his home over to Taliaferro's heir. The Reverend James Madison, president of the College of William and Mary, bought the house in 1792 following the death of the Taliaferro heir. Chancellor Wythe seized the opportunity of one of his cases to try to cripple the institution of slavery. He ruled that Virginia's Declaration of Rights -- written by Mason and adopted in 1776 -- included African Americans among the "all men" born free and equally independent. "They should," Wythe said, "be considered free until proven otherwise." His ruling did not survive appeals. George Wythe will Library of Congress George Wythe's will of 1806 leaving law books to Thomas Jefferson Murdered by an heir Elizabeth Taliaferro Wythe died in 1787. Long a foe of slavery, George Wythe freed several slaves, including Lydia Broadnax, who chose to remain in Wythe's service. He conveyed other slaves to Elizabeth's Taliaferro relatives. Near the end of his life, Wythe wrote his will in favor of a grandnephew, George Wythe Sweeney, but also gave generous bequests to his former slaves Michael Brown and Lydia Broadnax. A ne'er-do-well, Sweeney forged checks against Wythe's accounts to cover pressing debts. Hoping to avoid detection and inherit his great uncle's entire estate, he resorted to murder. Strawberries or coffee seem to have been the vehicle by which Sweeney poisoned both his great uncle and Michael Brown, who died within days. Wythe endured two weeks of agony, but as he lay dying, Sweeney's forgeries were discovered, and Wythe revised his will. A grand jury indicted Sweeney for murder, but Sweeney went free because a jury concluded the only-circumstantial evidence against him was too weak to support a conviction. No witness was able to testify to seeing Sweeney poison either the household's food or drink. Cook Lydia Broadnax was thought to have been in the kitchen when, apparently, Wythe's breakfast coffee was poisoned, and may have seen Sweeney throw evidence in the fire, but neither she nor any African American was allowed to testify against a white person in court. Wythe is buried at St. John's Church in Richmond, the church in which Patrick Henry made his "Liberty or Death" speech.
St. George Tucker
Born 1752 near Port Royal, Bermuda Studied law under George Wythe Married John Randolph's widow Served at Battle of Yorktown Taught law at College of William & Mary Served as U.S. District Court Judge Died 1827 Born and reared in Bermuda Lawyer, trader, inventor, scholar, professor, judge, essayist, poet, gardener, stargazer - St. George Tucker was what the 18th century called "a man of parts." St. George Tucker was born near Port Royal, Bermuda, in 1752, the son of Colonel Henry Tucker, a trader and owner of the Grove plantation. His christening name, St. George, had been in the family since about 1600, when Frances St. George married George Tucker of Kent, England. Sailed for Virginia to study law Reared in Bermuda, Tucker sailed for Virginia at age 19 to pursue an education in the law, a study he seems already to have begun. He enrolled at the College of William and Mary in 1772 and read under George Wythe, who had instructed Thomas Jefferson. Wythe examined and approved Tucker for the bar on April 4, 1774. Virginia's courts closed as the Revolution began, and Tucker could not pursue his practice. He returned to Bermuda in June 1775, two months after the raid on Williamsburg's Magazine. Before he departed, he told Peyton Randolph and Jefferson of the existence of a similar magazine in Bermuda that might be a target for rebel retaliation. Tucker's father obtained exemption from embargo against trade with British colonies The Continental Congress had banned trade with colonies that remained loyal to Britain, and Tucker's father, the colonel, traveled to Philadelphia in July to argue for Bermuda's exemption. He received it by negotiating with Benjamin Franklin the capture of the powder his son had mentioned earlier. Two American vessels carried away 100 barrels from the Royal Powder Magazine in Bermuda the night of August 14, 1775. St. George Tucker hinted that he helped roll some of the barrels to the ships. Williamsburg agent for father's trade business Tucker returned to Virginia on January 3, 1777, landing at Yorktown aboard the Dispatch (a ship purchased for him and his associates by his father, the colonel) with a cargo of smuggled salt. Tucker became his father's Williamsburg agent and made himself financially comfortable in a deal that dispatched indigo valued at £10,000 in four ships from Charleston, South Carolina, to the West Indies to trade for arms. Married John Randolph's widow He also fell in love with a woman he met at Bruton Parish Church. The object of his heart was Frances "Fanny" Bland Randolph, 25, the widow of John Randolph and the mother of three. They married on September 23, 1778, and moved to the Randolph plantation Matoax near Petersburg. When the British entered Hampton Roads in 1779, Tucker joined the militia as a major. He later fought at Guilford Courthouse, where he sustained a minor wound; chasing a runaway soldier, he ran into the man's bayonet. Liaison with French at Yorktown Fluent in French, he served as Governor Thomas Nelson's liaison with the French army at the Battle of Yorktown. His letters and diary from those days are rich in historical detail, and his description of General George Washington's arrival in Williamsburg before the battle is widely quoted. Returned to practice and teaching of law After the war, Tucker practiced law in the Petersburg area until 1788 when Fanny died shortly after bearing their sixth child. That year he accepted appointments as the professor of law and police at the College of William and Mary, and as judge of the Virginia General Court at Richmond. He succeeded George Wythe at the school and, as was true of Wythe before him, Tucker's tenure was marred by disputes with the administration over instructional methods. Tucker favored lectures, and he preferred to teach in his home (the St. George Tucker House on Market Square), where his law library was handy. He usually had about a dozen pupils. One of them, William Taylor Barry, wrote: "He is a Man of genuine Cleverness and of the most exalted talents." Married again after the death of first wife Tucker married again in 1791, this time to Mrs. Lelia Skipwith Carter, 24, a widow with two children. She bore him three more, all of whom died early. Urged the abolishment of slavery In 1796, Tucker wrote and published the pamphlet "A Dissertation on Slavery: With A Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of It in the State of Virginia." Cogently argued, it nevertheless had little effect. During these years he also edited Blackstone's "Commentaries on the Laws of England" to put them in an American context and make them more useful to students. It was published in Philadelphia in 1803 and earned Tucker the title the "American Blackstone." Twentieth-century legal historian Lawrence Friedman said Tucker was "one of the most eminent of Virginia lawyers." But he was best remembered in Williamsburg for writing a spirited defense of the city and its inhabitants. It was a reply to a critical passage in a geography and tour book published by the straight laced Reverend Jedediah Morse. Morse was a progenitor of Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the telegraphic code - a subject that would have excited Tucker. In 1794, he was enthusiastic over the new French "Telegraphe," a semi mechanical semaphore signaling system. He had a colleague set up part of the apparatus at the Capitol to signal him at the college on the other end of Duke of Gloucester Street. Constructed Williamsburg's first bathroom Tucker is credited with the construction of Williamsburg's first bathroom; he converted his backyard dairy house and installed in it a copper bathtub into which heated water was piped. The tub had a drain. He also invented an "earth closet" for his home that removed "night soil" through the wall and designed a water pump driven by a steam engine. An amateur astronomer, and an avid gardener, he was a charter member and officer of "a Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge" in Williamsburg. Left college over dispute and became judge in Richmond Continuing disputes over his teaching methods led to Tucker's departure from the college of William and Mary in 1804, when he was appointed to the Virginia Court of Appeals in Richmond. He had built a law office modeled after a Grecian temple there in 1803, but the change of locale and his appointment were delayed by scandal. Gambler Robert Bailey of Staunton accused Tucker of soliciting a 100-guinea bribe for the acquittal of a current gaming charge. Tucker vigorously defended himself against the accusation, even traveling to Staunton to gather depositions about Bailey's character, thereby convincing the public of his innocence. At the new capital he lodged in the Swan Tavern, a legendary inn. Though he wrote memorable poetry, he was also given to humorous doggerel, and he wrote these lines: "There was a sorry judge who lived at the Swan by himself. He got but little honor, and he got but little pelf [i.e. wealth], He drudged and judged from morn to night, no ass drudged more than he, And the more he drudged, and the more he judged, the sorrier judge was he." In 1813, St. George Tucker became United States District Court judge at Richmond, serving until 1825. By then two of his sons were on the way to becoming prominent judges themselves. Lived to the age of 75 Tucker died November 10, 1827, at the home of his stepdaughter Mary Cabell in Warminster. He was 75 years old.
Edmund Randolph
Born August 10, 1753, in Williamsburg, Virginia Parents: John and Ariana Jenings Randolph Siblings: Susannah Beverly and Ariana Spouse: Elizabeth Nicholas Children: Peyton, Susan, John Jenings, Edmonia, and Lucy Died September 13, 1813 at Carter Hall, Frederick County, Virginia Attended College of William & Mary Edmund's "autobiographical" letter states that he and his wife learned the basics of reading at a local school. He attended the College of William and Mary grammar and philosophy schools in 1770 - 1771. After leaving William and Mary, he studied law, but it is unknown from whom he received his instruction. It is possible that he studied with his father, John. Practiced law until his death In 1774, Thomas Jefferson retired from his law practice and turned his clients over to Edmund Randolph. Edmund practiced law until his death, although he did so only part-time while he held public office. Served in public offices Edmund Randolph served in the following positions: Clerk of the Committee on Courts and Justice, House of Burgesses, May 1774 Deputy Muster Master General of the Continental Army, Southern District, 1775 - 1776 (he was appointed to this position by the Continental Congress. He had to resign when he was elected to the Virginia Convention.) Aide-de-camp to General Washington, August - November 1775 Delegate (representing Williamsburg) to the Fifth Virginia Convention, 1776 Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 1776-1786 Mayor of Williamsburg, 1776 - 1777; Justice of the Peace for James City County, 1777 Clerk of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1778 - 1779 Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1779, 1781 -1786 Governor of Virginia, 1786 - 1788 Delegate to the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Delegate to the Virginia Ratification Convention, 1788 United States Attorney General, 1789 - 1794 United States Secretary of State, 1794 - 1795 Resided in: Williamsburg, 1753 - 1775 Philadelphia and Boston, July 1775 - November 1776 Williamsburg, December 1776 - early 1780 Richmond, Virginia, 1780 - 1813 Disagreement with John Randolph The only evidence about the tension that must have existed between Edmund and his father, John, as the colonies moved to war with Great Britain is a letter from Benjamin Harrison to General George Washington written July 21, 1775. In this letter, Harrison reported that Edmund was seeking support for his effort to become an aide to General Washington. Harrison noted that Edmund made his decision to join the army at Boston without consulting anyone and that he did so because he feared "his father's conduct may tend to lesson him in the esteem of his countrymen." By joining the American army, Edmund may have felt that his loyalty to the colonial cause would not be questioned. His father's reaction to Edmund's act is summed up in a line from a letter he wrote to his son in August 1775: "For God's Sake, return to your Family & indeed to yourself."
Gowan Pamphlet: A Baptist Minister
Born by 1748 Enslaved tavern worker Pioneering Baptist preacher Founder of an 18th-century all-black Baptist church Visionary leader and pastor Became a free man and landowner Died about 1807 Gowan Pamphlet answered a call that set him on a path few would have imagined possible for an enslaved person in the colonial Chesapeake region. Enmeshed in the slave society of 18th-century Virginia, he was hemmed in by law and custom, by his owners' demands, and by fear and prejudice harbored by slaveholding and non-slaveholding Virginians alike. Enslaved tavern worker When Gowan began his preaching mission in the 1770s, he was the property of Mrs. Jane Vobe, owner of the King's Arms Tavern in Williamsburg. Some of the widow Vobe's slaves - Gowan possibly among them - learned to read the Bible and took part in formal Church of England services at Bruton Parish Church. Under Vobe's watchful eye, Gowan and his fellow tavern workers (enslaved and free) also became skilled in the manners, etiquette, and services that genteel diners and travelers expected. Before the Revolution, Vobe catered to the likes of William Byrd III, Sir Peyton Skipwith, and George Washington. On the eve of the siege at Yorktown in 1781, Continental officers stationed in Williamsburg, including General Thomas Nelson Jr. and Baron von Steuben, had accounts with Vobe for lodgings and meals. It was during this demanding time for businesswoman Vobe that Pamphlet began his preaching mission, and the future of his growing congregation depended in part upon his ability to negotiate for time away from the tavern. Called to be a preacher Inspired by the preaching of an itinerant black preacher named Moses, Pamphlet stepped in when Moses left town. Both men had responded to the "good news" abroad in Virginia in the 1760s and 1770s spread by evangelical Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists. The message of equality before God was on the lips of black preachers and in the hearts of many black Virginians. Always quick to associate slave religion with rebellion, local authorities ordered Moses whipped under Virginia laws that authorized slave patrols for breaking up slave gatherings and up to 39 lashes for anyone caught meeting clandestinely with slaves. Law prohibited black religious gatherings Oral tradition suggests that Pamphlet, like his predecessor Moses, carried on his early ministry in arbors fashioned from saplings and underbrush on Green Spring Plantation several miles from Williamsburg, far from the sight of slave owners and patrollers. His popularity among the enslaved population likely prompted assaults on his reputation and inspired his calling, too. In July 1779, a white resident of Yorktown used the pages of the Virginia Gazette to accuse Vobe's slave of theft. And, in spite of the good will that was thought to have existed among early black and white Baptist converts in Virginia, a regional Baptist organization temporarily excluded Pamphlet from the Baptist fold having decided that "no person of color should be allowed to preach." Undaunted, Pamphlet and his followers continued to meet and grew in number. By 1781, the congregation counted 200 members and may have begun gathering for worship on the outskirts of Williamsburg in a wooded area known as Raccoon Chase south of Jamestown Road. Official recognition for his church After the capital of Virginia moved to Richmond in 1780, Gowan and the rest of Jane Vobe's tavern staff continued to live and work in Williamsburg. By 1786, a dwindling residential population and fewer visitors in the former capital prompted Vobe to move her business to Chesterfield County across the James River from Richmond. Pamphlet came back to Williamsburg in 1791 with his new owner, David Miller, executor of Vobe's estate. With his congregation numbering around 500, the visionary pastor judged it was time to apply for membership in the white-run Dover Baptist Association - a regional organization descended from the very group that earlier tried to silence him. Remarkable events of 1793 Copy of the original manumission for Gowan Pamphlet. Copy of the original manumission for Gowan Pamphlet York County Deed Book, No. 7, 1791-1809, page 92. Extra: View typed script of the document Pamphlet - still a slave and probably with a pass from Miller in his pocket - traveled north across the York River to Mathews County to attend the annual meeting of the Dover Association in October 1791. Near the end of the two-year inspection period for candidate churches, events near Pamphlet's home base nearly derailed the application and brought down the law on Pamphlet himself. In August 1793, William Nelson Jr. claimed that "the black preacher Gawin" inadvertently dropped a letter in the street in Yorktown on his way to Norfolk. The letter's shocking contents persuaded Nelson that Pamphlet was a messenger for a network of armed slaves from Richmond to Charleston, South Carolina. Pamphlet laid low for several weeks until the trouble subsided. In September 1793, within a month of the talk of conspiracy involving his slave, David Miller drew up a deed that would set Pamphlet free. In October, Pamphlet attended the annual meeting in Middlesex County to hear the Dover Association announce that the "Baptist church of black people at Williamsburg" was received into membership. In December 1793, York County officials ordered Miller's deed copied into the public record. A free black Baptist preacher Until his death in 1807, Pamphlet continued - now a free man - as pastor of the only Baptist church in Williamsburg, annually traveling miles from his home to represent his African American congregation at meetings of the Dover Baptist Association. Late in Pamphlet's ministry, Jesse Coles invited the congregation of black Baptists to hold services in Williamsburg proper in a wooden carriage house on Nassau Street. In 1805, white resident James Semple reported with unease that "On Sundays & Holidays the number of Free negroes & Mulattoes as well as slaves that is seen in the City is truly astonishing." The Current First Baptist Church, on Scotland Street, Williamsburg, VA The current First Baptist Church, on Scotland Street, Williamsburg, VA Extra: Construction began in 1855 on a new brick church building for the African Baptist Church (later First Baptist Church) on Nassau Street in Williamsburg. View early church. View site of Colonial Williamsburg's current African American Religion Exhibit and the sign that marks the site of the first church. Gowan Pamphlet owned part of a lot in Williamsburg and another 14 acres in James City County, just two miles from downtown. A solitary figure, no evidence of family connections has come to light, and Benjamin White, a free black, administered his estate. Free blacks Israel Camp, Benjamin White Jr., John Dipper, and others led Pamphlet's congregation in the years that followed his death. White Baptists did not organize a church in Williamsburg until 1828. First Baptist Church today The African Church, as it was known in the late 1820s, was tested during the antebellum period. Closed for a year after the 1831 Nat Turner rebellion in Southampton County, badly damaged by a tornado in 1834, and forced to accept "reorganization" in 1843 with its own black preachers subordinate to white ministers, the congregation nevertheless took possession of a new brick church dedicated in 1856 that stood on Nassau Street for more than 100 years. Returned to black leadership after the Civil War, the historic congregation took the name First Baptist Church. Newly freed citizens of the United States in the Williamsburg area turned to this distinguished African American church for spiritual, civic, and educational support, and during Reconstruction, the Rev. John M. Dawson won election to the Virginia General Assembly and served in the Williamsburg city government. First Baptist Church moved to its current location on Scotland Street in 1957. The congregation honors the memory of its founder Gowan Pamphlet to this day.
John "The Tory" Randolph
Born ca. 1727 in Williamsburg, Virginia Studied law in England Member of House of Burgesses Attorney General for Virginia Colony Died 1784 in London, England Buried in Virginia Early Years John Randolph was born in 1727 or 1728, probably at what is now called the Peyton Randolph House on Market Square, and his heritage was thoroughly Virginian. Educated at the College of William & Mary, he traveled to London in 1745 to study law at the Middle Temple at the Inns of Court in London, and returned to Williamsburg to practice in 1749. Civic duties Among Virginia's best-trained attorneys, John Randolph climbed the rungs of civic responsibility toward authority and power. He had become a member of the city's common council, then a burgess for the College of William & Mary. When his older brother Peyton Randolph was elected speaker of the House of Burgesses, John succeeded him as the colony's attorney general. He could not, however, follow Peyton down the road to rebellion. At odds with brother's political views John Randolph's brother Peyton Randolph followed the call of duty to the chair of the Continental Congress, but conscience summoned John Randolph "home" to England. As the day approached when he would quit America and its Revolution, he wrote a farewell letter to his cousin Thomas Jefferson. "We both of us seem to be steering opposite courses," he said, "the success of either lies in the womb of Time." The third child of Sir John and Lady Susannah Randolph, John was convinced British-Americans owed more loyalty to the Crown than to the Massachusetts hotheads or to firebrands like his friend Patrick Henry. Historians have tagged him with the nickname John "The Tory." By the summer of 1775, an anonymous piece in the Virginia Gazette insulted John Randolph for his Loyalist views and "dependence on l[or]d D[unmor]e." Read transcript of article View Virginia Gazette, July 27, 1775, Page 3, bottom of column two and top of column three (Will open in new window) If Randolph's associates in Williamsburg disagreed with his views, they nevertheless admired his integrity. Most Virginians referred to England as home; John Randolph meant it. Returns to England While Peyton chaired the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, John sat in Williamsburg, a confidant of the pugnacious Governor Dunmore. As Peyton prepared to leave for the Second Continental Congress, John was closing up his house, Tazewell Hall. Renowned for its hospitality, Tazewell Hall sat at the southern end of South England Street commanding a 99-acre estate. It was a popular literary and social center frequented by the elite of the community. Its master had been a close friend of Governor Fauquier and Lord Botetourt. John Randolph arranged passage across the Atlantic for himself, his wife, Ariana, and their two daughters, Susannah and Ariana. His son, Edmund, stayed behind; Edmund joined the American army and served as aide-de-camp to General George Washington. Enjoyed music and gardening Gardening and music were among John Randolph's avocations. About 1765 he wrote what is believed to be the earliest American book on kitchen gardening, A Treatise on Gardening by A Citizen of Virginia. Cousin Thomas Jefferson thought Randolph's violin was the finest in the colony and John, in turn, admired Tom's library. In 1771, they struck a lighthearted bargain. If Randolph died first, Jefferson was to have the fiddle; if Jefferson died first, Randolph was to have £100 worth of Jefferson's books. George Wythe and Patrick Henry witnessed the agreement. In August 1775, Jefferson sent their mutual friend Carter Braxton to Williamsburg with £13 pounds and posted a letter saying he meant it for the instrument. The reply was Randolph's farewell, though the men corresponded after Randolph reached England. The state government confiscated loyalist properties as the Revolution wore on, and an embittered Randolph spent years fruitlessly trying to reclaim his. Died in England; buried in Virginia John Randolph died at Brampton, England, in 1784. In death, as he could not in conscience do in life, Randolph returned to Williamsburg. He is interred beside his father and brother in the family vault in the chapel at the College of William & Mary.
Aggy: An African Slave
Born ca. 1735 Place of birth unknown Possibly born to one of Benjamin Harrison's slaves at Berkeley or another Harrison property in Virginia Brothers and/or sisters unknown One of 27 domestic slaves belonging to Peyton and Elizabeth Randolph Education unknown Spouse unknown (slave marriages not legal) Resided on Randolph property Children Little Aggy (described as a mulatto; mother to Beysey, Nathan, Kitty) Secordia (idenitified as sickly, died between 1775 and 1783) Henry Died after 1780 Ran away from Randolph household following Dunmore proclamation In 1775, Virginia Governor Dunmore issued a proclamation that offered freedom to all indentured servants and slaves willing to run away from their masters and fight for the British. More than 200 Virginia slaves ran away shortly after the proclamation was issued. Eight slaves from the Peyton Randolph household ran to the British. They were Aggy, Eve, Lucy, Billy, Sam, George, Henry, and Peter. By July 1776, half of the eight had returned, probably because of an outbreak of smallpox in Dunmore's camp. Family members divided Elizabeth Randolph eventually bequeathed Aggy and her son Henry to her niece Elizabeth Rickman. She bequeathed little Aggy and her children Nathan and Betsey to her nephew Benjamin Harrison of Berkeley. Little Aggy's daughter Kitty was bequeathed to another niece named Elizabeth Harrison.
Edith Cumbo: A Free Black Woman
Born to a free mother ca. 1735 Lives as a free black woman in Virginia Found in court records in several counties A Free Black Woman Edith Cumbo is the head of her own household in Williamsburg, one of only a handful of free blacks living within the city limits about the time of the American Revolution. Cumbo was likely born in Charles City County, Va., several miles from Williamsburg. She is the daughter of Richard Cumbo. Edith is not enslaved because her mother was a free woman when Edith was born. According to 18th-century Virginia law, a child born in the colony inherited the free or enslaved status of his or her mother. Evidence in Court Records From Charles City County, Edith Cumbo moved on to Halifax County, where she appears in court records. In August 1769, the churchwardens of Antrim Parish in Halifax County present Edith to the Halifax County Court for having a child out of wedlock. The justices dismiss the case "for reasons appearing to the court," meaning that the court in Halifax declares Edith not guilty based on the evidence presented at her trial. Head of Her Own Household Cumbo is a resident of Williamsburg proper by the late 1770s. By then her mother and father also live in York County near Williamsburg. Other members of the Cumbo family live nearby. As a free black woman in the slave society of 18th-century Virginia before and after the Revolution, Edith Cumbo is independent and resourceful. She heads her own household, and works in and around Williamsburg. Although evidence for her occupation has not come to light, it is likely that Cumbo uses her housewifery skills to earn a living, perhaps as a domestic servant, laundress or seamstress. In June 1778, Edith Cumbo takes steps to protect her property and household when she takes Adam White to the York County Court, located in Yorktown, and sues him for trespass, assault and battery. Attends Church in Williamsburg Edith probably attends the parish church wherever she lives, perhaps including Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg, at least once a month according to law. She might also be familiar with Baptist preachers such as Moses and also Gowan Pamphlet who preach the New Light gospel.
William Makepeace was a _______________ citizen who wrote about slavery and the slave trade in Virginia.
British
What was the pivotal case regarding segregation of public schools in America?
Brown vs. Board of Education
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (VA) was the court case that connected Virginia to which case heard by the Supreme Court in 1954?
Brown vs. Topeka board of education
The introduction of this ship revitalized the Confederate campaign to break the Union blockade of the South:
CSS Virginia
In 1801, 50,000 people gathered in ___________ ______________, Kentucky for a large meeting.
Cane Ridge
The English Civil War brought a large number of wealthy refugees to Virginia. These people were known as ___________.
Cavaliers
The English Civil War resulted in the death of...
Charles I
Which English king increased the power of the House of Burgesses in 1639?
Charles I
What was the dominant church in Virginia in the colonial period?
Church of England
Which of Virginia's regions is the most populous?
Coastal Plain
From east to west, name the 5 regions of Virginia:
Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateau
Match the Native American people group with its primary area of occupation: Algonquian
Coastal Plains
The actions of the citizens of Boston in December 1773 led to the...
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts.
the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
Collis Huntington expanded the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad with the creation of...
After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, Virginia created a permanent...
Committee of Correspondence.
The Third Virginia Convention created a...
Committee of Safety.
In 1776, Virginia declared itself a ___________________.
Commonwealth
In opposition to the Underwood Constitution, a strong _____________________ party formed and eventually took control of the government.
Conservative
established the Virginia General Assembly
Constitution of 1776
expanded suffrage beyond landowners
Constitution of 1830
eliminated property requirement for voting entirely
Constitution of 1851
established Virginia's first public school system
Constitution of 1870
established poll taxes and literacy tests for voting
Constitution of 1902
aligned Virginia's laws to federal legislation and court decisions
Constitution of 1971
What Virginia city became the center for tobacco, the tobacco market, and cigarette manufacturing in the late 1800s?
Danville
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
Davis v. County School board of Prince Edward County (VA) was the court case that connected Virginia to which case heard by the Supreme Court in 1954?
In Virginia's elections as preparation to be readmitted to the Union, which of the following was NOT a party represented in the election?
Democrat
What was Spanish name of the Native American who helped establish a base camp in Virginia in 1570?
Don Luis de Velasco
Who was the first person of African descent to serve as Governor of Virginia?
Douglas Wilder
What Supreme Court decision in 1857 drove the free and slave factions even further apart?
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Great Migration
During the answer, over 7 million African American moved away from the South to the economic opportunity and political freedom of Northern cities.
Virginia was the first _____________ settlement in the New World.
English
Virginia was the first permanent ______________ settlement in the New World
English
Virginia was the first permanent ______________ settlement in the New World.
English
Johnny: A Slave
Enslaved waiting man owned by Peyton Randolph Bequeathed to Edmund Randolph on Peyton Randolph's death Estate inventory value of £100 reflects high worth Ran away in 1777; never apprehended Johnny was a house slave who worked as Peyton Randolph's waiting man in the 1760s. Records of the errands he ran show that he bought sealing wax and paper at the Printing Office in 1764 and 1765. He received a tip of £0.3.9 from William Marshman, Governor Botetourt's butler, in April 1769. Marshman referred to Johnny as the "Speaker's Man," a clear indication that Johnny served as Randolph's waiting man by 1769. Randolph took his "man Johnny" and an enslaved boy with him when he traveled to Philadelphia to attend the Continental Congress in August 1775. Johnny probably accompanied Randolph on all of his trips. Johnny ran errands and waited on his master there until Randolph died in Philadelphia on October 22, 1775. Five days after Randolph's death, Johnny, still in Philadelphia, ran an errand for Thomas Jefferson and received a tip from him of seven shillings and six pence. Johnny probably returned to Williamsburg with Betty Randolph following the Speaker's funeral. Peyton Randolph bequeathed Johnny to his nephew, Edmund Randolph. Johnny's high value of £100 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's estate in York County indicates the importance of his position as Randolph's waiting man. The following winter, in December 1777, Johnny ran away from his new master. Edmund Randolph offered a reward for his return. He placed a runaway ad in the Virginia Gazette: Runaway Ad Virginia Gazette, Purdie, ed., 12 December 1777, page 3, column 1. View plain text advertisement The fact that the younger Randolph mentioned a reward to anyone who found Johnny in a place other than Virginia suggests that he believed that Johnny might try to leave the state. The trip that Johnny took to Philadelphia in 1775 exposed him to life in the largest city in North America - a city with a large, thriving free black population. It is possible that Johnny returned to Philadelphia to renew contacts with friends and to try to pass as a free man, perhaps under the name John Harris. There is no evidence that Edmund Randolph regained possession of Johnny.
The ________ ________ is one of Virginia's most important geographical features.
Fall Line
The ________ ___________ is one of Virginia's most important geographical features.
Fall Line
The two primary participants in the French and Indian War were ______________ and ____________.
France, England
Who wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," arguing that the frontier shaped American culture in an essential way?
Frederick Jackson Turner
One of the earliest institutions created for Reconstruction was the...
Freedman's Bureau.
Which of the following were results of Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan? (choose all that apply)
Freedmen were given few political rights. Establishment of "black codes" in the South. Confederate leaders re-entered Congress. Wealthy planters remained in control.
Which of the following were results of Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan? (choose all that apply)
Freedmen were given few political rights. Wealthy planters remained in control. Confederate leaders re-entered Congress. Establishment of "black codes" in the South.
Harry F. Byrd
From 1920 to 1960, who was the most politically powerful Virginian?
The _________________ believed that paying back Virginia debt was a matter of honor.
Funders
As a solution to the debt issue, the Funders passed the...
Funding Act of 1871.
Who was the primary author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights?
George Mason
Who was the principle author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights?
George Mason
What US President from Virginia could have served for the rest of his life if he chose?
George Washington
What Virginian did Congress name as the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army?
George Washington
What future Founding Father played a key role in the early stages of the French & Indian War?
George Washington
Who were the two commanding Generals at the Battle of Yorktown?
George Washington General Lord Cornwallis
Named royal governor in 1641, _______ ________________ ______________ was one of the most powerful personalities in Virginia history.
Governor William Berkeley
Virginia Patriot forces met Governor Dunmore's British forces at the Battle of...
Great Bridge.
The ___________ _______________ authorized a representative assembly to govern the Virginia colony.
Great Charter
Issues with segregation in restaurants, hotels and gas stations led a group of students in which southern town to stage a sit-in at the Woolworth Department Store lunch counter?
Grensboro, NC
Alexander Hoy: A Tradesman
Had relatives in Williamsburg Worked as cutler, shoemaker, juror, and guard Married Barbry Hoy, had two daughters Fell into debt Joined the Army in 1776 Died 1782 Joined kinsmen in Williamsburg Alexander Hoy likely moved to Williamsburg from neighboring Warwick County as a result of family connections in the area. In 1752, his kinsman, Daniel Hoy, served a seven-year apprenticeship to Benjamin Powell, a Williamsburg wheelwright and carpenter. By 1763, Alexander was living and working in the Williamsburg area. He probably learned the rudiments of reading and writing during his apprenticeship in the cutlery trade, but he signed at least one document with a mark, rather than writing out his name. A third kinsman, Jeremiah Hoy, also settled in Williamsburg. Started a family The historical record shows at least three different spellings of the family name: Hoy, Hoye, and Houy. Alexander married a woman named Barbara, who went by the nickname Barbry. The Bruton Parish clerk registered the birth of the Hoys' daughter, Mary, May 6, 1765. A second daughter, Elizabeth, came along later. Alexander made a living as a cutler and sometime shoemaker in the Williamsburg-Bruton Parish-York County area. The Hoy household included an enslaved woman named Phillis, who may have been owned or hired out. In addition to his work, Alexander sat on a petit jury and acted as guard for a local court. Fell into debt Despite having laid the groundwork for a reasonably secure future, by the late 1760s, Alexander had accumulated debt. Several times, he ignored court summonses to answer his creditors, and he failed to disclose his full tax liability to county officials. Throughout, Alexander continued to try to build up his cutlery business. At the estate sale of John Ormeston in 1769, he purchased a rule, two benches, four planes, one hammer, and sundry other tools, as well as a bed rug and blanket, all for about £4. Joined the Army in 1776 Nonetheless, the Hoys' financial situation had become desperate as the Revolutionary War heated up. The Army offered Alexander employment and ready cash. He joined up in 1776. Alexander's regiment probably first went north to reinforce General Washington, turning south in 1779 to join the siege at Charleston, S. C., in 1780. Died about 1782 Alexander, Barbry, Mary and Elizabeth were together again in Williamsburg sometime after the American defeat at Charleston in 1780. Perhaps because of injury or disease suffered during his military service, Alexander died about 1782. Barbry and their daughters continued to live in the area for several years. Mary and Elizabeth lived to adulthood, and may have claimed the land bounty due to Alexander for his Continental service.
In 1859, John Brown led a raid on _____________ ____________, Virginia, hoping to take over the federal arsenal there.
Harper's Ferry
What is the only college in America older than William & Mary?
Harvard
What was President Johnson's opinion of the actions of Congress regarding Reconstruction?
He didn't like how congress took over. He tried to block enforcement.
Who was sometimes called the "Great Compromiser?"
Henry Clay
The _________________ _____ _________________ was the representative body created under the Great Charter.
House of Burgesses
Virginia became involved with the debate because farming was losing its worth and since silver is mined more, it would help with the falling prices. The debate with the Populists was because the populists wanted the minting of silver as well.
How did Virginia become involved with the debate regarding Populism and the minting of silver in the 1890s?
The conflict between Great Britain and the North American colonies that lasted from 1763 to 1775 is known as the ______________ _____________.
Imperial Crisis
the Anderson-McCormick Act
In 1884, the General Assembly passed what act that limited political participation of black Virginians?
voting
In Virginia, Progressive pushed for more concrete answer laws.
a Department of Agriculture
In an effort to address the needs of farmers, the state government created.
unconstitutional
In response to the Brown v. Board of Education decision, the "Southern Manifesto" declared the decision answer.
Grange
In the 1870s farmer's created an association, the Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the answer
-created a special culture for agricultural workers -set up cooperative warehouses -lobbed for legislation to set railroad rates
In the 1880s, the Southern Farmer's Alliances
Norfolk
In the city of answer, 10,000 students were unable to attend school for five years because of Massive Resistance.
-Northern Virginia -The Tidewater
In the most recent gubantorial election in Virginia, which districts helped carry Terry McAuliffe to victory?
Greensboro, NC
Issues with segregation in restaurants, hotels, and gas stations led a group of students in which southern town to stage a sit-in at the Woolworth Department Store lunch counter?
What was the primary result of Bacon's Rebellion?
It brought the transition from indentured servitude to slavery as a source of labor.
What was unusual about the Constitution of 1971?
It guaranteed an education to every child in Virginia.
What was unusual about the Constitution of 1971?
It placed the focus on education
What was the colonists' primary issue with the Stamp Act?
It set a new standard of taxation as a way to make money.
Before the 1830s, what were two views of slavery in Virginia?
It was an institution that needed to end. It was a necessary evil that was impossible to eliminate without destroying the economy.
Why did poor whites in Virginia support slavery?
It was the thing that allowed them to remain free.
Why did Charles Townshend think the Stamp Act failed?
It was too visible to the colonists.
Who was the North Carolina businessman who was able to purchase Bonsack's machine and eventually form the American Tobacco Company?
James B Duke
Who was the North Carolina businessman who was able to purchase Bonsack's machine and eventually formed the American Tobacco Company?
James B. Duke
In 1624, King __________ revoked the Virginia Company's charter and in 1625 King ___________ made Virginia a royal colony.
James I, Charles I
The Virginia slave who served as a spy for the Continental Army was...
James Lafayette
What Virginian suggested the states appoint delegates to meet in Annapolis to talk about the Articles of Confederation?
James Madison
Who were the two primary supporters of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
James Madison Thomas Jefferson
Which of the following Virginians opposed the Constitution? (choose all that apply)
James Monroe George Mason Patrick Henry
During Bacon's Rebellion, the capital city of ____________________ was burned.
Jamestown
What prominent evangelical leader was a founder of the Moral Majority and Liberty University?
Jerry Falwell
Laws that discriminated against black Southerners became known as ___________ ____________ laws.
Jim Crow
Whose ride saved the Virginia government from British troops approaching Charlottesville where they were meeting after Richmond was burned?
John "Jack" Jouett
Who made an attempt to lead a slave uprising in Virginia in 1859?
John Brown
Which prominent pro-slavery politician gave a speech arguing that slavery was a "positive good"?
John C. Calhoun
The marriage of Pocahontas to __________ ____________ ended the first Anglo-Powhatan War.
John Rolfe
What was President Johnson's opinion of the actions of Congress regarding Reconstruction?
Johnson believed that Congress was being unconstitutional as they were passing acts with the intentions of preventing him from having as much power as any other president.
Before moving his abolition efforts to Virginia, John Brown was part of the abolitionist violence in...
Kansas
Who was the first woman to serve in the Virginia House of Delegates?
Kathryn Stone
Withdrawal of federal troops from the South allowed terrorist groups such as the _________________ to practice intimidation tactics to influence elections.
Ku Klux Klan
In 1821, the American Colonization Society established the colony of _____________ in West Africa.
Liberia
What was the difference between Lincoln's and Johnson's Reconstruction plans?
Lincoln let confederate stated form government if 10% of the voters would take an oath of allegiance to the Union. Johnson's plan was to only let the people loyal to the union vote.
The _____________ _________________ interprets the history of the Civil War and Reconstruction in a way that puts the Confederacy in a positive light and remembers the South before the Civil War as a peaceful, happy society.
Lost Cause
For most of the nineteenth century, what city was the largest in the western part of the state?
Lynchburg
The first land battle of the American Civil War was at...
Manassas
schools
Many Progressives supported the Constitution of 1902 because it provided more funding for public answer.
Mary Willing Byrd: A Planter's Widow
Mary Willing Byrd was a wealthy widow during most of the American Revolution. With unwavering determination she protected her husband's estate from plundering troops during the fighting and preserved the inheritance of her numerous children. Willing was born on September 10, 1740, probably in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin was one of her godfathers, and when she was a child, he sent her books from Europe. In 1761 she married William Byrd (1728-1777), a man who is now sometimes known as William Byrd III. William Byrd had five children when they married, and the couple had ten children together. In 1762 they moved from Philadelphia to Charles City County, Virginia, to live at Westover, William Byrd's elegant estate. After William Byrd died, debt-ridden and suspected of Loyalist tendencies, in 1777, Mary Willing Byrd paid off his creditors, settled his estate, and protected her children's inheritance. Using her shrewd economic judgment, Mary Willing Byrd preserved the Westover estate by selling off many of William Byrd's remaining assets, including a large number of slaves, western lands, and the extensive and well-known library of his father. Soon however, the fighting of the American Revolution came to Mary Willing Byrd. In January 1781, British troops under Benedict Arnold, whose wife was Byrd's first cousin, took over and occupied Westover. After the British left Westover, taking with them slaves, horses, and two ferryboats, Byrd attempted to regain some of her property under an American flag of truce. This action embroiled her in a controversy, as some Americans believed her to be trading with the enemy. On February 21, 1781, a company of American infantry raided Westover, seizing her papers. Two days later Byrd wrote a letter to Governor Thomas Jefferson defending her loyalty: "I wish well to all mankind, to America in particular. What am I but an American? All my friends and connexions are in America; my whole property is here—could I wish ill to everything I have an interest in?"* She was brought up on charges but her case never went to trial. Mary Willing Byrd died sometime during March 1814, but her exact death date was not recorded. In 1813 she wrote a will in which she was able to provide handsomely for her children and grandchildren.
In response to the Townshend Acts, Virginia joined _______________________ in protest.
Massachusetts
Which of the following denominations saw rapid growth in Virginia during the era of the Second Great Awakening? (choose all that apply)
Methodists Baptists
The three peninsulas of Virginia are the following:
Middle neck, Northern neck, and Virginia neck.
Who led the most violent and successful slave revolt in American history?
Nat Turner
In 1676, ________________ _________________ led a rebellion against the government of Virginia.
Nathaniel Bacon
John Montour: A Native American
Native American linguistic and cultural interpreter Born in 1744, one of nine siblings Attended the Brafferton Indian school at the College of William & Mary Adapted tactics to survive several colonial conflicts Murdered on hunting trip in 1788 Birth and family John Montour was born in 1744. His father was Andrew Montour, a well-known Métis who had Iroquois and French ancestors. His mother was a Delaware, the granddaughter of Sassoonam. Andrew Montour married twice and possibly three times. Late in the Revolutionary War, reports indicated that John was one of seven brothers or half-brothers. The English names of two are known: Debby, who was schooled in Philadelphia, and Thomas, who was killed during the Revolution. John Montour also had at least two sisters. Kayodaghscroony, or Madelina, was living with the Delaware in 1756, and Polly was cared for in Philadelphia in the late 1750s and early 1760s. Followed in his father's footsteps John's father, Andrew Montour, was one of the most important interpreters and negotiators in the Virginia and Pennsylvania backcountry in the 1750s and 1760s. Authorities in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia employed his services. In the 1750s, Andrew Montour believed it was possible for go-betweens such as himself to truly live in both the Indian and white worlds, and he hoped that his children could too. To that end, Andrew Montour enrolled his 10-year-old son in the Brafferton School at the College of William and Mary in 1754 and 1755. John received further education in Philadelphia. As a result of his schooling, Montour could both read and write English and speak it correctly. Undoubtedly, he could speak his native tongue, Delaware, and, because of his close dealings with the Wyandot and the Mingo during the Revolutionary War, he probably spoke those languages as well. Most important, after his many years living with Anglo-Americans, John Montour knew their ways well. Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow Colonial Williamsburg Collections Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow King of the Maquas Career as an interpreter In 18th century documents, men like John Montour are called interpreters, because they literally translated the speeches of each into the language of the other. But they did much more. They guided colonists to Indian villages and escorted Indian delegations to colonial capitals such as Williamsburg. They carried news from place to place. They would advise both sides of the cultural divide on what would be acceptable to the other. In other words, they were cultural go-betweens, brokers, mediators, and negotiators. In the best of times, the cultural go-between was a true bridge between the Indian and colonial worlds. But tension between the two mounted during the 1750s, 1760s, and 1770s. As attitudes of distrust and contempt hardened, the role of the cultural go-between, who hoped to keep a foot in both camps, grew problematic, and perhaps, in the end, even impossible. Career of contradictions The strange wartime career of John Montour was a collection of inconsistencies. At times he found himself pro-British, anti-American; pro-American, anti-British; friendly with the anti-America Wyandot and anti-American Delaware Wolf clan, loyal to the discredited John Killbuck, a captain in the American army, a vengeful raider on the Pennsylvania frontier. The nature of the Revolutionary War in the Ohio country provides some explanations. Very quickly, pre-war alliances among the Indians and between Indians and colonists collapsed. The war became what historian Richard White has labeled "a contest between villages, both Indian and white." Under the constant pressure to choose sides, even villages fragmented into competing factions. In this world of raids and counter raids and persistent apprehension, neutrality—the ability or desire to walk the middle course—was foreclosed. Yet such a space was essential for a cultural go-between. As the war progressed, John Montour's room to maneuver between Indian and Americans disappeared. Murdered in 1788 An account from American missionary John Heckewelder provides closure on Montour's life. On a trip to visit the old Moravian settlements on the Muskingum, Heckewelder learned that two people he had known well had died. One was a Pittsburgh printer, who had hanged himself. The other was John Montour, who had been murdered by some Mingoes while he was out hunting in the winter of 1788. John Montour had made enemies; it was not surprising that he would die at the hands of Mingoes. Despite Andrew Montour's hope that his son would continue his dream and be at home in both the Indian and white worlds, it was not to be. John Montour remained at his cultural core an Indian. Sensitivity to slights, reciprocal loyalty to friends, but most importantly, the demands imposed by kin and clan obligations, drove Montour's actions.
Woodrow Wilson was governor of what U.S. state?
New Jersey
What are the five states that border Virginia?
North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland.
What are the 5 states that border Virginia?
North Carolina, Tennessee, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky
In the years following the Civil War, many Southerners believed they had been the victims of...
Northern aggression.
The three peninsulas of Virginia are the following:
Northern, Middle, Virginian
During the French and Indian War, the territory that caused the conflict was the ___________ _______________ ______________.
Ohio River Valley
Who was the chief who led the attack against the colonists in 1622?
Opechancanough
-building infrastructure -building more efficient government
Other than education, what other major reforms did the 1902 Constitution promote?
What economic crisis doomed many small Virginia towns?
Panick of 1893
In a Virginia conflict known as the "____________ ____________," several Virginians sued the colony for lost wages under the Two-Penny Act.
Parsons Cause
At the Second Virginia Convention, who gave the speech that may have moved the delegates toward radical action?
Patrick Henry
The Parson's Cause case brought ___________ ______________ to prominence in Virginia because of his provocative remarks at the trial.
Patrick Henry
Which of the following was the author of the Virginia Resolves?
Patrick Henry
Who was the first Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia?
Patrick Henry
Who was the key supporter for keeping a state establishment of religion?
Patrick Henry
In 1864, Grant sent this General to destroy the threat posed by the Shenandoah Valley:
Philip Sheridan
Which of Virginia's regions is the largest?
Piedmont
Match the Native American people group with its primary area of occupation: Siouan
Piedmont and Blue Ridge
This landmark court decision established the separate but equal standard and helped justify racial segregation.
Plessy v. Ferguson
This landmark court decision established the separate but equal standard and helped justify racial segregation.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
What is popular sovereignty in the context of the sectional crisis?
Popular sovereignty would have caused people to flood people to Nebraska and Kansas to put their votes in the ballot box for their side.
From north to south, name the 4 major Virginia rivers:
Potomac, Rappahannock, York, James
The most dominant Algonquin tribe was the...
Powhatan
The Virginia Constitution of 1851 eliminated the ______________ requirement for voting.
Property
The Council of State, in addition to representing the king's wishes and advising the governor, were to serve as the ______________ ______________.
Quarter Court
The Underwood Constitution seemed designed to support the power of...
Radical Republicans.
When they were dissolved by the Governor for supporting Boston's position on the Townshend Acts, the House of Burgesses set up a council to continue protests at the _____________ ____________.
Raleigh Tavern
The group that rose in opposition to the Funding Act of 1871 were the...
Readjusters
In the Constitutional Convention of 1865, the delegates were overwhelmingly ____________________________.
Republican
What happened in Virginia in the years following the passage of the Funding Act of 1871? (choose all that apply)
Revenue declined. Government programs went unfunded. Taxes rose.
What happened in Virginia in the years following the passage of the Funding Act of 1871? (choose all that apply)
Revenue declined. Government programs went unfunded. Taxes rose.
At Cold Harbor, Grant realized he couldn't take ________________ directly.
Richmond
By May 1861, the capitol of the Confederate States of America was in __________________.
Richmond
In 1779, Thomas Jefferson moved the capitol of Virginia from Williamsburg to...
Richmond
In the nineteenth century, ________________ had one of the busiest slave markets in the South.
Richmond
The English attempt to colonize the Americas was at _____________ ______________.
Roanoke Island
When General Johnston was injured at the Battle of Seven Pines, to whom did command of the Confederate forces eventually fall?
Robert E. Lee
Which of these famous Virginians was the son of a Revolutionary War hero, a graduate of West Point, an experienced officer, and was offered command of both the Union and Confederate armies?
Robert E. Lee
Who argued that the New South movement was a trick of the devil to corrupt Southern morals?
Robert Lewis Dabley
The election of which US President in 1877 signaled the end of Reconstruction?
Rutherford B. Hayes
The series of religious revivals that swept the United States in the early nineteenth century is known as the...
Second Great Awakening.
The French and Indian War was part of the...
Seven Years' War.
The Virginia state motto is what?
Sic semper tyrannis
Who was the first governor of Virginia?
Sir George Yeardley
Who financed the settlement attempt at Roanoke Island?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What was the first state to secede from the Union following the Election of 1860?
South Carolina
What are the 5 states that border Virginia?
Tennessee, West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Kentucky
What changed the system of land ownership in Virginia so that wealthy people could hold large plots of land?
The "Great Charter" of 1618
The "positive good" pro-slavery argument was based on what ideas? (choose all that apply)
The African people were naturally inclined to slavery. The Bible sanctioned slavery. The institution was beneficial for black people.
The ? is the smallest of the five regions. It is a rural region whose main industry is coal mining.
The Appalachian Plateau
Name the Virginia region shaded in purple.
The Appalachian Valley and Ridge
The ? incorporates the famous Shenandoah Valley, a large, beautiful valley between the Blue Ridge and the Appalachian Mountains. It is also predominantly rural and features agriculture and some mining.
The Appalachian Valley and Ridge
The ? is a mountainous region, which features much of the Shenandoah National Park, one of the nation's most popular national parks. This region relies on tourism and agriculture as two of its major industries.
The Blue Ridge
Which of the following was the last chance to make changes to the federal system to avoid open war?
The Compromise of 1850
When the Deep South seceded from the Union, they formed a new country called...
The Confederate States of America
illegal
The Constitution of 1902 made integration of any kind answer in the state of Virginia.
Which of the political parties in the Election of 1860 wanted to take the nation back to the original Constitution with an emphasis on state sovereignty?
The Constitutional Union Party
The ? is the most populous region of the state and a major trade center along the Chesapeake Bay. The presence of the military on the coast is also a major job-creator. Just a few of the region's many major cities include Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Newport News, Alexandria, and Hampton.
The Costal Plain
What was the background of Dred Scott v. Sanford? What were the results of the decision?
The Dred Scott vs. Sanford was a case to see if slaves were able to become free. The results of the trial was that slaves were to be considered as property and that if slave owners wanted to take them up north, they could do so.
Put the following in chronological order: The French and Indian War The Stamp Act The Townshend Acts Committees of Correspondence The Tea Act The Boston Tea Party The Intolerabel Acts The First Continental Congress
The French and Indian War The Stamp Act The Townshend Acts Committees of Correspondence The Tea Act The Boston Tea Party The Intolerabel Acts The First Continental Congress
What federal act showed the flaw in the system of popular sovereignty?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
What nineteenth-century crisis nearly ended in armed conflict?
The Nullification Crisis of 1832
debt
The Olcott Settlement settled the issue of Virginia's
The ? is the largest region featuring the cities of Danville, Lynchburg, and Charlottesville. Located along the eastern border of this region is the capital city of Richmond. Its proximity to the state capital and to the area surrounding Washington, D.C. makes government one of the largest job-creators, along with manufacturing.
The Piedmont
-coinage of silver -a call for new election laws on the state level -new federal and state income taxes
The Populist platform in 1892 included
...
The Populist platform in 1892 included
Put the following items in chronological order: The Stamp Act The Townshend Acts The Committees of Correspondence The Tea Act The Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress Virginia Declares Independence (forms government) Declaration of Independence
The Stamp Act The Townshend Acts The Committees of Correspondence The Tea Act The Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress Virginia Declares Independence (forms government) Declaration of Independence
Which of the following was the British action that brought organized opposition from the American colonists?
The Stamp Act of 1765
The winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown is known as ______ _____________ ___________.
The Starving Time
After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament passed...
The Townshend Acts.
Who established and governed Virginia from 1609 to 1624?
The Virginia Company
What is the connection between the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Declaration of Independence? What kinds of ideas did they contain?
The Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Declaration of Independence are both similar because they are asking for individual freedom. The Virginia Declaration of Rights provided the freedom of religion and power of the people. The Declaration of Independence declared their independence from Britain.
What was the result of the Southampton slave rebellion in 1831? (choose all that apply)
The Virginia Legislature considered gradual abolition of slavery. The legislature passed laws restricting the ability of blacks to worship as they saw fit. The legislature made it illegal to teach black people to read or write. The legislature passed stricter legal codes against free and enslaved blacks.
Richmond
The Virginia city of answer installed a large electric trolley system in 1888, expanding the city outward.
-peanuts -lumber -coal -cotton
The city of Norfolk became an important exporter of....
What piece of legislation outlawed segregation and discrimination in all public accommodations?
The civil right act of 1964
Fitzhugh Lee
The election of answer in 1885 was evidence of the growing Lost Cause mentality in Virginia.
Which of the following is true about slavery in the nineteenth century? (choose all that apply)
The foreign slave trade ended in 1808. Virginia was a center for the domestic slave trade. Virginia had more slaves than any other state. The percentage of slaves was in decline in the early nineteeth century.
What was the nature and purpose of the Moral Majority?
The nature and purpose of the Moral Majority was to help right wind politicians win elections and bring moral issued into politics.
Progressive Era
The period between the mid-1890s and 1920 is known as the answer.
What were the primary problems of the Articles of Confederation? Why did the framers of that document structure the government in that way? Why did it not work?
The primary problems with the Articles of Confederation were that there was no power to tax, have currency, or to enforce their own laws. The only powers that they had was foreign affairs. The framers structured the document that way because they thought it would threaten individual freedom. It did not work because the government had no power to control.
Which two factors contributed to Virginians' acceptance of the institution of slavery?
There was increased racism. It had been a way of life for 200 years.
What contributed to Great Britain's lack of attention to her colonies over most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
There were religious and political problems in Great Britain.
How did the General Assembly react to Opechancanough's complaints in 1619?
They restricted trade with Natives and the number of tobacco plants that could be planted.
In the view of the Radical Republicans, what role should the President hold in Reconstruction plans?
They thought that the president should play a more harsh part towards confederate states.
Why did the Spanish abandon colonization efforts in Virginia?
They were betrayed and massacred in 1571
Why did the Spanish abandon colonization efforts in Virginia?
They were betrayed and massacred in 1571.
As part of Massive Resistance in Virginia, this governor declared that any locality attempting to desegregate its schools would lose state funding.
Thomas B Stanley
Whose stand against advancing Union troops shaped the outcome at First Manassas?
Thomas J. Jackson
The primary author of the Declaration of Independence was...
Thomas Jefferson
Which US President from Virginia served in a variety of capacities but was most proud for three accomplishments?
Thomas Jefferson
Who was Governor of Virginia when British forces burned Richmond?
Thomas Jefferson
Who wrote A Summary View of the Rights of British America?
Thomas Jefferson
Who was the military officer who arrived in 1610 to turn the fortunes of the Jamestown colony?
Thomas West, Baron De La Warr
Who was the military officer who arrived in 1610 to turn the fortunes of the Jamestown colony?
Thomas West, Baron De la Warr
Which of the following were issues the Readjusters had with the Funding Act of 1871? (choose all that apply)
Those who did not hold bonds were suffering from the lack of government funding. They didn't see the need to pay off debt at high interest rates. Public education suffered for lack of funding.
Which of the following was NOT a main goal of Jim Crow laws?
To drive blacks out of the south
What was the purpose of the Constitution of 1902?
To reduce the number of voters.
What was the purpose of the Ku Klux Klan in relation to politics?
To restrict the voices of the republicans and the black community.
urban
Today, over 80% of Virginia's population live in answer area.
The _____________ ________________ was the leading ironworks in the South prior to the Civil War.
Tredegar Ironworks
Radical Republicans felt the states who had left the Union should be treated as __________________ .
U.S. Territories
In March 1864, Abraham Lincoln gave command of the Army of the Potomac to...
Ulysses S. Grant
Which US President allowed elections in Virginia while they were still under military occupation?
Ulysses S. Grant
The loss of what town gave the Union control of the Mississippi River and divided the South?
Vicksburg
At the beginning of the French & Indian War, what colony claimed most of the territory in the Ohio River Valley?
Virginia
After being dissolved by Governor Dunmore, the House of Burgesses reconvened and organized as the...
Virginia Convention
The _______________ ______________ of 1776 established the official state flag of Virginia.
Virginia Convention
The early Presidents who all called Virginia home are collectively known as the ______________ _________________.
Virginia Dynasty
When Lincoln decided to call up Union troops to fight against the South...
Virginia voted for secession.
How was Virginia connected to the Brown v. Board of Education decision?
Virginia was connected to the Brown v. Board of Education decision because school for blacks was meant for fewer students but so many students attended that facilities weren't equal so there were protests and people sued because of that.
What event opened the eyes of many people to the problem of racial segregation in America?
WWII
The ______________-______________ Bill was a Reconstruction plan that was much stricter than Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan.
Wade Davis
After Fort Sumter, the capitol city of the Union was ______________ and the capitol of the Confederacy was ___________.
Washington D.C. Richmond
After Fort Sumter, the capitol city of the Union was________ and the capitol of the Confederacy was__________ .
Washington D.C., Richmond
Match the Native American people group with its primary area of occupation: Iroquoian
Western and Southeast Virginia
Lewis Blair
What Readjuster argued that the New South movement was the only way for Virginia to gain prosperity?
-Randolph v. Virginia -Johnston v. Virginia
What Virginia court cases were important in ending segregation?
Mills Goodwin
What Virginia governor broke with many of Byrd's policies and established a constitutional convention in 1971 to make a new frame of government?
Robert Lewis Dabney
What argued that the New South movement was a trick of the devil to corrupt Southern morals.
World War II
What event opened the eyes of many people to the problem of racial segregation in America?
Changes in voting laws
What factor made it difficult for political machines, such as the Byrd machine, to maintain power?
-Mechanization of farms mean less need for farm laborers -Ease of access to goods and services -Economic need
What factors prompted Virginia's population to move to the cities?
-ratification of the 24th Amendment -1966 Supreme Court decision declaring poll taxes unconstitutional -Voting Rights Act of 1965
What key government actions expanded the number of people who could vote in all electrons?
racism
What killed the People's Party in the South?
-women's suffrage -prohibition of alcohol
What other Progressive reform movements had an impact on Virginia?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
What piece of legislation outlawed segregation and discrimination in all public accommodations?
Jerry Falwell
What prominent evangelical leader was a founder of the Moral Majority and Liberty University?
-north Carolina -kentucky
What states replaced Virginia as the leaders in tobacco production in the late 1800s?
-Thomas Staples Martin -Hal Flood
What two prominent Virginians were able to build a powerful political organization in the 1980s?
The Moral Majority was created to help many right wing politicians win elections and to bring moral issues into the political dialogue.
What was the nature and purpose of the Moral Majority?
Brown v. Board of Education
What was the pivotal case regarding segregation of public schools in America?
-Reduced the number of eligible voters -Limit black suffrage -Ensured the hegemony of the Democratic Party in Virginia -Disenfranchise as many black Virginians as possible without explicitly breaking the Fifteenth Amendment
What was the purpose of the Constitution of 1902?
The Constitution of 1971 guaranteed every child in Virginia a quality public education.
What was unusual about the Constitution of 1971?
-increased regulations on business -efficiency in business and government -women's suffrage -prohibition of alcohol
What were some of the issues addressed by the Progressive reformers?
J. Lindsay Almond
Which Virginia governor finally declared that Virginia schools must integrate?
Readjusters
Which political party claimed to represent Virginia's poor, no matter the race?
the Democrat Party
Which political party did Harry F. Byrd lead for four decades of Virginia politics?
farmers
While industry was on the rise, answer were in economical distress.
Carter Glass
Who called the issue regarding minting silver a struggle between common people and the rich and powerful?
Bobby Scott
Who was the first African American Congressman from Virginia?
William Ferguson Reid
Who was the first African American to serve in the Virginia House of Delegates since Reconstruction?
Leslie Byrne
Who was the first Virginia woman to win a seat in Congress?
Douglas Wilder
Who was the first person of African descent to serve as Governor of Virginia?
Kathryn Stone
Who was the first woman to serve in the Virginia House of Delegates?
Mary Sue Terry
Who was the first woman to win statewide political office in Virginia?
-William Jennings Bryan -William Mckinley
Who were the primary political candidates in the Electron of 1896?
Philip Watkins Mckinney
Whose openly racist rhetoric in the 1889 gubanatorial election evidenced the acceptability of this position in the late nineteenth century?
Christiana Campbell: A Business Owner
Widow of apothecary Ebenezer Campbell Successful Williamsburg tavern keeper Hosted George Washington and Thomas Jefferson Slave owner Died 1792 in Fredericksburg, Va. Operated successful tavern Christiana Campbell was owner and proprietress of one of Williamsburg's most successful taverns. The business that bore her name still stands today to welcome guests and travelers. Long-term town resident and tavern operator Christiana Campbell was the daughter of John and Mary Burdett. They were a tavern-keeping family, and Christiana lived with her parents at Burdett's Ordinary under the Sign of Edinburgh Castle at the east end of Duke of Gloucester Street for many years. At the time of her father's death in 1746, she inherited £300 and three slaves: Shropshire, Bell, and Bell's child. Although Christiana was a 26-year-old single woman, she qualified as the executrix of her father's estate. Widowed and returned to Williamsburg Sometime after September 1746, Christiana married Ebenezer Campbell, an apothecary in Blandford, Virginia. They had two daughters. Mary, called "Molly," was born about 1750. Ebenezer, called "Ebe," born about 1752, was born after her father's death, and received his name. On August 14, 1752, following Dr. Campbell's death, the administrators of his estate advertised the auction of the medical equipment, books, and personal property at his shop in Blandford, near Petersburg. By October 1753, Mrs. Campbell and her two young daughters had returned to Williamsburg. The approximate date of her return is based on the Bruton Parish Register entry for the baptism of her slave, named London. Christiana Campbell's Tavern as it stands today. Christiana Campbell's Tavern as it stands today. Within a few years, Mrs. Campbell embarked on her 29-year career as a tavern keeper in Williamsburg. The experience of growing up in a tavern keeping family gave her the experience and knowledge she needed to be successful. In 1760, Mrs. Campbell rented the James Anderson House and probably operated a tavern at that location. Briefly in 1771 Mrs. Campbell rented the space formerly occupied by R. Charlton's Coffeehouse. In the fall of 1771, she moved to the tavern behind the Capitol that now bears her name. Served important clientele With a legacy of £200 left her by Nathaniel Walthoe, Campbell purchased the property she had rented since the fall of 1771. She provided rooms and food for people who traveled to Williamsburg to conduct business with government officials or who attended the regular meetings of the colony's merchants. When the General Assembly was in session, Campbell hosted members of the House of Burgesses, including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. Washington recorded in his diary that he dined there 10 times in two months. Eventually, Christiana's daughter Ebe married Benjamin Day of Fredericksburg, and they had three daughters. In December 1785, Mary, or "Molly," married local widower William Russell when she was the somewhat advanced matrimonial age of 35. The Russells had at least two children. Owned adult and young slaves In order to operate a full-service tavern, Mrs. Campbell likely owned several adult slaves, both male and female, in addition to young children. The total number in her establishment is not known, but a busy tavern would have required quite a few hands skilled in such work as cooking, laundry, waiting tables, and taking care of horses. By September 30, 1762, three of Christiana Campbell's young slaves - London, Aggy, and Shropshire - were attending the Bray School, Williamsburg's first school for black children. Three years later, two others went to the Bray School: Mary and another whose name is not clear in the records-it may be "Young." In early 1769, Mary, Sally, and Sukey were students there. Christiana Campbell probably discontinued tavern keeping soon after Virginia's capital moved to Richmond. In 1782, the City Land Tax list charged Campbell £5 for her two town lots; according to the 1791 list, she had only one lot, but a later advertisement for the sale of her Williamsburg property says "houses and lots." Shortly thereafter Campbell removed to Fredericksburg to live with her daughter Ebe Day and her family. She died there on 25 March 1792, as we know from the inscription on a memorial plaque in the Masonic Cemetery in Fredericksburg.
Who became the leader of the Readjuster movement in Virginia?
William "Billy" Malone
Which of the following was Virginia's first superintendent of public schools?
William Henry Ruffner
In 1699, Virginia's capitol moved from Jamestown to ___________________.
Williamsburg
The Valley & Ridge region includes which of the following? (choose all that apply)
Winchester, Bristol, the Shenandoah Valley
Woodrow Wilson
With his election in 1912, answer became the first Southerner to become President of the United States in 64 years.
Until 1619, there were very few English ______________ in Virginia
Women
World War I
Woodrow Wilson served as President during answer.
New Jersey
Woodrow Wilson was governor of what US State?
Woodrow Wilson served as President during...
World War I
John Montour was..
a Native American
Gowan Pamphlet was...
a black Baptist minister.
In support of Massachusetts, the Virginia House of Burgesses declared...
a day of fasting and prayer.
In an effort to address the needs of farmers, the state government created...
a department of agriculture
Edith Cumbo was...
a free black woman in Virginia.
Put the following changes in Virginia's governmental structure in chronological order: a. joint stock company- commercial venture, b. royal colony, and c. commonwealth
a.1 b.2 c.3
Westward migration in the 19th century saw how many Virginians leave the state?
about 1 million
the constitution of 1971
aligned Virginia's laws to federal legislation and court decisions
The Underwood Constitution denied the right to vote to...
anyone who served the Confederacy in a civil or military capacity.
After the War of Independence, the new American states began to...
argue and squabble with one another.
Why did the capital city of Richmond begin?
as a trading town for ships bringing goods up the James
Why did the capitol city of Richmond begin?
as a trading town for ships bringing goods up the James
Before the American Revolution, people referred to Western lands as the __________ , but afterward, they referred to it as the____________ .
back country, frontier
In Virginia, most of the British war effort took place in the...
backcountry
Why was the use of the joint-stock model important?
because it spread the risk of failure across more people
According to the book Old Dominion, New Commonwealth, why did Virginia lose its influence in the nineteenth century?
because of it's alliance with the losing side of the Civil War
According to the book Old Dominion, New Commonwealth, why did Virginia lose its influence in the nineteenth century?
because of its alliance with the losing side of the Civil War
Following the Civil War, some people dreamed of a _________________ society, where black and white citizens would interact freely and equally.
biracial
Match the following: St. George Tucker
born in bermuda, a merchant, early absolutist
To fill the apparent need for passionate worship, Methodists and Baptists began holding ___________ _____________.
camp meetings
Who called the issue regarding minting silver a struggle between common people and the rich and powerful?
carter glass
According to the lesson, Pocahontas' rescue of John Smith was probably...
ceremonial
Which of the following is NOT one of the key government actions that expanded the number of people who could vote in all elections?
changes in demographics
What factor made it difficult for political machines, such as the Byrd machine, to maintain power?
changing in voting laws
The Dred Scott decision stated that slaves could not be...
citizens
What is the primary industry of the Appalachian Plateau?
coal mining
In 1776, Virginia declared itself a ___________________.
commonwealth
Most Native Americans considered land property in a ______________ way.
communal
Most conflict between Native Americans and the Jamestown setters came because they failed to understand one another's ____________.
culture
By the 1870s, the biggest issue the Virginia government faced was...
debt
The French and Indian War negatively affected Britain, especially with a massive increase in _________.
debt
The Olcott Settlement settled the issue of Virginia's...
debt
The Funding Act of 1871 locked Virginia into...
deficit spending.
When the Stamp Act Resolves (Virginia Resolves) passed, Governor Fauquier _______________ the House of Burgesses.
dissolved
The French and Indian War became a conflict over...
dominance in North America.
The primary reason for maintaining the slave system in Virginia was...
economic
What was the primary motivation for Virginians to head west in the 19th century?
economic gain
Tobacco cultivation caused a dramatic growth _________ and in _________.
economically, population
In what area was the Freedman's Bureau most successful?
education
One of Virginia's greatest failures in the nineteenth century was its lack of emphasis on _______________.
education
the constitution of 1851
eliminated property requirement for voting entirely
the constitution of 1870
established Virginia's first public school system
the constitution of 1902
established poll taxes and literacy tests for voting
the constitution of 1776
established the Virginia General Assembly
A recent historical work by David Hackett Fischer and James A. Kelley argues that Americans ________________ their culture as they moved West.
expanded
the constitution of 1830
expanded suffrage beyond landowners
The dominant view in Washington regarding the states that had once been part of the Confederacy was the...
forfeited rights theory.
The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom begins with the following phrase: "Whereas Almighty God hath created the mind ___________"
free
Governor Dunmore's Proclamation in 1775 promised _____________ to any slave who would join the British cause.
freedom
In Patrick Henry's "Liberty or Death" speech, he says the problems being faced in the colonies were a question of ____ or _____.
freedom, slavery
After the Battle of Saratoga, the ___________ decided to enter the American Revolution on the side of the Americans.
french
Salutary Neglect led to economic ______________ in the British Colonies.
growth
The ________________ system allowed a grant of 50 acres of land for each paid settler to Virginia.
headright
Who was the editor of of the Atlanta Constitution and the leader of the "New South" movement?
henry grady
Which of the following was NOT an issue addressed by the Progressive reformers?
higher government wages
Which of following questions arose after slavery was ended in 1865? (choose all that apply)
how to integrate slaves into society the question of basic civil rights the economic role of freed slaves
President Johnson holds a place in history as the first President that Congress attempted to...
impeach
Before 1670, most Africans in Virginia were _________________ _________________.
indentured servants
The headright system helped establish ______________ _______________ in Virginia.
indentured servitude
Following the Civil War, Reconstruction involved...(choose all that apply)
integrating freed slaves into society. political reunification with the United States. rebuilding lost property. rebuilding the economy.
Following the Civil War, Reconstruction involved...(choose all that apply)
integrating freed slaves into society. political reunification with the United States. rebuilding lost property. rebuilding the economy.
Which of the following was NOT a flaw in the sharecropping/tenant farming systems?
it forced farmers to make childern work instead of school
Which of the following has been one of the most destructive results of the Lost Cause interpretation?
it provides justifications for racism
How was the Lost Cause interpretation viewed in the North?
it was accepted almost without question
The Virginia Company was important because it was one of the first __________ -___________ companies.
joint stock
Put the following changes in Virginia's governmental structure in chronological order: joint-stock company- commercial venture royal colony commonwealth
joint stock company- commercial venture= 1 royal colony= 2 commonwealth= 3
Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction...
laid out his Ten Percent Plan.
In 1829, Virginia still required this for a citizen to vote.
land ownership
Match the following: George Wythe
law teacher; the Cato of his country
In 1639, King Charles I gave the Virginia General Assembly the sole power to...
levy taxes.
The use of ______________ ___________ to determine the ability of a citizen to vote affected both poor white and black Southerners.
literacy tests
What factors made it difficult for Virginia to address the problem of debt in the 1870s?
loss of West Virginia lack of capital loss of wealth in the form of personal property falling land prices
What factors made it difficult for Virginia to address the problem of debt in the 1870s? (choose all that apply)
loss of wealth in the form of personal property loss of West Virginia falling land prices lack of capital
Which of the following was NOT a way the Readjusters acted to fund schools in Virginia?
lowered state tax rates for those who donated to public education
In what ways did the Readjusters act to fund the schools in Virginia?
made yearly payments to local school systems established Virginia State University allowed 90% of school taxes to remain in local communities distributed funds from the reorganization of the Norfolk & Western Railroad
The most extreme part of Congressional Reconstruction was dividing the South into five __________ _____________.
military districts
According to contemporary accounts, Americans after the War of Independence were a ________________ people.
mobile
What was the fear of those who supported a state establishment of religion?
moral decline
Virginia's four major rivers create three peninsulas called _________.
necks
In the years following the Civil War, many Southerners believed they had been the victims of...
northern aggression
The Constitution of 1864 was only effective for the ________ and parts of the __________ state until the end of the Civil War.
northern, eastern
English settlers tried to establish the same _______________________ system as they had in England.
patriarchal
People who supported military and political separation from England were called...
patriots
What action by General McClellan in the Peninsula Campaign allowed time for Confederate forces to consolidate and react?
pausing after each engagement
Part of the vision of the New South was to end the domination of the...
planter aristocracy.
A _______ _________ was a fee required in order to be registered to vote.
poll tax
At the Battle of Fredericksburg, General Burnside used five _______________ bridges to cross the Rapahannock River.
pontoon
Most Native American groups had no concept of ___________ property.
private
In nineteenth century Virginia, slaves were seen as ____________, and challenging the institution appeared to be an attack on liberty.
property
What was the purpose of the Freedman's Bureau? (choose all that apply)
provide medical care to freed slaves protect the freedom of former slaves help freedmen negotiate labor contracts set up schools to educate black children reunite families separated before or during the war
The election that saw the passage of the Underwood Constitution provided evidence that the state was clearly divided by...
race
What killed the People's Party in the South?
racism
The Underwood Constitution seemed designed to support the power of...
radical republicans
The main focus of segregation in the 1890s concerned _________________.
railroads
Which political party claimed to represent Virginia's poor, no matter the race?
readjuster
The 1705 Virginia code regarding slavery named slaves as __________ ______________.
real estate
What was the goal of the Second Continental Congress?
reconciliation with England
The most obvious issue(s) facing Virginia after the Civil War concerned... (choose all that apply)
recovering from the environmental impact. rebuilding the infrastructure.
Which of the following is true of the Blue Ridge region of Virginia? (choose all that apply)
relies on tourism and agriculture as primary industries, features the Shenandoah National Park, Roanoke is the "Capital of the Blue Ridge"
Which of the following is true of the Blue Ridge region of Virginia? (choose all that apply)
relies on tourism and agriculture as primary industries, features the Shenandoah National Park, Roanoke is the "Capital of the Blue Ridge"
At first, Virginia decided to...
remain loyal to the Union.
Match the following: John "The Tory" Randolph
returned to england, the father of Edmund Randolph
The period in which the American colonies were allowed to operate with some degree of autonomy is known as...
salutary neglect
Many Progressives supported the Constitution of 1902 because it provided more funding for public _____________.
schools
Fearing that the residents of Williamsburg would rise up and take the capitol, Governor Dunmore...
secretly removed the gunpowder stored in the city.
In the 1890s, powerful white Southerners made an effort to _____________________ white and black society.
segregate
The General Assembly came to serve as a symbol of the desire for ___________ ________________ in America.
self-government
At the beginning of the Civil War, most people felt the war would be...
short
The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act led to a new occupation, the __________ ____________.
slave catcher
What was the greatest fear of white Virginians in the early nineteenth century?
slave revolt
After 1705, Virginia's economy became based on __________________.
slavery
The first tenet of the Lost Cause interpretation is that ______________ was not the cause of the Civil War.
slavery
What institution created social divisions among Virginians in the nineteenth century?
slavery
According to Edmund Morgan, _____________ and ___________ grew up together in colonial Virginia.
slavery, freedom
After the French entered the war in 1778, the British shifted their efforts to...
south
What were the reasons for the Second Continental Congress' choice for the leader of the Continental Army? (choose all that apply)
strong personal character military experience citizenship in Virginia
The Revenue Act of 1871 paid off the debt but cut off _____________ revenue.
tax
In the post-Civil War period, railroad companies rebuilt infrastructure by the benefit of...
tax breaks and government grants
In the post-Civil War period, railroad companies rebuilt infrastructure by the benefit of...
tax breaks and government grants.
When Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts, they retained the tax on _________.
tea
In a _____________ contract, a family rented land from a landowner and used part of the crop raised as payment.
tenancy
In a _____________ contract, a family rented land from a landowner and used part of the crop raised as payment.
tenency
Radical Republicans felt the states who had left the Union should be treated as __________________ .
territories
Which battle remains the bloodiest single day in American military history?
the Battle of Antietam
Which Civil War battle can be considered both Lee's greatest victory and his greatest loss?
the Battle of Chancellorsville
The Virginia Declaration of Rights influenced... (choose all that apply)
the Bill of Rights. the Declaration of Independence. the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. the Constitution.
What is the most important aquatic feature of Virginia's geography?
the Chesapeake Bay
Which political party did Harry F. Byrd lead for four decades of Virginia politics?
the Democrat Party
Which Reconstruction-era Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of color?
the Fifteenth Amendment
Which Reconstruction-era Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law for all citizens?
the Fourteenth Amendment
Collis Huntington expanded the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad with the creation of...
the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company.
What economic crisis doomed many small Virginia towns?
the Panic of 1893
Victory in what battle allowed General Lee to take the fighting out of Virginia?
the Second Battle of Manassas
Which Reconstruction-era Amendment ended slavery in the United States?
the Thirteenth Amendment
What battle was the first meeting of Generals Grant and Lee?
the Wilderness
What signaled the beginning of the American Civil War?
the attack on Ft. Sumter
Virginia's assessment plan called for people to support what with their taxes?
the church of their choosing
Which of the following is NOT a factor prompting Virginia's population to move to the cities?
the cities provided incentives to immigrants
What invention ended hope that slavery would die on its own?
the cotton gin
Which of following questions arose after slavery was ended in 1865? (choose all that apply)
the economic role of freed slaves the question of basic civil rights how to integrate slaves into society
The Election of 1869 that ratified the Underwood Constitution also resulted in... (choose all that apply)
the election of the first African Americans to become lawmakers in Virginia. the election of Gilbert C. Walker as governor. a loss of control by the Radical Republicans.
The election of 1869 that ratified the Underwood Constitution also resulted in...
the election of the first African Americans to become lawmakers in Virginia. the election of Gilbert C. Walker as governor. a loss of control by the Radical Republicans.
Violence in Kansas eventually spread to...
the floor of the Senate.
Once Virginia became a royal colony, who chose the governor and his ministers?
the king
What was the greatest limit to growth in the Virginia economy in the late nineteenth century?
the lack of capital
What was the primary factor in the reduction of land values and agricultural production after the Civil War?
the loss of slave labor
According to the Lost Cause interpretation, why did the Confederacy lose the Civil War?
the norths advantage in man power and industry
Match the following: Thomas Jefferson
the pen of the revolution
Match the following: George Washington
the sword of the revolution
Which of the following is NOT true of the Southern Farmer's Alliance?
they gave farmers subsidies when they couldn't grow crops
According to Edmund Morgan, the economic system in Virginia had come to see "men as ______________."
things
What were the goals of Lee's advance into Union territory in July 1863?
to gain support from Britain to force the Union to give up to threaten Washington, D.C.
What was the purpose of the Ku Klux Klan in relation to politics?
to restrict the voices of Republicans and the black community
What were the goals of Lee's advance into Union territory in July 1863? (choose all that apply)
to threaten Washington, D.C. to gain support from Britain to force the Union to give up
John Rolfe's primary contribution to the Jamestown colony was ________________ cultivation.
tobacco
What cash crop has been most prominent in Virginia's economy since the Colonial Era?
tobacco
What cash crop has been most prominent in Virginia's economy since the colonial era?
tobacco
For the American colonists, the Tea Act seemed to be a way to...
trick Americans into accepting the right of Parliament to tax the colonies.
On larger plantations, there were slave families with __________ parents.
two
In his argument regarding the British decision to disavow the Two-Penny Act, Henry claimed the King had forfeited his right to colonial obedience because he had become a ______________.
tyrant
The Dred Scott decision declared the Missouri Compromise...
unconstitutional.
In spite of promises to the contrary, most indentured servants were forced to become ______________ laborers once their period of service ended.
wage
Over the course of the nineteenth century, the North moved toward a _______ labor system, while the South continued to use a ________ system of labor.
wage, slave
After the War for Independence, Americans turned their attention ___________.
west
Which of the following Progressive reforms had an impact on Virginia?
womens sufferage
Captain John Smith's discipline included the idea of if a man doesn't ___________ he shouldn't ________.
work, eat
