ALL SPANISH GRAMMAR 7-5-19

Los pronombres de objeto indirecto (IOPs)

to tell to whom or for whom something is done or given (is indirectly affected by the verb; often receives the direct object) me, te, le (se), nos, os, les (se) Ex: Visito a mi abuela. Le ayudo a organizar la cocina. (I am visiting my grandmother. I am helping her organize her kitchen)

Los pronombres de objeto directo (DOPs)

to tell what is happening to someone or something (receives the direct impact of the verb) me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las Exs: Llamo a mis padres todos los días. Los llamo por la noche. (I call my parents every day. I call them at night) Compré un nuevo coche. Lo compré ayer. (I bought a new car. I bought it yesterday)

querer meaning in preterite tense:

to try (to) negative form: to refuse (to) ex: Quise evitarlo, pero fue imposible. (I tried to avoid it, but it was impossible)

querer meaning in present tense:

to want ex: Quiero ir, pero tengo que trabajar. (I want to go, but I have to work)

traer preterite conjugation:

traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron

tener preterite conjugation:

tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron

the preposition "entre" is followed by "___" and "___" instead of "ti" and "mí"

tú and yo ex: Papá va a sentarse entre tú y yo. (Dad is going to sit between you and me)

Used with ____/____, stressed possessive adjectives are similar in meaning to the English expression "of mine/of yours"/etc.

un/una Exs: Juancho es un amigo mío. (Juancho is a friend of mine) Ella es una compañera nuestra. (She is a classmate of ours)

ir conjugation in present subjunctive:

vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan

present indicative conjugation of venir:

vengo, vienes, viene, venemos, venéis, vienen

i-stem irregular preterite verbs:

venir (vin), querer (quis), hacer (hic/ hiz in él form) (e, iste, o (hizo), imos, isteis, ieron)

present tense yo form of ver:

veo

unequal comparisons with just verbs are formed by verb + _________ _____

verb + mas/menos que ex: Mis hermanos comen más que yo. (My brothers eat more than I do) Arturo duerme menos que su padre. (Arturo sleeps less than his father)

equal comparisons with just verbs are formed by verb + _____ _____

verb + tanto como ex: Tú viajas tanto como mi tía. (You travel as much as my aunt) Ellos hablan tanto como mis hermanas. (They talk as much as my sisters) No estudio tanto como Felipe. (I don't study as much as Felipe)

imperfect conjugation of "ver":

veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían

venir preterite conjugation:

vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron

use of los mandatos de nosotros/as:

when you want other people to join you in doing something (let's...) or want to tell other people you're not interested in doing something together (let's not...)

forming nosotros commands: endings are the same for all regular and irregular verbs, and are identical to the nosotros form of the subjunctive

yo form -> drop o -> -ar verbs: -emos -er/-ir verbs: -amos car/gar/zar verbs have a spelling change stem-changing -ir verbs change from o->u or e->i; no other verbs have a stem change

conjugation in present subjunctive

yo form -> drop o -> add ending -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en -er/-ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an verbs with irregular yo forms stay irregular in all conjugated forms; car/gar/zar verbs have spelling change stem-changing -er/-ar verbs keep their changes in all but the nos/vos forms; stem-changing -ir verbs keep their changes in all but the nos/vos forms AND have an o->u or e->i change in nos/vos

stem-changing verbs in the present change in which forms?

yo, tú, el/ella/usted, ellos/ellas/ustedes (or, all except nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms)

The word mil, which can mean "a thousand" or "one thousand", is not usually used in the plural form to refer to an exact number, but it can be used to express the idea of a lot, many, or thousands (similar to "cientos"). Exs:

¡Hay miles de personas en el estadio! (There are thousands of people in the stadium!)

In Spanish no can mean both no and not. Therefore, when answering a yes/no question in the negative, you need to use no twice. Ex:

¿Caminan a la universidad? (Do you walk to the university?) No, no caminamos a la universidad. (No, we do not walk to the university)

Que is the most frequently used relative pronoun. It can refer to things or to people. Unlike its English counterpart, "that", que is *never omitted*. Exs:

¿Dónde está la cafetera que compré? (Where is the coffee maker (that) I bought?) El hombre que limpia es Pedro. (The man (who is/that is) cleaning is Pedro)

Pensar + [infinitive] means to plan or to intend to do something. Pensar en means to think about someone or something. Exs:

¿Piensan ir al gimnasio? (Are you planning to go to the gym?) ¿En qué piensas? (What are you thinking about?)

The relative pronoun quien refers only to people, and is *often used after a preposition or the personal "a"*. Quien has only two forms: quien (singular) and quienes (plural). Exs:

¿Son las chicas de quienes me hablaste la semana pasada? (Are they the girls (that) you told me about last week?) Eva, a quien conocí anoche, es mi nueva vecina. (Eva, whom I met last night, is my new neighbor)

What are the -ar conjugations in the preterite form?

é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron

While stem-changing -ar and -er verbs have no stem change in the preterite, stem-changing -ir verbs have preterite stem changes in which forms?

él/ella/ud., ellos/ellas/uds. forms

What are the -er/-ir conjugations in the preterite form

í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron

Before _ or _ , "g" in Spanish is pronounced like an "h" in English

"e" or "i" ex: agencia, general, Gil, Gisela

Since suyo, suya, suyos, and suyas have more than one meaning, you can avoid confusion by using the construction: [article] + [noun] + de + [subject pronoun]. Ex:

"el teclado suyo" could mean/be replaced with: el teclado de él el teclado de ella el teclado de usted el teclado de ellos el teclado de ellas el teclado de ustedes

El pasado perfecto (pluscuamperfecto)

"had _________ed" haber (conjugated in imperfect - había, habías, habíamos, habíais) + participio pasado Exs: Cuando Marisa llegó a la fiesta ya nos habíamos ido. (When Marisa arrived at the party, we had already left) A las siete el bautizo todavía no había empezado. (The baptism had still not begun by 7:00) Cuando se casaron en el año 2005 habían vivido en el mismo barrio varios años. (When they married in 2005 they had lived in the same neighborhood for several years)

El presente perfecto de subjuntivo

"has ______ed", but with uncertainty haber (conjugated in present subjunctive - haya, hayas, hayamos, hayáis) + participio pasado Exs: Espero que mis padres hayan preparado una comida fabulosa. (I hope that my parents have prepared a fabulous meal) Dudan que hayamos comido en Casa Botín. (They doubt that we have eaten at Casa Botín) Es bueno que siempre nos hayan servido muy rápido. (It is a good thing that they have always served us quickly)

"tener que" + infinitivo vs. "hay que" + infinitivo

"tener que" means a certain person "has to" do something. "hay que" implies a general need or responsibility. exs: Tengo que limpiar la piscina. (I have to clean the pool) Hay que reparar la cerca. (It's necessary to repair the fence/The fence needs to be repaired)

Cláusulas de si

*Discussing possible actions in the present and future - conditional "si"*: A si (if) clause states a condition that must be met in order for something else to happen. These are if (condition)... then (result)... statements. When the verb in the si clause is in the present indicative, the verb in the then clause will either be in: 1. the present indicative 2. the future 3. the imperative (command form) depending on the message to be conveyed. 1. ...(then) *present indicative* Si quieres, podemos escuchar el Concierto de Aranjuez de Joaquín Rodrigo. (If you like, (then) we can listen to the Concierto de Aranjuez by Joaquín Rodrigo) Si quieres ir a la orquesta sinfónica esta noche, te llevo. (If you want to go to the symphony tonight, (then) I'll take you) 2. ...(then) *future* Si vas al teatro después, iré contigo. (If you go to the theater afterwards, (then) I will go with you) Si el conjunto no toca música popular, buscaremos otro club. (If the band doesn't play popular music, (then) we'll find another club) 3. ...(then) *command* Si tienes ganas de escuchar y bailar flamenco, vete al bar La Trocha. (If you feel like listening to and dancing flamenco, (then) go to the bar La Trocha) Si te gustan las comedias, cómprate entradas para ese teatro. (If you like comedies, (then) buy tickets for that theater) *Expressing hypothetical or contrary-to-fact information* si + imperfect subjunctive + conditional or si + past perfect subjunctive + conditional perfect *The si clause can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence Si fuera Tarzan, viviría con los monos. (If I were Tarzan, I would live with monkeys) Si hubiera sido Tarzan, habría vivido con los monos. (If I had been Tarzan, I would have lived with monkeys) Si Fernando pudiera ir de safari, no cazaría; sacaría muchas fotos. (If Fernando could go on a safari, he would not hunt; he would take many photos) Si Fernando hubiera podido ir de safari, no habría cazado; habría sacado muchas fotos. (If Fernando had been able to go on a safari, he would not have hunted; he would have taken many photos) Si encontrara unos huesos importantes de dinosaurio en mi jardín, sería famosa. (If I found some important dinosaur bones in my yard, I'd be famous) Si hubiera encontrado unos huesos importantes e dinosaurio en mi jardín, habría sido famosa. (If I had found some important dinosaur bones in my yard, I'd have been famous) Verían muchos pingüinos si vivieran en el sur de la Patagonia. (They would see many peguins if they lived in the southern part of Patagonia) Habrían visto muchos pingüinos si hubieran vivido en el sur de la Patagonia. (They would have seen many penguins if they had lived in the southern part of Patagonia)

la voz pasiva

*In English*: 1. In an active voice sentence, the subject does the acting expressed by the verb, and the direct object receives the action: subject (doer) + verb + object (recipient) Tina *took* the medicine. Tina *tomó* la medicina. 2. A passive voice sentence is the reverse of the active voice. The subject receives the action and the doer is expressed with a prepositional phrase (by + doer): subject (recipient) + to be (ser) + past participle + preposition + doer The medicine *was taken* by Tina. La medicina *fue tomada* por Tina. *In Spanish*: Passive voice construction in Spanish is similar to in English. However, Spanish has two ways of expressing the passive voice: 1. Passive with ser (as in the examples above) 2. Passive "se" In the *passive se* construction: 1. "Se" is considered an unchanging part of the verb 2. The thing being acted upon becomes the subject of the sentence 3. The subject will always necessitate either a third person singular or plural verb The *passive se* formula is: se + third-person singular or plural verb + the thing being acted upon Exs: Se mandó dinero a los enfermos. (Money was sent to the sick people) Se compraron muchos medicamentos para curarlos. (A lot of medicine was purchased to cure them) The passive voice using "ser" is more common in writing while the passive "se" is more common in spoken Spanish. In general, when the doer is known, the active voice should be used in Spanish rather than the passive with "ser".

A possessive pronoun agrees in number and gender with the noun it replaces. Exs:

---Aquí está mi coche. ¿Dónde está el tuyo? (Here is my car. Where's yours?) ---El mío está en el taller de mi hermano. (Mine is at my brother's garage) ---¿Tienes las revistas de Carlos? (Do you have Carlos' magazines?) ---No, pero tengo las nuestras. (No, but I have ours)

imperfect -ar conjugation:

-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban

present subjunctive endings:

-ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en -er and -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

Adverbs are words that describe how, when, and where actions take place. They can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. The most common adverbs end in -____________, equivalent to the English ending -ly.

-mente Exs: verdaderamente (truly/really), generalmente, simplemente

present indicative conjugation of -er verbs:

-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

present indicative conjugation of -ir verbs:

-o, -es, -e, imos, ís, en

imperfect -er AND -ir conjugation:

-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían

uses of estar: 1) location 2) health 3) well-being Exs:

1) Estoy en casa. (I am at home) Marissa está al lado de Felipe. (Marissa is next to Felipe) 2) Juan Carlos está enfermo hoy. (Juan Carlos is sick today) 3) ¿Cómo estas, Jimena? (How are you, Jimena?) Estoy muy bien, gracias. (I'm very well, thanks)

uses of ser: 1) identity 2) occupation 3) origin 4) telling time Exs:

1) Hola, soy Maru. (Hi, I'm Maru) 2) Soy estudiante. (I'm a student) 3) ¿Eres de México? (Are you from Mexico?) Si, soy de México. (Yes, I'm from Mexico) 4) Son las cuatro. (It's four o'clock)

There are three BASIC ways to form a YES OR NO question in Spanish: 1) raise the pitch of your voice at the end of a declarative sentence 2) invert the order of the subject and the verb of a declarative statement. The subject may even be placed at the end of the sentence. 3) add the tags ¿no? or ¿verdad? at the end of a statement Otherwise, lead with a question word Exs:

1) Ustedes trabajan los sábados. (You work on Saturdays) -> ¿Ustedes trabajan los sábados? (Do you work on Saturdays?) 2) Ustedes trabajan los sábados. -> ¿Trabajan ustedes los sábados? (Do you work on Saturdays?) Carlota regresa a las seis. (Carlota returns at six) -> ¿Regresa a las seis Carlota? (Does Carlota return at six?) 3) Ustedes trabajan los sábados. -> Ustedes trabajan los sábados, ¿no? (You work on Saturdays, don't you?) Carlota regresa a las seis. -> Carlota regresa a las seis, ¿verdad? (Carlota returns at six, right?)

4 main uses of subjunctive mood:

1) will and influence, 2) emotion, 3) doubt, disbelief, and denial, and 4) indefiniteness and nonexistence.

El "se" inocente (Indicating unplanned occurrences - which are no one's fault/intention)

1. "Se" is invariable 2. The IOP refers to the person the action "happens to" 3. The subject (which comes at or toward the end of the sentence) and verb agree 4. Optional nouns or pronouns can be used for clarification The formula: (optional noun or pronoun (1)) + se (2) + IOP (3) + verb (4) + subject (5) + (rest of sentence) Exs: A Hortensia (1) se (2) le (3) rompieron (4) los lentes (5). (Hortensia broke her glasses) Se (2) me (3) olvidaron (4) las gotas (5) para las alergias. (I forgot the drops for my allergies) Se (2) les (3) quedó (4) el dinero (5) para pagar la factura del hospital en casa. (They left the money to pay the hospital bill at home) The following verbs are frequently used with the innocent "se": acabar (to run out), caer, escapar, ir, ocurrir, olvidar, perder, quedar, romper *With the innocent se, just like in reflexive constructions, definite/indefinite articles (el/la, los/las, un/una, unos/unas) are used instead of possessive adjectives (mi/s, tu/s, etc), which are used in English.

Repaso del subjuntivo: to express volition and will, feelings and emotions, doubt, uncertainty, and probability:

1. *To recommend or request*: Exs: Te recomiendo que vayas a la exhibición de arte dramático esta tarde en el Museo de Arte Vivo. (I recommend that you go to the performing arts exhibit at the Arte Vivo Museum this afternoon) Nos piden que compremos unos grabados de unos edificios de la universidad. (They are requesting that we buy some etchings of the university buildings) 2. *To express wishes*: Exs: Deseo que mis estudiantes conozcan el arte de Velázquez. (I want (desire) my students to be familiar with Velázquez's art) Espero que podamos ir a España este verano para visitar sus museos. (I hope that we can go to Spain this summer to visit the museums there) 3. *To report on other's requests, recommendations, or wishes*: Exs: José y Gregorio quieren que sus padres los lleven al Museo del Prado este verano. (José and Gregorio want their parents to take them to the Prado Museum this summer) Mis abuelos nos exigen que vayamos a la orquesta sinfónica. (My grandparents are demanding that we go to the symphony) 4. *To express feelings and emotions*: Exs: Nos gusta que quieres pintar un mural en este lado del edificio. (We like that you want to paint a mural on this side of the building) Temo que no podamos comprar el cuadro; es muy caro. (I'm afraid we won't be able to buy the painting; it is very expensive) 5. *To communicate doubts and probability*: Exs: Marco no cree que ellos sepan apreciar su arte. (Marco does not believe that they know how to appreciate his art) Es probable que podamos terminar de renovar el taller para septiembre. (We can probably/It's likely that we can finish renovating the art studio by September)

Irregulars in the Future Tense

1. Drop the infinitive vowel: haber -> habr poder -> podr querer -> querr saber -> sabr 2. Replace infinitive vowel with -d: poner -> pondr salir -> saldr tener -> tendr valer -> valdr venir -> vendr 3. Weird irregulars: decir -> dir hacer -> har

Uses of "para":

1. Movement: destination (toward, in the direction of) Ex: Salimos para Córdoba el sábado. (We are leaving for Córdoba on Saturday) 2. Time: deadline or a specific time in the future (by, for) Ex: Él va a arreglar el carro para el viernes. (He is going to fix the car by Friday) 3. Action: purpose or goal + [infinitive] (in order to) Ex: Juan estudia para (ser) mecánico. (Juan is studying to be a mechanic) 4. Purpose + [noun] (for, used for) Ex: Es una llanta para el carro. (It's a tire for the car) 5. The recipient of something (for) Ex: Compré una impresora por mi hijo. (I bought a printer for my son) 6. Comparison with others or an opinion (for, considering) Ex: Para un joven, es demasiado serio. (For a young person, he is too serious) 7. In the employment of (for) Ex: Sara trabaja para Telecom Argentina. (Sara works for Telecom Argentina)

Uses of "por":

1. Movement: motion or a general location (around, through, along, by) Ex: Pasamos por el parque y por el río. (We passed by the park and along the river) 2. Time: duration of an action (for, during, in) Ex: Estuve en la Patagonia por un mes. (I was in Patagonia for a month) 3. Action: reason/motive for an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of) Ex: Lo hizo por su familia. (She did it on behalf of her family) 4. Object/person of a search or retrieval (for, in search of) Ex: Vengo por ti a las ocho. (I'm coming for you at eight) Ex: Manuel fue por su cámara digital. (Manuel went in search of his digital camera) 5. Means by which travel, communication, etc. is done (by, by way of, by means of) Ex: Ellos viajan por la autopista. (They traveled by (way of the) highway) 6. Exchange or substitution (for, in exchange for) Ex: Lo di dinero por el reproductor de MP3. (I gave him money for the MP3 player) 7. Unit of measure (per, by) Ex: José manejaba a 120 kilómetros por hora. (José was driving 120 kilometers per hour)

El imperfecto del subjuntivo (Specifying prior recommendations, wants, doubts, and emotions)

1. The imperfect subjunctive of regular and irregular verbs is formed by: a. Taking the third-person plural of the preterit b. dropping the -ron ending c. adding the following endings: -ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran (for -ar, -ir, and -er verbs) Ex: conservar -> conservaron -> conservara, conservaras, conservara, conserváramos*, conservarais, conservaran *A written accent is required on the final vowel of the stem in the nosotros form 2. The imperfect subjunctive is used to refer to past events that can include those that were incomplete, hypothetical, unreal, or indefinite. It is used to express past wishes, doubts, and suggestions. Exs: El granjero dudaba que la deforestación pudiera causar tanta erosión. (The farmer doubted that deforestation could cause so much erosion) Los televidentes pidieron que hubiera más programas de temas ecológicos. (The television viewers requested that there be more programs about ecological topics) 3. The imperfect subjunctive is also used to make polite requests or statements using querer, poder, and deber. Exs: Quisiera saber cómo este pueblo piensa rescatarse. (I would like to know how this town is planning to save itself) ¿Pudieras recomendarme un insecticida menos tóxico? (Could you recommend a less toxic insecticide?) Debieras ir a la conferencia sobre el medio ambiente. (You should go to the environmental conference) 3. You may use the imperfect subjunctive with ojalá when it means "I wish." Exs: Ojalá (que) pudiéramos rescatar los animales que casi están en peligro de extinción. (I wish we could rescue the animals that are on the verge of extinction)

Repaso del subjuntivo: conjunctions which require or exclude el uso del subjuntivo

1. The subjunctive is *always* used after the following conjunctions: a menos que, antes (de) que, con tal (de) que, en caso (de) que, para que, sin que Exs: Nos veremos en el concierto a menos que llueva. (We will see each other at the concert unless it rains) Voy a ese museo primero con tal (de) que haya una exhibición nueva. (I am going to that museum first provided that there is a new exhibit) Pasa por la galería en caso (de) que esté Felipe. (Stop by the gallery in case Felipe is there) 2. The subjunctive is *never* used after the following conjunctions (indicative is always used): ahora que, puesta que, ya que Exs: David es muy generoso ahora que es un artista muy famoso. (David is very generous now that he is a famous artist) No piensan encargarle un retrato al óleo puesto que prefieren los retratos de fotografía. (They are not planning on commissioning an oil portrait from him, given that they prefer photographic portraits) 3. With the following conjunctions, *either the indicative or the subjunctive* can be used: aun cuando, cuando, después (de) que, luego que, aunque, de manera que, en cuanto, mientras que, a pesar de que, de modo que, hasta que, tan pronto como To determine which mood is needed, ask the question: From the point of view of the speaker, has the action already occurred? Exs: *Vamos a ir* a ver los murales tan pronto como *lleguen* mis hermanos. (We're going to/We will go see the murals as soon as my siblings arrive) *Piensa hacer* los juguetes a mano aunque no *tenga* tiempo. (He is thinking about making the toys by hand even though he may not have the time) *Siempre le compran* acuarelas aunque *cuestan* bastante dinero. (They always buy her watercolors even though they are quite expensive)

Expresiones con hacer (to describe lengths of time)

1. To discuss an action that began in the past but is still going on in the present: hace + period of time + que + verb in present tense Exs: Hace cuatro días que trabajo en la tintorería. (I've been working at the dry cleaners for four days) Hace dos años que soy carnicero. (I've been a butcher for two years) 2. To ask how long something has been going on: cuánto (tiempo) + hace + que + verb in present tense Exs: ¿Cuántos años hace que vives en esta ciudad? (How many years have you been living in this city?) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que estudias medicina? (How long have you been studying medicine?) ¿Cuántos días hace que los anillos están en oferta? (How many days have the rings been on sale?) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que tienes ese reloj? (How long have you had that watch?) 3. To tell how long ago something happened hace + period of time + que + verb in the preterit OR verb in the preterit + hace + period of time Exs: Hace seis semanas que empecé a trabajar en la heladería. (I began working in the ice cream shop six weeks ago) Hace tres años que me mudé aquí para estudiar. (I moved here three years ago to study) Empecé a trabajar en la heladería hace seis semanas. (I began working at the ice cream shop six weeks ago) Me mudé aquí hace tres años. (I moved here three years ago) 4. To ask how long ago something happened cuánto (tiempo) + hace + que + verb in the preterit Exs: ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que empezaste a trabajar en la heladería? (How long ago did you begin working at the ice cream shop?) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que te mudaste a esta ciudad? (How long ago did you move to this city?)

La secuencia de los tiempos verbales (Using the subjunctive)

1. When the verb in the main clause is in the *present*, *present perfect*, or *future indicative*, or is a *command*, the subordinate clause will generally use the *present* or *present perfect subjunctive*. Exs: El médico sugiere que no fumemos tanto. Te sentirás mejor en cuanto empieces a hacer ejercicio. Dudo que el paciente haya seguido la dieta recetada todos los días. 2. When the verb in the main clause is in the *preterit*, *imperfect*, or *conditional indicative*, the subordinate clause will generally use the *imperfect/past subjunctive* or the *past perfect subjunctive*. Exs: La señora quería que sus hijas se peinaran antes de salir de casa. Sería difícil que él se afeitara sin agua caliente y espuma. Al anciano le parecío imposible que se le hubiera olvidado el nombre de su doctor.

When millón or millones is used before a noun, the word "de" is placed between the two. Exs:

1.000.000 hombres = un millón de hombres 12.000.000 casas = doce millones de casas

The numbers 200 through 999 agree in gender with the nouns they modify. Exs:

324 plumas: trescientas veinticuatro plumas 3.505 libros: tres mil quinientos cinco libros

Caer bien/mal is a gustar-like verb, so an IOP is needed before the verb and the verb is conjugated to match the subject (the person/people that you is or isn't being gotten along with). However, since the subject can be any person, caer can be conjugated in more ways than just cae or caen. Exs:

A Alex le caigo bien. ("I fall well on Alex"/Alex likes me) Me caes bien. ("You fall well on me"/I like you) Te caen mal los jefes. ("The bosses fall badly on you"/You don't like the bosses) A Michele y a Ana les caemos bien nosotros. ("We fall well on Michele and Ana/Michele and Ana like us) Ella nos cae mal a nosotros. ("She falls badly on us/We don't like her). (Notice that the subject can come before the IOP+verb and the IO after)

What is a present participle?

A verb that is happening now, typically recognizable in English by the addition of "-ing". AKA a gerund. Formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding "ando" or "iendo".

What is a reflexive verb?

A verb used to indicate that the subject does something to or for him/herself. In other words, it "reflects" the action of the verb back to the subject: the subject is both performing and receiving the action. The pronoun "se" is attached to the infinitive; the conjugated verb uses an appropriate pronoun (me, te, se, nos, os)

Salir con means to leave with someone or something, or to date someone. Exs:

Alberto sale con su mochila. (Alberto is leaving with his backpack) Margarita sale con Guillermo. (Margarita is going out with Guillermo)

uses of the imperfect tense:

As a general rule, the imperfect is used to describe actions that are seen by the speaker as incomplete or "continuing," while the preterite is used to describe actions that have been completed. The imperfect expresses what was happening at a certain time or how things used to be. The preterite, in contrast, expresses a completed action. 1. Habitual or repeated actions Íbamos al parque los domingos. (We used to go to the park on Sundays) 2. Events or actions that were in progress, often with no reference to their beginning or end (like a gerund but in the past: was/were _____ing) Yo leía mientras él estudiaba. (I was reading while he was studying) 3. Physical characteristics Era alto y guapo. (He was tall and handsome) 4. Mental or emotional states Quería mucho a su familia. (He loved his family very much) 5. Telling time Eran las tres y media. (It was 3:30) 6. Age Los niños tenían seis años. (The children were six years old)

Words that begin with b or v are pronounced with a soft b if they appear immediately after a word that ends in a vowel or any consonant other than m or n. Exs:

Benito es d*e* *B*oquerón per*o* *v*ive en Victoria.

B and v are pronounced like the English hard b when they appear either as the first letter in a phrase or after m or n. Exs:

Bonito... Viajar... también investigar

Unless referring to a person, the Spanish verbs buscar, escuchar, esperar, and mirar do not need to be followed by prepositions as they do in English. Exs:

Busco la tarea. (I'm looking for the homework.) Escucho la música. (I'm listening to music.) Espero el autobús. (I'm waiting for the bus.) Miro la pizarra. (I'm looking at the blackboard.)

In many cases, it is grammatically correct to use either "por" or "para" in a sentence. The meaning of the sentence will be different, however, depending on which preposition is used. Exs:

Caminé por el parque. (I walked through the park) Caminé para el parque. (I walked to (toward) the park) Trabajó por su padre. (He worked for (in place of) his father) Trabajó para su padre. (He worked for his father('s company))

Poner can also mean to turn on a household appliance. Exs:

Carlos pone la radio. (Carlos turns on the radio) María pone la televisión. (María turns on the television)

Comenzar and empezar require the preposition "a" when they are followed by an infinitive. Exs:

Comienzan a jugar a las siete. (They begin playing at seven) Ana empieza a escribir una postal. (Ana is starting to write a postcard)

What is the preterite form of a verb?

Describing an action that happened and ended in the past at a specific time (as opposed to habitual actions with no specific beginning/end times).

When two verbs are used together with no change of subject, the second verb is generally in the infinitive. To make a sentence negative in Spanish, the word no is placed before the conjugated verb. In this case, no means not.

Deseo hablar con el señor Díaz. (I want to speak with Mr. Díaz) Alicia no desea bailar ahora. (Alicia doesn't want to dance now)

When grande appears before a singular noun, it is shortened to gran, and the meaning of the word changes: gran = great and grande = big, large. Exs:

Don Francisco es un gran hombre. (Don Francisco is a great man) La familia de Inés es grande. (Inés' family is large)

In Old Spanish, the letter x had the same sound as the Spanish j. Some proper names and some words from native languages like Náhuatl and Maya have retained this pronunciation. Exs:

Don Quixote Oaxaca Texas

Unlike descriptive adjectives, adjectives of quantity precede the modified noun. Exs:

El niño rubio es de España. La mujer española habla inglés. Hay muchos libros en la biblioteca. Hablo con dos turistas puertorriqueños.

Repaso del subjuntivo: con antecedentes indefinidos o que no existen

El subjuntivo está usado para expresar la posibilidad que algo o alguien es incierto o que no lo existe (this is my translation, not the book's, so it may not be perfect) Exs: Busco un artista que pueda pintar unos retratos de mis hijos por un precio razonable. (I am looking for an artist who can paint some portraits of my children for a reasonable price) ¿En esta exhibición hay algún paisaje que no sea impresionista? (Is there a landscape in this exhibit that is not impressionistic?) No conocemos a nadie que sepa esculpir tan bien como tu hermano Eduardo. (We don't know anyone who knows how to sculpt as well as your brother Eduardo)

Jugar (to play a sport or a game) is the only Spanish verb that has a u:ue stem change. Jugar is followed by a + [definite article] when the name of a sport or game is mentioned. Ex:

Ella juega al tenis y al golf. (She plays tennis and golf)

Note that all the forms of prohibir in the present tense carry a written accent, except for the nosotros/as form: prohíbo, prohíbes, prohíbe, prohibimos, prohibís, prohíben. Exs:

Ella les prohíbe que miren la televisión. (She prohibits them from watching TV) Nos prohíben que nademos en la piscina. (They prohibit us from swimming in the swimming pool)

These impersonal expressions are always followed by clauses in the subjunctive:

Es bueno que... Es mejor que... Es malo que... Es importante que... Es necesario que... Es urgente que...

Telling time expressions:

Es la + una Son las + # ... y #, media, or cuarto; or menos # or cuarto

The subjunctive is most often used in sentences that consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause contains a verb or expression that triggers the use of the subjunctive. The conjunction que connects the subordinate clause to the main clause. Exs:

Es muy importante (main clause) + que (connector) + vayas al hotel ahora mismo. (subordinate clause - subjunctive)

Past participles (like those used in haber + past participle) can also be used as adjectives with estar. The adjective describes the result of an action. Estar can be used in the present or imperfect tense. The past participle (b/c it's an adjective) needs to agree in gender and number with the noun(s) it is describing.

Ex: Las ventanas están cerradas. (The windows are closed -> (Someone closed the windows)) La puerta estaba abierta cuando yo llegué. (The door was open when I arrived -> (Someone opened the door before I got here)) La casa ya está pintada; la terminamos ayer. (The house is already painted; we finished it yesterday -> (We painted the house))

When placing "a + [person]" before a gustar-like verb and its indirect object pronoun, if you are talking about more than one person, use another "a" in front of each person.

Ex: A Armando y a Carmen les molesta levantarse temprano. (It bothers Armando and Carmen to get up early)

When a sentence contains two or more adverbs in sequence, the suffix "-mente" is dropped from all but the last adverb. Ex:

Ex: El médico nos habló simple y abiertamente. (The doctor spoke to us simply and openly)

In any other position, the Spanish "g" has a somewhat softer sound.

Ex: Me gradué en agosto.

para la forma negativa de nosotros commands, just add "no"

Ex: No mantemos a caballo hoy. (Let's not go riding today)

El futuro perfecto

Expresses an action that will have occured or will be completed by an anticipated time in the future. haber in future tense + past participle Exs: Habrás ascendido en menos de dos meses. (You will have advanced in less than two months) Habré conseguido mis metas antes de graduarme. (I will have reached my goals before I graduate) Habrán publicitado la conferencia para finales de junio. (They will have publicized the conference by the end of June)

In a "se" construction that describes an unplanned event: To clarify or emphasize who the person involved in the action is, this construction commonly begins with the preposition a + [noun] or a + [prepositional pronoun]. Exs:

Exs: Al paciente se le perdió la receta. (The patient lost his prescription) A tí se te quedaron los libros en casa. (You left the books at home)

In Spanish, the first letter of all proper nouns (names of people, countries, cities, geographical features, etc.) is capitalized. Titles associated with people are not capitalized unless they appear as the first word in a sentence. Note, however, that the first letter of an abbreviated title is capitalized.

Exs: Rubén Blades Panamá los Andes la señora Ramos don Fransisco el presidente Sra. Vives

In Spanish, verbs that are not reflexive can be used with "se" to form impersonal constructions. These are statements in which the person performing the action is not defined. In English, the passive voice or indefinite subjects (you, they, one) are used where Spanish uses impersonal constructions with "se". Exs:

Exs: Se habla español en Costa Rica. (Spanish is spoken in Costa Rica) Se puede leer en la sala de espera. (You can read in the waiting room) Se hacen operaciones aquí. (They perform operations here) Se necesitan medicinas enseguida. (They need medicine right away) Note that the third person singular verb form is used with singular nouns and infinitives and the third person plural form is used with plural nouns.

"creer", "no dudar", "pensar", y "estar seguro de" are used with the indicative, not the subjunctive, because they express certainty, not doubt

Exs: Creo que podemos terminar de renovar el baño para septiembre. (I believe that we can finish renovating the bathroom by September) Julio está seguro de que esta lavadora es la mejor que jamás ha tenido. (Julio is certain that this washing machine is the best he has ever had)

When only one subject is expressing feelings/emotions or doubt/probability, use the infinitive, not the subjunctive

Exs: Se alegran de comprar una casa en aquel barrio. (They are happy to buy a house in that neighborhood)

affirmative nosotros commands can also be expressed by using "vamos a + infinitive" negatives can be expressed using "vayamos (subjunctive ir) a + infinitive"

Exs: Vamos a patinar en monopatín mañana. (Let's go skateboarding tomorrow) Vamos a esquiar este fin de semana. (Let's go skiing this weekend) No vayamos a levantar pesas hoy. (Let's not go lift weights today) No vayamos a ver el partido de hockey. (Let's not go watch the hockey game)

nosotros commands and object pronouns: object pronouns are attached to the affirmative command but come before the verb in the negative. (with affirmative reflexive commands, final "s" in -mos is dropped)

Exs: Busquémoslo No se lo demos Comprém*on*oslas

In Spanish, when a word ends in a vowel, -n, or -s, the spoken stress usually falls on the next-to-last syllable. Words of this type are very common and do not need a written accent.

Exs: aspirina, gripe, antes

When a word ends in a vowel, -n, or -s, and the spoken stress does not fall on the next-to-last syllable, then a written accent is needed.

Exs: así, inglés, infección

Diphthongs (two weak vowels or a strong and weak vowel together) are normally pronounced as a single syllable. A written accent is needed when a diphthong is broken into two syllables.

Exs: farmacia, biología, frío

When a word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s, the spoken stress usually falls on the last syllable. Words of this type are very common and do not need a written accent.

Exs: hospital, nariz, recetar, toser

When a word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s and the spoken stress does not fall on the last syllable, then a written accent is needed.

Exs: lápiz, fútbol, suéter

Spanish words of only one syllable do not usually carry a written accent (unless it is to distinguish meaning, like se and sé or mi and mí).

Exs: sol, pan, mar, tos

Cien is used before nouns and in counting. The words un, una, and uno are never used before cien in Spanish. Use cientos to say "hundreds". Exs:

Hay cien libros y cien sillas. (There are one hundred books and one hundred chairs) ¿Cuántos libros hay? Cientos. (How many books are there? Hundreds)

With numbers that end in uno (31, 41, etc.), uno becomes un before a masculine noun and una before a feminine noun. Exs:

Hay treinta y un chicos. (There are thirty-one guys) Hay treinta y una chicas. (There are thirty-one girls)

Salir de is used to indicate that someone is leaving a particular place. Exs:

Hoy salgo del hospital. (Today I leave the hospital) Sale de la clase a las cuatro. (He leaves class at four)

When direct and indirect object pronouns are used together, the _OP always precedes the _OP

IOP precedes DOP

Bueno/a and malo/a can appear before or after a noun. When placed before a masculine singular noun, the forms are shortened: bueno->buen; malo->mal. Exs:

Joaquín es un buen amigo. = Joaquín es un amigo bueno. Hoy es un mal día. = Hoy es un día malo.

Examples of sentences with double object pronouns (IOP used with DOP):

La camarera me muestra el menú (The waitress shows me the menu) -> La camarera me lo muestra (The waitress shows it to me) Nos sirven los platos (They serve us the dishes) -> Nos los sirven (They serve them to us) Maribel te pidió una hamburguesa (Maribel ordered a hamburger for you) -> Maribel te la pidió (Maribel ordered it for you)

Use estar with adjectives to describe the physical condition of places and things. Exs:

La habitación está sucia. (The room is dirty) La puerta está cerrada. (The door is closed)

Unlike que and quien(es), the relative pronoun "lo que" doesn't refer to a specific noun. It refers to an idea, a situation, or a past event and means "what", "that which", or "the thing that". "Todo lo que" is also used to mean "everything that" or "all that". Exs:

Lo que me molesta es el calor. (What bothers me is the heat) Lo que quiero es una casa. (What I want is a house) Este supermercado tiene todo lo que necesito. (This supermarket has everything that I need) A Samuel no le gustó lo que le dijo Violeta. (Samuel did not like what Violeta said to him)

The relative pronoun quien(es) is occasionally used instead of que in clauses set off by commas. Exs:

Lola, quien es cubana, es médica. (Lola, who is Cuban, is a doctor) Su tía, quien es alemana, ya llegó. (His aunt, who is German, already arrived.)

Adverbs that end in -mente generally follow the verb, while adverbs that modify an adjective or another adverb precede the word they modify. Exs:

Maira dibuja maravillosamente. (Maira draws wonderfully) Sergio está casi siempre ocupado. (Sergio is almost always busy)

In Spanish and English, the present tense is also sometimes used to express future action. Exs:

Marina viaja a Madrid mañana. 1. Marina travels to Madrid tomorrow. 2. Marina will travel to Madrid tomorrow. 3. Marina is traveling to Madrid tomorrow.

Salir para is used to indicate someone's destination. Exs:

Mañana salgo para México. (Tomorrow I leave for Mexico) Hoy salen para España. (Today they leave for Spain)

A definite article, an indefinite article, or a demonstrative adjective usually precedes a noun modified by a stressed possessive adjective. Exs:

Me encantan unos discos compactos tuyos. (I love some of your CDs) Me encantan los discos compactos tuyos. (I love your CDs) Me encantan estos discos compactos tuyos. (I love these CDs of yours)

Gustar vs. Caer Bien

Me gusta Juan - I "like like" Juan Me cae bien Juan - Juan is a cool guy; I like him (friend zone) No me gusta Juan - I am not attracted to Juan No me cae bien Juan - I don't like Juan as a person; I don't get along with him

Exs. of Parecer:

Me parece que José tiene un carácter agresivo. (It seems to me that José has an aggressive character) ¿Qué te parece este tatuaje? (How do you like this tattoo? (How does this tattoo seem to you?))

Quedar vs. Faltar:

Me quedan dos dólares (I have $2 left) Me faltan dos dólares (I need/lack $2) Me quedan dos años para graduarme (I have two more years until I graduate) Me faltan dos cursos para graduarme (I still need two courses to graduate)

Some impersonal expressions, such as es necesario que, es importante que, es mejor que, and es urgente que, are considered "expressions" of will or influence. When the main clause contains an expression of will or influence, the subjunctive is required in the subordinate clause, provided that the two clauses have different subjects. Exs:

Mi mamá prefiere (verb of will) + que (connector) + yo saque la basura. (subordinate clause - subjunctive) Enrique quiere que salgamos a cenar. (Enrique wants us to go out to dinner) Paola prefiere que cenemos en casa. (Paola prefers that we have dinner at home)

In both English and Spanish, relative pronouns are used to combine two sentences or clauses that share a common element, such as a noun or pronoun. Exs:

Mis padres me regalaron la aspiradora. (My parents gave me the vacuum cleaner) + La aspiradora funciona muy bien. (The vacuum cleaner works really well) = La aspiradora *que* mis padres me regalaron funciona muy bien. (The vacuum cleaner that my parents gave me works really well) Lourdes es muy inteligente. (Lourdes is very intelligent) + Lourdes estudia español. (Lourdes is studying Spanish) = Lourdes, *quien* estudia español, es muy inteligente. (Lourdes, who studies Spanish, is very intelligent)

ALL Spanish Tenses and Moods

Moods: Indicativo Subjuntivo Condicional (hablaría) Imperativo (habla/hable(n)) Gerundio (hablando) Infinitivo (hablar) Tenses: *Indicativo* Presente (hablo) Presente Perfecto (he hablado) Presente Progresivo (estoy hablando) Pretérito (hablé) Pretérito Perfecto/Pretérito Anterior (hube hablado) - not used much in modern Spanish; technically for an event that happened *directly* before a past event (ex: Tan pronto como hubo cobrado su primer sueldo, Iván corrió raudo y veloz a comprar una guitarra para poder ir a rondar a su amada. (As soon as he had received his first paycheck, Ivan ran quickly to purchase a guitar with which to serenade his girlfriend)) but doesn't actually seem to be much different than pluscuamperfecto and is often replaced by plu Imperfecto (hablaba) Imperfecto/Pasado Progresivo (estaba hablando) Pluscuamperfecto/Pasado Perfecto (había hablado) Futuro Inmediato (voy a hablar) Futuro (hablaré) Futuro Perfecto (habré hablado) will have ___ed Condicional Perfecto (habría hablado) - coulda/shoulda/woulda *Subjuntivo* Presente (hable) Presente Perfecto (haya hablado) - used for uncertain knowledge/feelings/etc. about completed actions (ex: Esperamos que la operación haya sido todo un éxito. (We hope that the operation was successful)) or for actions that will be completed by a certain point in the future (ex: Podrás ver a tu hermano cuando haya salido del quirófano. (You can see your brother when he comes out of (has left) the operating room)) Pluscuamperfecto (hubiera hablado): https://espanol.lingolia.com/en/grammar/subjuntivo/preterito-pluscuamperfecto Imperfecto/Pasado (hablara): https://espanol.lingolia.com/en/grammar/subjuntivo/preterito-imperfecto

"Usted" and "ustedes" can be used with the command forms to strike a more formal tone. In such instances, they follow the command form. Exs:

Muéstrele usted la foto a su amigo. (Show the photo to your friend) Tomen ustedes esta mesa. (Take this table)

Example of ser used to express profession/occupation

Nick es conductor (Nick is a driver) Nick es un conductor fenomenal Soy estudiante (I am a student) Soy una estudiante excelente

stem-changing verbs keep their stem changes in negative tú commands. Exs:

No pierdas tu celular. (Don't lose your cell phone) No vuelvas a esa gasolinera. (Don't go back to that gas station) No repitas las instrucciones. (Don't repeat the instructions)

To make a formal command negative, simply place "no" before the verb. Exs:

No ponga las maletas en la cama. (Don't put the suitcases on the bed) No ensucien los sillones. (Don't dirty the armchairs)

The infinitive is used with words or expressions of will and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence. Exs:

No quiero sacudir los muebles. (I don't want to dust the furniture) Es importante sacar la basura. (It's important to take out the trash) Paco prefiere descansar. (Paco prefers to rest) No es necesario quitar la mesa. (It's not necessary to clear the table)

In negative commands, pronouns always precede the verb. Exs:

No se preocupe. (Don't worry) No me lo dé. (Don't give it to me) No los ensucien. (Don't dirty those/ don't get/make those dirty) No nos las traigan. (Don't bring us those)

demonstrative pronouns examples:

No, no quiero éste. Quiero ése. (No, I don't want this one. I want that one). Sí, voy a leer éstas. También voy a leer aquéllas. (Yes, I'm going to read these. I'll also read those (over there)). Tilde is no longer necessary, but is commonly used still.

While most commonly translated as to hear, oír is also used in contexts where the verb to listen would be used in English. Exs:

Oigo a unas personas en la otra sala. (I hear some people in the other room) ¿Oyes la radio por la mañana? (Do you listen to the radio in the morning?)

English uses three sets of forms to talk about the present: (1) the simple present (Paco works), (2) the present progressive (Paco is working), and (3) the emphatic present (Paco does work). In Spanish, the simple present can be used in all three cases. Ex:

Paco trabaja en la cafetería: 1. Paco works in the cafeteria. 2. Paco is working in the cafeteria. 3. Paco does work in the cafeteria.

Which forms of reflexive pronouns are used for reciprocal reflexives?

Plural forms (nos, os, se)

Los pronombres relativos "que" y "quien"

Que and quien can link two parts of a sentence. When used as relative pronouns: 1) "Que" substitutes for "that", "which", "who", and "whom" (refers to people, places, things, and ideas - used more often than quien) 2) "Quien(es)" subs for "who" and "whom" (refers ONLY to people) 3) They do not have accents 4) Quien(es) is almost exclusively used either between commas &/or after a preposition (a/con/de/en) - the only time you MUST use quien(es) over que is when following a preposition AND referring to people. Exs: ¿Es esta la limusina que alquilamos por 200 dólares? (Is this the limousine (that) we rented for $200?) El guía, quien/que nos llevó por toda la ciudad, no nos acompaña mañana. (The guide, who took us around the city, is not accompanying us tomorrow) El avión en que volamos ahora es uno de los más grandes del mundo. (The plane in which we are now flying is one of the largest in the world) Los peatones con quienes cruzan necesitan apurarse un poco. (The pedestrians with whom they are crossing need to speed up a bit) NOTE: While the word "that" can be omitted sometimes in English, "que" and "quien" are always needed in Spanish.

Se also describes accidental or unplanned events. In this construction, the person who performs the action is de-emphasized, implying that the accident or unplanned event is not his or her direct responsibility. se + IOP + verb + subject In this type of construction, what would normally be the direct object of the sentence becomes the subject, and it agrees with the verb, not with the indirect object pronoun. Exs:

Se me quedó la receta. (I left the prescription behind) Se le cayó la taza. (He dropped the cup) Se les dañó el radio. (They damaged the radio) Se te rompieron las botellas. (You broke the bottles) Se nos olvidaron las pastillas. (We forgot the pills) Se les perdieron las llaves. (They lost the keys)

The yo forms of seguir and conseguir have a spelling change in addition to the stem change e:i (the "u" is dropped). Exs:

Sigo su plan. (I'm following their plan) Consigo novelas en la librería. (I get novels at the bookstore)

In affirmative commands, reflexive, indirect, and direct object pronouns are always attached to the end of the verb. When a pronoun is attached to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables, an accent mark is added to maintain the original stress. Exs:

Siéntese, por favor. (Sit down, please) Acuéstense ahora. (Go to bed now) Sígame, Laura. (Follow me, Laura) Pónganlas en el suelo, por favor. (Put them on the floor, please) Dígamelo. (Tell me/ tell it to me)

Point out the subject, indirect object, and verb in this sentence: Te gusta ese champú.

Subject: that shampoo Indirect object: you (via indirect object pronoun "te") Verb: gustar (Directly translates "that shampoo is pleasing to you")

Indirect object pronouns are often used with the verbs aconsejar, importar, mandar, pedir, prohibir, recomendar, rogar, and sugerir. The IOP agrees with the subjunctive verb. Exs:

Te aconsejo que estudies. (I advise you to study) Les recomiendo que barran el suelo. (I recommend that you sweep the floor) Le sugiero que vaya a casa. (I suggest that he go home) Le ruego que no venga. (I'm begging you not to come)

El pasado perfecto de subjuntivo (Discussing actions completed before others in the past)

The past perfect subjunctive is used under the same conditions as the present perfect subjunctive (haya -ado/-ido, hayas -ado/-ido, etc.), but it is used to refer to an event prior to another past event. This includes events that were doubted or that one wished had already occurred. The past perfect subjunctive is formed by using an imperfect verb in the independent clause and in the dependent clause: imperfect subjunctive form of haber (hubiera(s)(n)(mos)/etc) + participio pasado. Exs: Sentíamos que el gobierno hubiera dejado que cortaran tantos árboles. (We were sorry that the government had allowed them to cut so many trees) Esperaba que ya hubieras reciclado tus latas. (I hoped that you had already recycled your cans) Dudaba que ya hubieran comprado los productos biodegradables. (He doubted that they had already bought the biodegradable products)

El subjuntivo con antecedentes indefinidos o que no existen (depicting something that is uncertain or unknown)

The subjunctive is used to express the possibility that something is uncertain or nonexistent. If it is clear that the person/place/thing does exist, then the indicative is used. This can get tricky because the tense depends on what the speaker personally knows/is aware of. Exs: Quiero comprar una computadora que sea compatible con el sistema que tengo. (I want to buy a computer that is compatible with the system I have) - may not exist Quiero comprar la computadora que es compatible con el sistema que tengo. (I want to buy the computer that is compatible with the system I have) - the computer exists Necesitamos un cuarto que sea lo suficientemente grande para satisfacer todas nuestras necesidades. (We need a room that is large enough to accommodate all of our needs) - does not yet exist for the speaker Necesitamos el cuarto que es lo suficientemente grande para satisfacer todas nuestras necesidades. (We need the room that is large enough to accommodate all of our needs) - the room exists No conocemos a nadie que sepa cifrar los documentos. (We don't know anyone who knows how to encrypt the documents) - no one exists to the speakers Conocemos a alguien que sabe cifrar los documentos. (We know someone who knows how to encrypt the documents) - someone exists to the speakers

Reciprocal reflexives do what?

They express a shared or reciprocal action between two or more people or things. In this context, the pronoun means (to) each other or (to) one another. Exs: Luis y Marta se miran. (Luis and Marta look at each other) Cuando nos vimos en la calle, nos abrazamos. (When we saw each other in the street, we hugged (one another)) Ustedes se van a encontrar en el cibercafé, ¿no? (You are going to meet up (with each other) at the cybercafé, right?) Las amigas se saludaron y se besaron. (The friends greeted each other and kissed (one another))

When the preterite and imperfect tenses are used together...

They often appear in the same sentence. In such cases, the imperfect describes what was happening, while the preterite describes the action that "interrupted" the ongoing activity. You will also see the preterite and the imperfect together in narratives such as fiction, news, and the retelling of events. The imperfect provides background information, such as time, weather, and location, while the preterite indicates the specific events that occurred.

Conditional Tense To express an action dependent upon another action, use el condicional. There is a conditional of probability, just like there is a future of probability. It is used to make a guess about the past and it often translated as "wonder"

Use conditional to: 1. explain what a person would do in a given situation 2. soften requests 3. refer to a past event that is future to another past event Add following endings to all verbs in their infinitive forms (all irregulars are same as future): -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían Exs: Con un millón de dólares, yo dejaría de trabajar y viajaría por el mundo. (With a million dollars, I would stop working and travel around the world) ¿Podrías llamar al jefe, Violeta? (Could you call the boss, Violeta?) ¿Querría decirme dónde está la oficina del contador? (Would you tell me where the accountant's office is?) Creíamos que habría menos publicidad para los puestos nuevos. (We thought there would be less advertising for the new positions) Le dijimos al gerente que lo llamaríamos aquella tarde. (We told the manager that we would call him that afternoon) ¿Estaría el reportero en la reunión con ellos? (I wonder whether the reporter was in the meeting with them) ¿A qué hora llegaría la secretaria ayer? (I wonder what time the secretary arrived yesterday) Sería a las ocho y media, como siempre. (It would have been at 8:30, like always)

El presente perfecto (de indicativo)

Used to describe what someone has/has not done (past->present) Construction of ALL perfecto tenses: haber + verbo Construction of presente perfecto: haber + participio pasado Conjugation of haber: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han Participio pasado: -ar = -ado; -er/-ir = ido Los pronombres come before the conjugated haber: "No me lo han dicho" (They haven't told me about it)

El condicional perfecto

Used to express an action that would have or should have occurred under certain conditions but did not. haber in conditional tense + past participle Exs: Con mejor información, habríamos apropiado suficiente dinero. (With better information, we would have appropriated sufficient money/funds) ¿Habrías invertido más dinero en la bolsa el año pasado? (Would you have invested more money into the stock market last year?) Mi padre habría ascendido al puesto de ejecutivo financiero, pero se jubiló muy joven. (My father would have advanced to the position of financial executive, but he retired very young)

Since ir and ver have the same tú command (ve), context determines the meaning. Exs:

Ve al cibercafé con Yolanda. (Go to the cybercafé with Yolanda) Ve ese programa... es muy interesante. (Watch that program... it's very interesting)

When b or v begins a word, its pronunciation depends on the previous word. After a word that ends in m or n, it is pronounced as a hard b. Exs:

Verónica y su esposo canta*n* *b*oleros.

In affirmative commands, reflexive, indirect, and direct object pronouns are always attached to the end of the verb. In negative commands, these pronouns always precede the verb. When a pronoun is attached to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables, an accent mark is added to maintain the original stress. Exs:

Vete. (Go (away)) Hazlo. (Do it) Dile. (Tell him/her) Bórralos. (Delete them) No los borres. (Don't delete them) Escríbeles un mensaje electrónico. (Write them an e-mail) No les escribas un mensaje electrónico. (Don't write them an e-mail) Préndela. (Turn it on) No la prendas. (Don't turn it on) Imprímelo. (Print it) No lo imprimas. (Don't print it)

Example of ser used to express possesion (with "de")

[noun] + de + [owner] Es la computadora del chico. Son las lápices de la chica. Es el cuaderno de Marisol.

what is a diphthong?

a combination of two weak vowels or of a strong vowel and a weak vowel. diphthongs are pronounced as a single syllable.

The subjunctive is always used after the following phrases (conjunctions):

a menos que, antes (de) que, con tal (de) que, en caso (de) que, para que, sin que Exs: Nos veremos en el campo de golf a menos que llueva. (We'll see each other at the golf course unless it rains) Te voy a comprar el vestido con tal que te lo pongas varias veces. (I am going to buy you the dress provided that you wear it several times) Pasa por la tintorería en caso que esté listo mi traje. (Stop by the dry cleaners in case my suit is ready)

The subjunctive or the indicative can be used after the following phrases, depending on the context:

a pesar de que, aun cuando, aunque, cuando, de manera que, de modo que, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, mientras (que), tan pronto como Determine whether to use subjunctive or indicative by asking: Has the action already occurred, from the point of the speaker? Exs: Vamos a ir a la farmacia tan pronto como mi hermano salga del consultorio. (We will go to the pharmacy as soon as my brother leaves the doctor's office) Fuimos a la farmacia tan pronto como mi hermano salió del consultorio del médico. (We went to the pharmacy as soon as my brother left the doctor's office) Piensa trabajar en esa juguetería aunque no le gusten los niños. (He is thinking about working in that toy store even though he doesn't / may not like children) Trabajó seis meses en esa juguetería aunque no le gustaban los niños. (He worked in that toy store for six months although he didn't like children)

Because se has multiple meanings, Spanish speakers often clarify to whom the pronoun refers by adding _____________________________________________. Give examples as well.

a usted, a él, a ella, a ustedes, a ellos, or a ellas. Ex: ¿El sombrero? Carlos se lo vendió a ella (The hat? Carlos sold it to her) ¿Las verduras? Ellos se las compran a usted (The vegetables? They are buying them for you)

Spanish prepositions

a, ante, bajo, con, contra, de, desde, detrás (de), en, entre, hacia, hasta, para, por, según, sin, sobre, tras

strong vowels in Spanish:

a, e, o

Irregular past participles in the present perfect (indicative)

abierto (open), cubierto (covered), dicho (said), descubierto (discovered), escrito (written), frito (fried), hecho (done), muerto (dead), puesto (put), resuelto (resolved), roto (broken), visto (seen), vuelto (returned) Also, when the -ido ending is preceded by a vowel, we add an accent on the -i in the ending. This shows us that each vowel is pronounced separately (not a diphthong). Exs: leer - leído traer - traído

common adjectives (that describe emotions and conditions) used with estar:

abierto/a, aburrido/a, agotado/a (exhausted), alegre (happy), asqueado/a (disgusted), asustado/a (scared), avergonzado/a (embarrassed), cansado/a, celoso/a (jealous), cerrado/a (closed), cómodo/a, confiado/a (confident), confundido/a (confused), contento/a, deprimido/a (depressed), desordenado/a (disorderly), enamorado/a de (to be in love with), enojado/a (angry), equivocado/a (wrong), feliz, furioso/a, harto/a (fed up), limpio/a, listo/a, nervioso/a, ocupado/a (busy), ordernado/a (orderly), orgulloso/a (proud), preocupado/a por (worried about), seguro/a (sure), sorprendido/a, sucio/a (dirty), triste

Common verbs used to express reciprocal actions:

abrazar(se) ayudar(se) besar(se) encontrar(se) - to meet (each other)/to run into (each other) saludar(se) - to greet (each other)

verbs like "gustar" (need indirect object pronoun and reverse the typical subject-object order)

aburrir, encantar, faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer bien/mal

common verbs used to express hopes/wishes/requests:

aconsejar (to advise) desear esperar exigir (to demand) insistir (en) necesitar pedir (e->i->i) preferir (e->ie->i) prohibir* proponer (to suggest/propose) querer (e->ie) recomendar (e->ie) rogar (o->ue) (to beg) sugerir (e->ie->i) (to suggest) *all conjugations of prohibir except for the nos/os forms have an í after the h

widely used verbs of will and influence:

aconsejar, desear, importar, insistir (en), mandar, necesitar, pedir, preferir, prohibir, querer, recomendar, rogar, sugerir

The subjunctive is never used after the following phrases when they are followed by facts:

ahora que, ya que, puesto que Exs: David es muy generoso ahora que tiene el trabajo de dependiente. (David is very generous now that he has the job as a store clerk) Puesto que Luis va a comprar un carro nuevo, me va a regalar el viejo. (Given that Luis is going to buy a new car, he is going to give me the old one) Mi hermano siempre me trae pasteles, ya que trabaja en una pastelería. (My brother always brings me pastries, since he works in a pastry shop)

some verbs/phrases used to express feelings and emotions in the subjunctive:

alegrarse de (to feel happy about) avergonzarse de (to feel ashamed of) gustar (to like) sentir (to regret) ser bueno/malo (to be good/bad) ser una lástima (to be a shame) temer/tener miedo de (to fear/to be afraid of) Exs: Me alegro de que tengas un presupuesto. (I'm happy that you have a budget) Pepa teme que ella y su esposo no tengan el dinero para pagar el alquiler este mes. (Pepa fears that she and her husband do not have the money to pay the rent this month) Nos gusta que la casa esté bien decorada ahora. (We like (the fact) that the house is well-decorated now) Es una lástima que no podamos comprarla. (It's a shame that we can't buy it)

common adverbs/adverbial expressions:

aquí, hoy, nunca, ayer, mal, siempre, bien, muy, temprano, a menudo, a tiempo, a veces, además (de), apenas, así, bastante, casi, con frecuencia, de vez en cuando, despacio, menos, muchas veces, poco, por lo menos, pronto, rápido

phrases often used with the preterite tense:

ayer, anteayer, una vez, dos veces, el año pasado, de repente commonly used because they imply that the actions happened at a specific point in time

Words that do not end in n, s, or a vowel (i.e. words that end in any consonant besides n or s) are usually stressed on the last syllable, unless noted otherwise by an accent mark. Exs:

bai-lar es-pa-ñol u-ni-ver-si-dad tra-ba-ja-dor

Double object pronouns are placed before a conjugated verb. With infinitives and present participles, they may be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive or present participle. Give examples.

before conjugated verb: Te lo voy a mostrar. (I am going to show it to you) Nos las están comprando. (They are buying them for us) Mi abuelo me lo está leyendo. (My grandfather is reading it to me) El camarero se los va a servir a ella. (The waiter is going to serve them to her) attached to infinitive or present participle: Voy a mostrártelo. Están comprándonoslas. Mi abuelo está leyéndomelo. El camarero va a servírselos a ella.

Irregular Superlative Forms (adj. -> superlative form)

bueno/a (good) -> el/la mejor (the best) malo/a (bad) -> el/la peor (the worst) viejo/a (old) -> el/la mayor (the oldest) grande (grown, adult) -> el/la mayor (the oldest) joven (young) -> el/la menor (the youngest) pequeño/a (young) -> el/la menor (the youngest)

Irregular Comparative Forms (adj. -> comparative form)

bueno/a (good) AND adverb "bien" -> mejor (better) malo/a (bad) AND adverb "mal" -> peor (worse) viejo/a (old) -> mayor (older) grande (grown, adult) -> mayor (older) BUT grande (big) -> más grande (bigger) joven (young) -> menor (younger) pequeño/a (young) -> menor (younger) BUT pequeño/a (small) -> más pequeño/a (smaller) ex: Nuestro hijo es mayor que el hijo de los Andrade. (Our son is older than the Andrades' son) Ellas cantan peor que las otras chicas. (They sing worse than the other girls)

-car, -gar, -zar verbs have spelling changes in negative tú commands.

c -> qu g -> gu z -> c Exs: sacar -> no saques apagar -> no apagues almorzar -> no almuerces

Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in the command forms. Exs:

c -> qu g -> gu z -> c sacar -> saque(n) jugar -> juegue(n) almorzar -> almuerce(n)

To maintain the c, g, and z sounds, verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in all forms of the present subjunctive. Exs:

c -> qu (sacar -> saque) g -> gu (jugar -> juegue/juguemos) z -> c (almorzar -> almuerce/almorcemos)

More gustar-like verbs:

caer bien/mal (to get along well/not get along well); parecer (to seem/to appear); quedar (to have something left (or to fit)); faltar (to need/to lack); hacer falta (to need/to lack); aburrir; relajar (to relax/be relaxing); preocupar; divertir; entretener (to entertain/be entertaining)

Verbs most frequently used with "se" to describe unplanned events:

caer, dañar, olvidar, perder, quedar, romper

Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their formal commands. These verbs include:

conducir, conocer, decir, hacer, ofrecer, oír, poner, salir, tener, traducir, traer, venir, and ver Exs: oiga(n), ponga(n), salga(n), haga(n)

Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their negative tú commands. These verbs include:

conducir, conocer, decir, hacer, ofrecer, oír, poner, salir, tener, traducir, traer, venir, ver Exs: No pongas el disco en la computadora. (Don't put the disk in the computer) No conduzcas tan rápido. (Don't drive so fast)

conducir preterite conjugation:

conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, condujeron

In Spanish, the letter x has several sounds. When the letter x appears between two vowels, it is usually pronounced like the ks sound in eccentric or the gs sound in egg salad. Exs:

conexión examen saxofón

verbs that change meaning in the preterite tense:

conocer, saber, poder, querer

When there is more than one possibility to choose from (and often when followed by a verb), use ____(qué/cuál(es))____

cuál(es) ex: ¿Cuál de los dos prefieres, el vino o el champán? (Which of these (two) do you prefer, wine or champagne?) ¿Cuáles son tus medias, las negras o las blancas? (Which ones are your socks, the black ones or the white ones?)

Verbs with irregular formal aff. commands:

dar -> dé/den estar -> esté(n) ir -> vaya(n) saber -> sepa(n) ser -> sea(n)

Irregular negative tú commands:

dar -> no des estar -> no estés ir -> no vayas saber -> no sepas ser -> no seas

These five verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive:

dar, estar, ir, saber, ser

irregular subjunctive verbs

dar: dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den estar: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén saber: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan

unequal comparisons involving numbers use ____ before the number instead of "que"

de ex: Hay más de cincuenta naranjas. (There are more than 50 oranges) Llego en menos de diez minutos. (I'll be there in less than ten minutes)

phrases often used with the imperfect tense:

de niño/a, todos los días, mientras, siempre, con frecuencia, todas las semanas commonly used because they imply habitual or repeated actions

In all other positions, b and v have a softer pronunciation, which has no equivalent in English. Unlike the hard b, which is produced by tightly closing the lips and stopping the flow of air, the soft b is produced by keeping the lips slightly open. Exs:

deber novio abril cerveza

j-stem irregular preterite verbs:

decir (dij), traer (traj), conducir (conduj), traducir (traduj), producir (produj), most -cir verbs (e, iste, o, imos, isteis, eron)

Irregular tú commands:

decir -> di hacer -> haz ir -> ve poner -> pon salir -> sal ser -> sé tener -> ten venir -> ven Exs: ¡Sal ahora mismo! (Leave at once!) Haz los ejercicios. (Do the exercises)

dar preterite conjugation:

di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron (all regular -ir/-er preterite endings, except NO accents)

present indicative conjugation of decir:

digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen

decir preterite conjugation:

dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron

absolute superlatives (= extremely, super, very, etc.) are formed by:

dropping the final vowel (if there is one) of the adjective or adverb, then adding ísimo/a(s) ex: malo -> mal- -> malísimo ¡El bistec está malísimo! (The steak is really bad!) mucho -> much- -> muchísimo Comes muchísimo. (You eat quite a lot)

some verbs used to express doubt and probability in the subjunctive:

dudar (to doubt) no creer (to not believe) no estar seguro de (to be uncertain) no pensar (to not think) ser dudoso (to be doubtful) ser probable (to be probable) ser poco probable (to be unlikely) Exs: Marco no cree que nosotros sepamos suficiente para renovar una casa. (Marco doesn't believe that we know enough to renovate a house) No estoy segura de que Hosun tenga un jardinero. (I am not sure that Hosun has a gardener)

dar conjugation in present subjunctive:

dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den

Stem-changing -ir verbs, in the preterite only, have a stem change in the third-person singular and plural forms. The stem change consists of either...?

e -> i or o -> u

Examples of stem-changing -ir verbs that would then also have a stem change in the preterite:

e -> i: conseguir, pedir, preferir, repetir, seguir, sentirse, vestirse, servir o -> i: dormir, morir

common present tense stem-changing verbs:

e->ie: empezar, cerrar, comenzar, entender, pensar, perder, preferir, querer u->ue: volver, almorzar, contar, dormir, encontrar, mostrar, poder, recordar e->i: pedir, conseguir, decir, repetir, seguir (to follow; to continue; to keep doing something)

While "más" alone means "more" and "menos" alone means "less", after ___/____/____/____, they mean "most" and "least"

el/la/los/las ex: Es el coche menos caro de todos éstos. (It is the least expensive car of all of these)

Construction used to form superlatives:

el/la/los/las + noun + más/menos + adjective + de ex: Es el café más rico del país. (It's the most delicious coffee in the country) Recomiendo el pollo asado. Es el más sabroso del menú. (I recommend the roasted chicken. It's the most delicious on the menu) - noun can be omitted because it's clear what is being referred to

There are NO stem changes in the imperfect tense. Exs:

entender (e:ie) -> Entendíamos japónes. (We used to understand Japanese) servir (e:i) -> El camarero les servía el café. (The waiter was serving them coffee) doler (o:ue) -> A Javier le dolía el tobillo. (Javier's ankle was hurting)

imperfect conjugation of "ser":

era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran

common impersonal expressions to express hopes/wishes/requests:

es importante que es necesario que es mejor que es preferible que es malo que

some impersonal expressions to express doubt or uncertainty:

es posible que es poco probable (unlikely) que

demonstrative adjectives examples:

esta camisa (this shirt) ese vendedor (that salesman) aquellos zapatos (those shoes (over there))

conjugation of estar in the present indicative:

estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están

estar preterite conjugation:

estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvisteis, estuvieron (-ir/-er preterite endings)

estar conjugation in present subjunctive:

esté, estés, esté, est*e*mos, estéis, estén

If the letter x is followed by a consonant, it is pronounced like s or ks. Exs:

explicar sexto excursión

Future tense: (ir + a + infinitive is called futuro inmediato (near future) and can only be used for things that are happening in the immediate future) Future tense must be used for anything farther out (and can also be used for immediate future) Future tense can also be used to indicate probability of something in the present or future (wonder, might, probably, etc.)

for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs, add following endings to the infinitive: -é -ás -á -emos -éis -án Exs: Hablaremos con el agente mañana. (We will speak with the agent tomorrow) Mi hermano será escritor algún día. (My brother will be a writer someday) ¿Sacarás el título de veterinario? (Will you receive your veterinary science degree?) Mercedes y Cristóbal conocerán a mi jefa la semana próxima. (Mercedes and Cristóbal will meet my boss next week) Yo iré contigo si quieres. (I'll go with you if you like) ¿Dónde estará el consejero? (I wonder where the counselor is/must be) ¿Qué querrá el jefe? (What do you think the boss wants?) ¿Qué estaremos haciendo en quince años? ((I wonder) What will we be doing in fifteen years?) ~Knock on door~ ¿Quién será? (I wonder who it is/ Who could it be? /Who do you think it is?) vs. ¿Quién es? (Who is it? - asked through the door to the person)

ser AND ir - preterite conjugation

fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

To form familiar (tú) commands, conjugate the verb in the él/ella form.

hablar -> habla (tú) pedir -> pide (tú) volver -> vuelve (tú) prender -> prende (tú) Exs: Guarda el documento antes de cerrarlo. (Save the document before closing it) Imprime tu tarea para la clase de inglés. (Print your homework for English class)

The present subjunctive is formed very much like ud./uds. and negative tú commands. From the yo form of the present indicative, drop the -o ending, and replace it with the subjunctive endings. Verbs with irregular yo forms show the same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive. IRREGULAR YO FORM TRUMPS STEM CHANGE (aka tener -> tenga/as/etc. as opposed to its e:ie change) Exs:

hablar -> hablo -> hable/es/emos/éis/en comer -> como -> coma/as/amos/áis/an escribir -> escribo -> escriba/as/amos/áis/an conocer -> conozco -> conozca/etc. hacer -> hago -> haga/etc. traer -> traigo -> traiga/etc. ver -> veo -> vea/etc.

Negative tú commands are formed by dropping the final -o of the yo form of the present tense. For -ar verbs, add -es. For -er and -ir verbs, add -as.

hablar -> hablo -> hables -> no hables (tú) guardar -> guardo -> guardes -> no guardes (tú) volver -> vuelvo -> vuelvas -> no vuelvas (tú) pedir -> pido -> pidas -> no pidas (tú) Exs: Héctor, no pares el carro aquí. (Héctor, don't stop the car here) No prendas la computadora todavía. (Don't turn on the computer yet)

imperfect form of "hay" (haber) is:

había (there was; there were; there used to be)

common yo-go verbs:

hacer, poner, salir, suponer (to suppose), traer

irregular mandatos de nosotros:

hagamos, pongamos, traigamos, seamos, digamos, salgamos, vayamos, oigamos

At the beginning of a phrase or after the letter "n", the Spanish "g" is pronounced with a (hard/soft) sound

hard ex: Gustavo, gracias por llamar el domingo.

Before "ua" or "uo", the Spanish "g" has a (hard/soft) sound and the "u" is (silent/pronounced like a "w")

hard, pronounced like a "w" ex: guantes, agua, antiguo

Before "ui" or "ue", the Spanish "g" has a (hard/soft) sound and the "u" is (silent/pronounced like a "w")

hard, silent ex: Guerra, conseguir

subjunctive form of hay (comes from haber):

haya

hacer preterite conjugation:

hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron

preterite form of "hay" (spin-off of haber):

hubo (there was; there were)

weak vowels in Spanish

i, u

imperfect conjugation of "ir":

iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban

subjunctive mood vs. indicative mood

indicative: used to state facts and to express actions or states that the speaker considers to be real and definite subjunctive: expresses the speaker's attitudes toward events/actions or states the speaker views as uncertain or hypothetical

for wishes/hopes/recommendations when the subject DOES NOT CHANGE, rather than subjunctive conjugation you use _____________

infinitive. Exs: Quieren ir de camping este fin de semana. (They want to go camping this weekend) Espera tejer un suéter pronto. (She hopes to knit a sweater soon) Deseo trabajar en el jardín esta tarde. (I want to work in the garden this afternoon)

Which verbs are the ONLY irregular verbs in the imperfect tense?

ir, ser, and ver

With context, possessive pronouns are used to replace a noun + [possessive adjective]. In Spanish, the possessive pronouns have the same forms as the stressed possessive adjectives, but they are preceded by a definite article. Exs:

la cámara nuestra -> la nuestra el navegador GPS tuyo -> el tuyo los archivos suyos -> los suyos

In Spanish, two pronouns that begin with the letter "l" cannot be used together. Therefore, the indirect object pronouns le and les always change to ____ when they are used with lo, los, la, and las. Give examples as well.

le/les -> se when used with lo, la, los, and las Ex: Le escribí la carta (I wrote him the letter) -> Se la escribí (I wrote it to him) Les sirvió los sándwiches (He served them the sandwiches) -> Se los sirvió (He served them to them)

Formal (usted/ustedes) affirmative commands, like negative tú commands, are formed by dropping the final -o of the yo form of the present tense. For -ar verbs, add -e or -en. For -er and -ir verbs, add -a or -an. Exs:

limpiar -> limpio -> limpie(n) barrer -> barro -> barra(n) sacudir -> sacudo -> sacuda(n) decir (e:i) -> digo -> diga(n) pensar (e:ie) -> pienso -> piense(n) volver (o:ue) -> vuelvo -> vuelva(n) servir (e:i) -> sirvo -> sirva(n)

In Spanish, the first letters of days, months, seasons, nationalities, and languages are not capitalized. Exs:

lunes viernes marzo primavera español estadounidense japonés panameños

comparisons of inequality are formed by _____ + adjective/adverb/noun + _____

mas/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que ex of adjective: Estas uvas son menos ricas que esa pera. (These grapes are less tasty than that pear) ex of adverb: Me acuesto más tarde que tú. (I go to bed later than you) ex of noun: Juan prepara más platos que José. (Juan prepares more dishes than José)

Gustar/gustar-like verbs in the present perfect:

me/te/le/etc. + ha/han + gustado (uses 3rd person only, just like "me gusta(n)")

the preposition "con" combines with pronouns "___" and "___" to form _________ and __________

mí and ti conmigo and contigo ex: ¿Quieres venir conmigo a la playa? (Do you want to come with me to the beach?) Sí, gracias, me gustaría ir contigo. (Yes, thanks, I would like to go with you)

prepositional pronouns (pronouns used to follow prepositions in place of nouns)

mí, ti, él/ella/ud., nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos/ellas/uds. note: mí has an accent mark to distinguish it from the possessive adjective "mi" (my) note: these are all the same as subject pronouns except for "mí" and "ti" ex: La sopa es para (preposition) Alicia (noun) y para (prepsition) él (pronoun).

Spanish has two types of possessive adjectives: unstressed (or short) forms (mi(s), tu(s), su(s), nuestro(s)/a(s), vuestro(s)/a(s), su(s)) and stressed (or long) forms. What are the stressed (long) forms?

mío(s)/a(s) - my; (of) mine tuyo(s)/a(s) - your; (of) yours suyo(s)/a(s) - your; (of) yours; his/hers; (of) his/hers nuestro(s)/a(s) - our; (of) ours vuestro(s)/a(s) - your; (of) yours suyo(s)/a(s) - your; (of) yours; their; (of) theirs

Pronunciation of "c" in Spanish: before "a", "o", or "u", __hard/soft__ "c", as in __car/century__

of "c" in Spanish: before "a", "o", or "u", __hard/soft__ "c", as in __car/century__ hard "c" as in car ex: café, cuando, rico, conocer

present indicative conjugation of oír:

oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

-Ir stem-changing verbs (that do not have an irregular yo form) have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative, but in addition, the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms undergo a stem change. The unstressed e changes to i, while the unstressed o changes to u.

pedir -> pida/pidamos sentir -> sienta/sintamos dormir -> duerma/durmamos

-Ar and -er stem-changing verbs (that do not have an irregular yo form) have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative. Exs:

pensar -> piense/pensemos mostrar -> muestre/mostremos entender -> entienda/entendamos volver -> vuelva/volvamos

Words that end in n, s, or a vowel are usually stressed on the next-to-last syllable, unless noted otherwise by an accent mark. Exs:

pis-ci-na ra-tos ha-blan pe-lo-ta

gustar-like verbs - When you are expressing like for/annoyance for/etc. for more than one object/person, use:

plural form (ex: gustan, encantan, quedan)

"Por" is also used in several idiomatic expressions, including:

por favor (please) por aquí (around here) por eso (that's why; therefore) por ejemplo (for example) por fin (finally)

poder preterite conjugation:

pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron

poner preterite conjugation:

puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron

Spanish has three frequently used relative pronouns: _____, _______, and ______.

que - that; which; who quien(es) - who; whom; that lo que - that which; what; the thing that Relative pronouns never carry a written accent (like "qué", "quién", etc.)

rápido (adv)

quickly Rápido functions as an adjective (Ella tiene una computadora rápida) as well as an adverb (Ellas corren rápido). Note that as an adverb, rápido does not need to agree with any other word in the sentence. You can also use the adverb rápidamente (Ella corre rápidamente.).

querer preterite conjugation:

quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron

words the trigger the subjunctive (doubt):

quizás (perhaps) tal vez (maybe) ojalá que (god-willing/hopefully) exs: - No sé dónde está mi esposo. - Tal vez esté nadando. - Sí, o quizás esté esquiando en agua. Quizás ellos cacen este octubre. Ojalá que tú y yo hagamos surf este verano. Tal vez Raúl esquíe en los Andes. (Note: esquiar takes a tilde when conjugated because "u" and "i" are weak vowels. Without a tilde here, the "ui" and the "a" would form a diphthong, so the tilde is needed to split it into two syllables and puts the stress on the "i". Same thing happens with tío/tía and conjugated forms of prohibir)

When looking for a definition or explanation, use ____(qué/cuál(es))____

qué ex: ¿Qué es el flan? (What is flan?) ¿Qué estudias? (What do you study?)

When followed by a noun, use ____(qué/cuál(es))____

qué (acts as "cuál(es)") ex: ¿Qué sorpresa te dieron tus amigos? (What surprise did your friends give you?) ¿Qué colores te gustan? (What colors do you like?) ¿Qué regalo te gusta? (What (Which) gift do you like?) ¿Qué dulces quieren ustedes? (What (Which) sweets do you want?)

Irregular Absolute Superlatives (spelling changes):

rico (tasty) -> riquísimo largo (big) -> larguísimo feliz (happy) -> felicísimo fácil (easy) -> facilísimo joven (young) -> jovencísimo trajabador (hard-working) -> trabajadorcísimo

ser conjugation in present subjunctive:

sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

To form adverbs from adjectives, add -mente to the feminine form of the adjective. If the adjective does not have a special feminine form, just add -mente to the standard form. Note: Adjectives do not lose their accents when adding -mente. Exs:

seguro -> segura -> seguramente (safely/surely) fabuloso -> fabulosa -> fabulosamente enorme -> N/A -> enormemente fácil -> N/A -> fácilmente

saber conjugation in present subjunctive:

sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

gustar-like verbs - When you are expressing like for/annoyance for/etc. for one object or person, use:

singular form (ex: gusta, encanta, queda)

gustar-like verbs - When you are expressing like for/annoyance for/etc. something you do (an infinitive verb), use:

singular form (ex: gusta, encanta, queda) Ex: Nos gusta comer a las once. Ex: Les encanta bailar y cantar (sing) en las fiestas.

Pronunciation of "c" in Spanish: before "i" or "e", __hard/soft__ "c", as in __car/century__

soft "c" as in century ex: cereales, delicioso, conocer

ser - conjugation (present indicative)

soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

Stressed possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. While unstressed possessive adjectives are placed before the noun, stressed possessive adjectives are placed after the noun they modify. Exs:

su impresora -> la impresora suya (her printer) nuestros televisores -> los televisores nuestros (their television sets)

saber preterite conjugation:

supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron

comparisons of equality are formed by _____ + adjective/adverb + ______ _______ + singular noun/plural noun + como

tan + adjective/adverb + como tanto/a(s) + singular noun/plural noun + como ex of adjective: Estas uvas son tan ricas como aquéllas. (These grapes are as tasty as those ones) ex of noun: Yo probé tantos platos como él. (I tried as many dishes as he did)

"tan" and "tanto/a(s)" can also be used for emphasis, not just comparison, with "tan" meaning _____, "tanto" meaning ______, and "tantos/as" meaning _______

tan - so tanto/a - so much tantos/as - so many ex: ¡Tu almuerzo es tan grande! (Your lunch is so big!) ¡Comes tanto! (You eat so much!) ¡Aprendimos tanta información! (We learned so much information!) ¡Comes tantas manzanas! (You eat so many apples!) ¡Preparan tantos platos! (They prepare so many dishes!)

u-stem irregular preterite verbs:

tener (tuv), poder (pud), poner (pus), saber (sup), estar (estuv) (e, iste, o, imos, isteis, ieron)

irregular preterite verbs, besides ir/ser:

tener, venir, decir, poder, poner, saber, estar, querer, hacer, traer, conducir, traducir, producir, dar

present indicative conjugation of tener:

tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

What are subject pronouns?

they replace the person/thing's name/title and act as the subject of the verb. (yo, tú, usted, él, ella, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos/as, ustedes)

poder meaning in present tense:

to be able to; can ex: Podemos hacerlo. (We can do it)

use of el subjuntivo

to express doubt, insecurity, influence, uncertainties, opinions, feelings, hopes, wishes, or desires. (multiple tenses)

caer

to fall OR to drop, if used as "dejar caer" (to let fall) OR if used with a "se" construction Ex: El médico dejó caer la aspirina. (The doctor dropped the aspirin) Al médico se le cayó la aspirina. (The doctor dropped the aspirin) Dejé caer los cuadernos. (I dropped the notebooks) Se me cayeron los cuadernos. (I dropped the notebooks)

saber meaning in preterite tense:

to find out; to learn ex: Supimos la verdad anoche. (We found out the truth last night)

saber meaning in present tense:

to know information; to know how to do something ex: Sabemos la verdad. (We know the truth)

conocer meaning in present tense:

to know; to be acquainted with ex: Conozco a esa pareja. (I know that couple)

poder meaning in preterite tense:

to manage; to succeed (could and did) negative form: to fail (to) ex: Pudimos hacerlo ayer. (We managed to do it yesterday/We successfully did it yesterday)

conocer meaning in preterite tense:

to meet ex: Conocí a esa pareja ayer. (I met that couple yesterday)