American Foundations Midterm

Machiavelli

(1469)- We are individuals by nature and primarily focus on our security and personal concerns. We should be able to assemble, argue, and criticize.

Martin Luther

(1483)- Established individual judgment and local rule.

Francis Bacon

(1561)- Engage the world, solve problems, and seek perfection.

Thomas Hobbes

(1588)- Developed the concept of the "state of nature" and the "social contract". Because the state of nature is so dismal we yield some natural rights to a sovereign in an effort to protect our most precious rights. Stressed the equality of man and government legitimacy through consent.

John Locke

(1632)- Stressed that property is a right of nature and its protection is the basic goal of civil order. Sought to limit the Sovereign and debunked the teaching of "the divine right of kings". People invent governments to protect rights, and they have the right to revolt when rights are not protected.

Montesquieu

(1689)- Advocated preserving governments from corruption by housing legislative, executive, and judicial power in different bodies that are bound by the rule of law.

Adam Smith

(1723)- Articulated principles of free market capitalism. All of this was based upon private ownership of property and a minimal role of the state in the lives and economies of individuals.

Aristotle

(384 BC)- Man is political by nature and is subordinate to the polis.

Convicted Civility & Holy Envy

* Convicted- declare (someone) to be guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law. * Civility-formal politeness and courtesy in behavior or speech: * How we relate and interact with each other is a measure of our willingness to follow Jesus Christ.... "Many in this world are afraid and angry with one another. While we understand these feelings, we need to be civil in our discourse and respectful in our interactions.... * "This is especially true when we disagree. The Savior taught us to love even our enemies. The vast majority of our members heed this counsel. Yet there are some who feel that venting their personal anger or deeply held opinions is more important than conducting themselves as Jesus Christ lived and taught....

Theories of Human Nature - Plato, Yoruba Culture, Machiavelli, More, Hobbes & Rousseau

* Governments should help foster higher ideals and greater community and cooperation (à la Thomas More's Utopia). * Governments should be realistic and accept that people usually live and behave as self-interested beings (à la Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince) * People enter into society to protect their individual interests and control violence (à la Thomas Hobbes). * Society corrupts people by making them acquisitive, competitive, and violent (à la Jean-Jacques Rousseau). * * ...Likewise, consider the impact of some African views of human nature on definitions of freedom and systems of civil society. Yoruba culture, for example, defines human nature as something that is always in relationship to other people, as part of a community and "not as atoms." ...This core Yoruban concept regarding human nature is captured in a typical African phrase: "I am because we are; I exist because the community exists." Given this view of human nature, Yoruba definitions of freedom are different from cultures were individualism is emphasized, because Yoruba freedom exists always within the context of community responsibilities. ...These definitions of freedom and systems of civil society may seem foreign to people who are steeped in traditions that emphasize individualism. But clearly an emphasis on an interdependent view of human nature helps encourage certain avenues of freedom—the ability to correct other people's children when they are misbehaving in public, for example, or the right to call on the community for assistance—that individualistic views of human nature often discourage. * ...Plato was very suspicious of popular notions regarding "freedom," in which "a man may say and do what he likes," because such freedom encouraged human appetite at the expense of reason, and ultimately made people slaves to their desires. Consequently, Plato was rather critical of democracy, which he believed embodied this broad definition of "freedom" and encouraged a form of anarchy because everyone was a law unto himself...He recommended instead a form of aristocratic rule by philosopher kings who, by virtue of their superior character, intellect, and love of wisdom, would properly impose order, peace, and security on society.

Constitutional Liberalism

* In countries not grounded in constitutional liberalism, the rise of democracy often brings with it hyper-nationalism and war-mongering...The democratic peace is real, but it turns out to have little to do with democracy. Pages 116-117 * But without a background in constitutional liberalism, the introduction of democracy in divided societies has actually fomented nationalism, ethnic conflict, and even war...Elections require that politicians compete for people's votes. * The tension between constitutional liberalism and democracy centers on the scope of governmental authority. Constitutional liberalism is about the limitation of power; democracy is about its accumulation and use... * But this bundle of freedoms—what might be termed "constitutional liberalism" has nothing intrinsically to do with democracy and the two have not always gone together...Over the last half-century in the West, democracy and liberty have merged. * Constitutional liberalism, on the other hand, is not about the procedures for selecting government but, rather, government's goals. It refers to the traditions, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source—state, church, or society.

Rights - Fundamental, Ancillary & Privileges

* Right - An entitlement to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way. * Fundamental Right - a right that is basic and applicable to all people at all times. * Ancillary Right - a right that provides necessary support to protecting fundamental rights * Privilege - a right or benefit that is given to some people and not to others

SETS OF COMPETING VALUES

1 Freedom 2 Order Chaos Liberty Control Anarchy Self-control Tyranny License Restraint Individual Community Rights well-being Right Obligation to Dissent of Loyalty Active & open A strong feeling of support disagreement with or or allegiance; faithful resistance to common adherence to lawful authority. opinion or official policy. Local Central Autonomy Authority Decision-making & power Smaller communities are are exercised within relatively subordinate to a larger & small communities. more principal coordinating power. Governmental Governmental Restraint Energy Obliging the government Enabling the government to control to control itself the governed.

Review Questions for Zakaria "The Way Out"

1- According to Zakaria, the twentieth century was marked by two broad trends: the regulation of capitalism and the deregulation of democracy. A- True B- False 2- In poll after poll the least respected public institution is: A- Congress B- The Supreme Court C- The armed forces D- The Federal Reserve System 3- According to Zakaria, the demographic group that will most need to have benefits cut, but be most effective at fighting the cuts will be: A- Minorities B- Young adults C- Unions D- The elderly 4- According to Zakaria, effective governments struggle to maintain legitimacy. A- True B- False 5- According to Zakaria, more democracy in trade policy would result in more reasonable and fair agreements. A- True B- False 6- Zakaria complimented Madison and his fellow Federalists for recognizing that popular government's biggest problem would be: A- Inflexibility B- Corruption C- Incivility D- Special Interests 7- Delegated democracy is a mechanism which can temper narrow interests and short-term perspectives. A- True B- False 8- Which of the following does Zakaria assert that we claim to be able to do without experience? A- Write wills B- Configure computers C- File taxes D- Write laws 9- Zakaria cited which of the following as a good example of congress successfully delegating a task to a nonpartisan committee: A- Military base closures B- Food Stamp allocations C- Tax code changes D- Budget percentages 10- What mythological figure did Zakaria cite as an example for politicians as they bind themselves to the ship of state while they pass through turbulent political waters? ____________________________________

1.Niccolò Machiavelli 2. Thomas Hobbes 3. John Locke 4. Montesquieu 5. Adam Smith

1.Man is primarily private and self-interested 2.Established the social contract theory 3.The "divine right of kings" is not valid 4.Separating legislative, executive, and judicial power 5.Articulated principles of free market capitalism

Which Section of the Doctrine and Covenants helps us understand how the Church approaches governments and laws?

134

What year was the Constitution created and signed?

1787

The ammendments

1st Amendment Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition 2nd Amendment Right to Keep, Bear Arms 3rd Amendment Lodging Troops in Private Homes 4th Amendment Search, Seizures, Proper Warrants 5th Amendment Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination 6th Amendment Criminal Proceedings; Must inform defendant of charge/s; Right to Attorney; Right to fair impartial jury 7th Amendment Jury Trials in Civil Cases 8th Amendment Bail; Cruel, Unusual Punishment 9th Amendment Unenumerated Rights 10th Amendment Powers Reserved to the States 11th Amendment Suits Against States 12th Amendment Election of President and VIce President 13th Amendment Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Prohibited 14th Amendment Rights of Citizens 15th Amendment Right to Vote--- Race, Color, Servitude 16th Amendment Income Tax 17th Amendment Popular Election of Senators 18th Amendment Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors 19th Amendment Equal Suffrage---Sex; Right of Women to Vote 20th Amendment Commencement of Terms; Sessions of Congress; Death or Disqualification of President-Elect 21st Amendment Repeal of 18th Amendment 22nd Amendment Presidental Tenure; No President may serve more than 2 elected terms 23rd Amendment Inclusion of DIstrict of Columbia in Presidential Election System 24th Amendment Right to Vote in Federal Elections----Tax Payment; Outlawed the payment of a tax as a condition for taking part in elections 25th Amendment Presidential Succession; Vice Presidential Vacancy; Presidential Inability 26th Amendment Right to Vote----Age; Must be 18 years or older 27th Amendment Congressional Pay; Congress's power to fix the salaries of its members

When Declaration of Independence was signed?

=1776 July 5

When constitution signed?

=1787 may-sept

Who wrote viringa plan and what conference called?

=James Madison =contiention conversion?

Specialization and Comparative Advantage

An economy can focus on producing all of the goods and services it needs to function, but this may lead to an inefficient allocation of resources and hinder future growth. By using specialization, a country can concentrate on the production of one thing that it can do best, rather than dividing up its resources.

The bulk of the Declaration of Independence is dedicated to what purpose?

A listing of grievances

Which of the following is NOT an accurate definition of "competing values"?

A tension between a "higher" and "lesser" value.

Rule of Law

A willingness to "ruled" by "law" (rather than merely the "will" of individuals or groups). A tradition of respect for basic principles and common values based on natural law. These values restrain individual behavior and create the foundations of lasting liberty. Power is exercised according to laws, not will Laws limit what government can do Universal rules make society fair (like games) No one is above the law PERSONAL BEHAVIOR Self-Restraint - Some restraint by law is necessary, but most restrain must be self-imposed. Fairness - People must conduct their lives & activities in a spirit of equity & justice. Generality- The law must apply to broad categories of people and not single out individuals or groups for special treatment. Prospectivity- Laws must apply to future action and not past action. People must be given a choice to obey a law. Publicity- Laws must be know and certain—everyone knows of their existence and enforcement is reliable. Consent- Laws must be generally acceptable to those who must live by them. People have the right to change disliked laws. Due Process- Laws must be administered impartially. Decisions are only based upon guilt or innocence. Citizens expect a fair trial and punishment.

How is "freedom" different from "agency"?

Agency is the power to choose, while freedom is the power and privilege to carry out those choices.

Which of the following was NOT listed by Zakaria as being a struggle that resulted in an increase of individual liberty in the west.

Agriculturalism vs. industrialization

Name the 81 year-old diplomat who was physically frail, but still played a vital role at the convention—especially in terms of cooling tempers and promoting compromise. (Two words)

Benjamin Franklin

According to class readings and discussions, how did John Adams demonstrate the principle of the Rule of Law?

By defending in court the British soldiers who perpetrated the Boston Massacre.

Competing Values & Creative Tensions

CV: equally "good" - but mutually exclusive. Individual Rights Community Well-Being

According to Zakaria, what was the first major institution in history that was independent of temporal authority and willing to challenge it?

Church

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the government's behavior upholds the Rule of Law?

Laws must apply to both past and future action.

Inequality of Wealth

Little interference in the market Prevent fraud and dishonesty - make the rules fair Provide education - free public education Prevent discrimination - against specific groups Progressive Taxation - tax the rich more than the poor A redistribution of Wealth - direct payments, transfer payments, entitlements Much more government involvement in the market place Individual Initiative and self-reliance--a desire to work hard [wealth and profit a natural motivation but may not be necessary] Temperance and provident living--A willingness to save for "rainy days" and for "That Opportunity" A desire to be Honest, Compassionate, and to give of oneself to help others Synopsis of the Unequal Distribution of Wealth Capitalism tends to reward those with the greatest talents, skills and abilities, as well as those willing to take risks. However, there are also numerous examples of people who have taken advantage of others and have cheated their way to the top. Consequently, many people view such inequalities as the primary reason why capitalism should be reigned-in, regulated, managed, or controlled. They believe that the markets have failed in that they do not fully address such issues as equity, fairness, poverty, corruption, education, health, and environmental protection. They believe the government should take an active role in protecting the people against the unfettered market and alleviating these issues. At the same time, other people believe that government is the primary cause of market failures. They believe government inefficiency, regulation, taxation, spending programs, political cronyism, and politically based decisions are the primary sources of America's social problems. They argue that if government would allow markets to operate normally, many of today's social issues could be solved. Another challenge in addressing economic inequality is that is a significant debate about the meaning of the word "equality." In general, there are two major schools of thought concerning the correct definition of economic justice. Some people think of economic justice as equality of opportunity, while others believe true economic justice cannot be established until there is a greater equality of conditions. Those who argue for equality of opportunity as the correct form of economic justice suggest that when opportunities are equal all people have an equal chance to participate in the market and all can experience the "American Dream" if given the opportunity to fully use their talents and abilities. The fact that the success or economic reward is not guaranteed is simply a factor of differences in people, their interests and desires, talents and abilities, and their willingness to work. Those who believe that maintaining equality of opportunity is the correct way to provide economic justice expect the government to only engage in the market place to the extent that it can provide the equality of opportunity. The government needs to prevent fraud and dishonesty and make the rules fair for everyone. The government needs to provide equal access to the market and ensure that some level of free public education must be available to everyone. They also believe that the government should ensure that there is no discrimination, especially against specific groups. Those who argue for equality of conditions as the correct form of economic justice suggest that the only way to provide economic justice is to make wealth and income more equal, even if this requires a redistribution of property or income. Those who favor equality of conditions as the correct definition of economic justice envision a much more active role for government in managing the economy. They are in favor of such policies as progressive taxation, to tax the rich more than the poor and direct redistribution of wealth through direct payments, transfer payments, and entitlements.

Laws of Supply & Demand

Demand-As price goes up, the quantity demanded goes down. Supply-As price goes up, the quantity suppliers are willing to produce also goes up. Demand is directly related to price and production Demand and supply interact to minimize surpluses and shortages The consumer ultimately determines what is produced Resources are allocated efficiently Competition tends to improve quality and reduce prices The Law of Demand The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more. The demand relationship curve illustrates the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. The higher the price of a good the lower the quantity demanded (A), and the lower the price, the more the good will be in demand (C). The Law of Supply Like the law of demand, the law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the law of demand, the supply relationship shows an upward slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price increases revenue. Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand. The relationship between demand and supply underlie the forces behind the allocation of resources. In market economy theories, demand and supply theory will allocate resources in the most efficient way possible. How? Let us take a closer look at the law of demand and the law of supply.

According to Zakaria, what is the relationship between democracy and liberty?

Democracies can exist without liberty. Liberty can exist without democracy. Both B and C.

Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the key elements of constitutional liberalism?

Democratic processes.

Separation of Power

Distributing authority to various entities, and creating opportunities for them to challenge and restrain each other, so that no one person or group has all the power. The separation of power further divides the power surrendered by the people: legislative — makes the law executive — enforces the law judicial — interprets and applies the law

Keynesian Economics

Economics makes the assumption that human beings will aim to fulfill their self-interests. It also assumes that individuals are rational in their efforts to fulfill their unlimited wants and needs. Synopsis of "Economic Systems" Soviet enterprises were not forced to economize—that is, to treat their resources as both scarce and valuable in alternative uses, for the alternative users were not bidding for those resources as they would in a market economy. While such waste cost individual Soviet enterprises little or nothing, they cost the Soviet people dearly, in the form of a lower standard of living than their resources and technology were capable of producing. While history can tell us that such things happened, economics helps explain why they happened—what there is about prices that allows them to accomplish what political control of an economy can seldom match. There is more to economics than prices, but understanding how prices function is the foundation for understanding much of the rest of economics. Knowledge is one of the most scarce of all resources and a pricing system economizes on its use by forcing those with the most knowledge of their own particular situation to make bids for goods and resources based on that knowledge, rather than on their ability to influence other people in planning commissions, legislatures, or royal palaces. However much articulation may be valued by intellectuals, it is not nearly as efficient a way conveying accurate information as confronting people with the need to "put your money where your mouth is." In a price-coordinated economy, employees and creditors insist on being paid, regardless of whether the managers and owners have made mistakes. This means that capitalist businesses can make only so many mistakes for so long before they have to either stop or get stopped—whether by an inability to get the labor and supplies they need or by bankruptcy. In a feudal economy or a socialist economy, leaders can continue to make the same mistakes indefinitely. The consequences are paid by others in the form of a standard of living lower than it would be if there were greater efficiency in the use of scarce resources. To treat prices as resulting from greed implies that sellers can set prices where they wish, that prices are not determined by supply and demand. It may well be true that some—or all—sellers prefer to get the highest price that they can. But it is equally true that buyers usually wish to pay the lowest price they can for goods of a given quality. More important, the competition of numerous buyers and numerous sellers results in prices that leave each individual buy and seller with very little leeway. Synopsis of What is Economics by Thomas Sowell Economics is the study of the use of scarce resources which have alternative uses...Among the major decisions affecting economic outcomes are decisions about what kinds of enduring institutions a society has for making those decisions—what kind of economic system, operating in what kind of legal system, and controlled by what kind of political system. In analyzing all these decisions and examining the evidence of their consequences, it is crucial to keep in mind at all times that the resources being used are both scarce and have alternative uses. What does scarce mean? It means that what everybody wants adds up to more than there is...To all these people—from academia and journalism, as well as the middle-class people themselves—it apparently seemed strange somehow that there should be such a thing as scarcity and that this should imply a need for both productive efforts on their part and personal responsibility in spending. Yet nothing has been more pervasive in the history of the human race than scarcity and all the requirements for economizing that go with scarcity. Economics is not just about dealing with the existing output of goods and services as consumers. It is also about producing that output from scarce resources—turning inputs into output. Not only scarcity but also "alternative uses" are at the heart of economics. If each resource had only one use, economics would be much simpler. How much of each resource should be allocated to each of its many uses? Every economy has to answer that question, and each one does, in one way or another, efficiently or inefficiently. Doing so efficiently is what economics is all about. Different kinds of economies are essentially different ways of making decisions about the allocation of scarce resources—and those decisions have repercussions on the life of the whole society...Efficiency in production—the rate at which inputs are turned into output—is not just some technicality that economists talk about. It affects the life of whole societies...It is not money but the volume of goods and services which determines whether a country is poverty stricken or prosperous. How an incredibly complex, high-tech economy can operate without any central direction is baffling to many. The last President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, is said to have asked British Prime Minister Margaret thatcher: How do you see to it that people get food? The answer was that she didn't. Prices did that. The fact that no given individual or set of individuals controls or coordinates all the innumerable economic activities in a market economy does not mean that these things just happen randomly or chaotically. Each consumer, producer, retailer, landlord, or worker makes individual transactions with other individuals on whatever terms are mutually agreeable. Prices convey those terms, not just to the particular individuals immediately involved but throughout the whole economic system. High prices are not the reason we cannot all live on the beach front. On the contrary, the inherent reality is that there are not nearly enough beach-front homes to go around and prices simply convey that underlying reality. Although a free market economic system is sometimes called a profit system, it is in reality a profit-and-loss system—and the losses are equally important for the efficiency of the economy, because losses tell producers what to stop producing. Without really knowing why consumers like one set of features rather than another, producers automatically produce more of what earns a profit and less of what is losing money. The more fundamental problem with central planning has been that the task taken on has repeatedly proven to be too much for human beings.

Individual Rights & Community Well-Being.

Eminent Domain is appropriate for the following purposes: Roads Schools Parks Shopping Centers Power Lines Dams Mary Mallon had disease and cooked for living but would kill people because of that so she got put in jail by government to protect others.

Even though it occurred on a much smaller level, Grecian society practiced democracy in a manner that was very similar to us.

False

One of the major reasons the states chose to participate in the Constitutional Convention was the concern they had that the powers granted the federal government to administer the war was resulting in too much centralized power that might thrust the new country back into a monarchy.

False

The 1600's were important in England because several events led to the ability of monarchs to entrench power and wrest control from the squabbling barons and lords.

False

Freedom & Order

First it suggests that the purpose of "making laws and administering them" is "for the good and safety of society," and that laws should be "framed and held inviolate" so as to "secure to each individual the free exercise of conscience, the right and control of property, and the protection of life." This is a remarkably concise description of what some scholars call "constitutional liberalism"—a system of government that embodies such principles as rule of law, limited power, and unalienable rights, including rights of free speech, assembly, movement, religion, property, and life. In short, the statement implies that the greatest "benefit" for which government is "instituted" is to secure our safety and our freedom. "Safety" is a relatively straightforward concept, implying a certain level of order and protection (and many dictators have been fairly sufficient at providing this "benefit"). But what exactly does "freedom" mean? Perhaps no other word is invoked more often, has such intrinsic emotional power, and yet remains so difficult to define. According to its most generic definition, "freedom" is the power to act, speak, or think as we want, without hindrance or restraint. And it is related to "safety," because we can't enjoy freedom without at least some order and protections. Sounds simple enough. But the moment we try to implement this concept—to actually act or speak or think—we encounter significant complications, because almost everything we do or say or think affects other people and their freedom and safety. Likewise, other people's actions, speech, and thought affect us—our freedom and safety. And we cannot escape these relationships or these consequences...

Concerning freedom and order:

Freedom must have some order.

elements of the rule of law

Generally, Prospective, publicists, consent, to dues

Western Europe benefited from competition and innovation that was introduced because there were so many different states. What reason did Zakaria provide for this diversity?

Geography

Laissez-Faire & Regulation

Governments allow markets to operate without interference OR Governments intervene in the markets to correct their weaknesses

Direct & Indirect Democracy

How a citizen is able to contribute to the decisions that may limit their equality and/or freedom. Direct Democracy - every citizen equally shares in the decisions of limits of equality/freedom. This can be in the form of the New England Town Hall Model, the use of Referendum or the Initiative process. Indirect (Representative) Democracy - a subset of citizens (elected representatives) will reflect the opinion of a portion of the whole. See also, representative democracy.

Synopsis of "Confessions of a Sweatshop Inspector"

I don't pretend that everything monitoring brings about is for the best. An example: Mattel's factories in China are superb, but workers there often earn less than their peers in shadier factories because their employers confine them to shorter workweeks to avoid paying overtime. Another: You may rightly hate the idea of child labor, but firing a fourteen-year-old in Indonesia from a factory job because she is fourteen does nothing but deprive her of income she is understandably desperate to keep. (She'll find worse work elsewhere, most likely, or simply go hungry.) A third: Small village factories may break the rules, but they often operate in a humane and basically sensible way, and I didn't enjoy lecturing their owners about the necessity of American-style time cards and fifteen-minute breaks. But labor standards anywhere have a tendency to create such problems. They're enacted in the hope that the good outweighs the bad. One final thought: If you're like me, part of you feels that Peru's labor standards are basically Peru's business. It's our job to worry about standards here at home. But that sort of thinking doesn't work well in an era of globalization. We are, like it or not, profoundly affected by the labor standards of our trading partners. If their standards are low, they exert a downward pressure on our own. That's why monitoring and enforcement have such an important role to play. We don't expect developing nations to match us in what their workers earn. (A few dollars a day is a fortune in many nations.) But when a Chinese factory saves money by making its employees breathe hazardous fumes and, by doing so, closes down a U.S. factory that spends money on proper ventilation and masks, that's wrong. It's wrong by any measure. And that's what we can do something about if we try. It's the challenge we face as the walls come down, the dolls, pajamas, and televisions come in, and, increasingly, the future of our workers here is tied to that of workers who are oceans away.

Democratic Processes

In many, many ways democratization has been an extraordinary, powerful force for good, breaking up oligarchies, revolutionizing businesses, bringing in and rewarding fresh talent, creating new industries, and perhaps most important, empowering individuals. We would not want to go back to the old, closed order. Yet having solved old problems—of access and exclusion—democratization has produced new ones. The competitiveness, energy, and dynamism of the new, open system have eroded certain guides and barriers, checks and balances. Ironically this new disorder has mostly hurt the average investor—the ordinary citizen—who is less able to navigate in uncharted and turbulent waters (pp. 201-202).

Agency & Accountability Agency

Is the power to choose, while freedom is the power and privilege to carry out those choices.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the principle of the separation of power?

It distributes authority among various entities. It creates opportunities for different power holders to challenge and restrict each other. Both A and B.

Who put together the Virginia Plan that guided the discussions of the convention? (Two words)

James Madison

Federalists

James madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

Which patriot refused to sign the Declaration of Independence because he felt it cut us from the source of our liberty and set a dangerous precedent?

John Dickinson

According to Zakaria, while the Romans introduced equality under the law between citizens, the gaping hole that remained was:

Laws did not apply to everyone.

Liberal & Illiberal Democracy

Many illiberal democracies—almost all in Central Asia, for example—have quickly and firmly turned into dictatorships. Elections in these countries merely legitimized power grabs. Page 99 Finally, there are cases such as Croatia and Slovakia, where an illiberal democratic system is evolving in a more constitutional and reformist direction. In these cases, the democratic element was a crucial spur to reform because it did what democracy does better than any other form of government: it threw the bums out, providing for a peaceful transfer of power from the old guard to a new regime...In general, outside Europe, illiberal democracy has not proved to be an effective path to liberal democracy. Page 100 For people in the West, democracy means "liberal democracy": a political system marked not only by free and fair elections but also by the rule of law, a separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property. To have "democracy" mean, subjectively, "a good government" makes it analytically useless.

State of Nature & Social Contract - John Locke

Men [Are] by Nature Equal — Nature hath made men so equal in the faculties of body and mind as that, though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another, yet when all is reckoned together the difference between man and man is not so considerable.... From Equality Proceeds Diffidence [or Lack of Trust] — From this equality of ability ariseth equality of hope in the attaining of our ends. And therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end... endeavour to destroy or subdue one another.... From Diffidence [Proceeds] War — And from this diffidence [or lack of trust] of one another, there is no way for any man to secure himself;... that is, by force, or wiles, to master the persons of all men he can so long till he see no other power great enough to endanger him....Out[side] of Civil States, There is Always War of Every One against Every One — Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man.... The Incommodities of Such a War — In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.... In Such a War, Nothing is Unjust — To this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no place.... They are qualities that relate to men in society, not in solitude. It is consequent also to the same condition that there be no propriety, no dominion, no mine and thine distinct; but only that to be every man's that he can get, and for so long as he can keep it. People rarely exist in this pure state of nature because its fearsomeness leads men to quickly enter into societies. In fact, according to Hobbes, it is people's natural passions—including "fear of death; desire of such things as are necessary to commodious living; and a hope by their industry to obtain them"—that drive them to seek peace, and it is human reason that suggests to them the idea of "convenient articles of peace upon which men may be drawn to agreement." Thus both passion and reason incline people to enter into a "social contract"—an agreement to surrender their natural liberty, enter into a civil society, and impose restraint upon themselves by accepting a form of governance: John Locke (1632)- Stressed that property is a right of nature and its protection is the basic goal of civil order. Sought to limit the Sovereign and debunked the teaching of "the divine right of kings". People invent governments to protect rights, and they have the right to revolt when rights are not protected.

Fiscal & Monetary Policy

Monetary policy is a term used to refer to the actions of central banks to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives such as price stability, full employment, and stable economic growth. In the United States, the Congress established maximum employment and price stability as the macroeconomic objectives for the Federal Reserve; they are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate. Apart from these overarching objectives, the Congress determined that operational conduct of monetary policy should be free from political influence. As a result, the Federal Reserve is an independent agency of the federal government. Fiscal policy is a broad term used to refer to the tax and spending policies of the federal government. Fiscal policy decisions are determined by the Congress and the Administration; the Federal Reserve plays no role in determining fiscal policy.

Anti-Federalists

Patrick Henry, Elbridge Gerry, Samuel Adams

ELEMENTS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

Protection of Rights - conscience, speech, equality, etc. Rule of Law - generality, impartiality, due process, etc. Protection of Property - private, communitarian, etc. Separation of Power - defined authority, checks, balances, etc. Democratic Processes - elections, representatives, etc.

Protection of Rights

Right - An entitlement to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way. Fundamental Right - a right that is basic and applicable to all people at all times. Ancillary Right - a right that provides necessary support to protecting fundamental rights Privilege - a right or benefit that is given to some people and not to others

Right to Dissent & Obligation of Loyalty

Right Obligation to Dissent of Loyalty Active & open A strong feeling of support disagreement with or or allegiance; faithful resistance to common adherence to lawful authority. opinion or official policy.

Absolute Advantage

Sometimes a country or an individual can produce more than another country, even though countries both have the same amount of inputs. For example, Country A may have a technological advantage that, with the same amount of inputs (arable land, steel, labor), enables the country to manufacture more of both cars and cotton than Country B. A country that can produce more of both goods is said to have an absolute advantage. Better quality resources can give a country an absolute advantage as can a higher level of education and overall technological advancement. It is not possible, however, for a country to have a comparative advantage in everything that it produces, so it will always be able to benefit from trade.

Synopsis of the Great Depression and the New Deal

The Great Depression was probably the worst economic disaster in American history. Beginning in 1929, the Great Depression created business losses and personal suffering on a scale Americans had never experienced before. No one who experienced the Great Depression would ever forget it nor would they ever again be quite as positive about the strengths of a truly "free" economic system. The depth of the Depression led people to demand help from the government and eventually they received help on a scale no one had really planned or anticipated. The legacy of this "New Deal" would change the nature of American politics and economics forever. Prior to the Great Depression economic ups and downs, recessions and depressions, represented what seemed to be a normal part of the business cycle in a free economy. Fiscal policy can be defined as government spending used to stimulate production or government taxing used to smooth out the ups and downs in the economy. Fiscal policy is controlled by Congress and the President. It is important to note that government taxing and spending is only fiscal policy when it is used to manage the economy, not when they are part of the normal operations of government. Fiscal policy is closely related to the economic philosophy of John Maynard Keynes. Keynes, a British economist, was famous for his economic argument that in times of recession or depression, decreasing prices do not necessarily encourage more consumption by the public as indicated by the laws of supply and demand. In fact, in times of depression, prices may fall and consumers may still not have the ability to enter the market place, make purchases, and thus encourage more production. Keynes argued that in those times a government should use its borrowing and spending power to increase demand and encourage production. Keynes' argument was seen as radical at the time. Many even called it socialist since the government (state) took responsibility for managing the economy. In actuality, the Keynesian theory sought to explain and overcome one of the inherent weaknesses of capitalism rather than use that weakness as an excuse to overturn the system. During the Great Depression the United States turned to fiscal policy—rather than more radical ideas like communism—to try to solve the massive economic problems. By the time the election of 1932came around, it was felt that anyone could have defeated Hoover at the polls. In fact, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected by a landslide by promising to find government ways to save the economy. In 1933, Roosevelt began the program he called the "New Deal." The program was based on the principles of Keynesian economics (though there is no evidence that Roosevelt really understood them) and had many facets designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform for the American people and economy. The government encouraged the creation of jobs in the private sector and took responsibility for the protection of labor's right to organize unions and for unions to represent labor's interests in conflicts between labor and business In the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) the government took responsibility for the regulation of economic markets. In the creation of the Social Security Administration (SSA) the government took responsibility for the economic well-being of a segment of society particularly susceptible to economic crises. The New Deal does provide several economic legacies, however, that continue to influence the government's response to economic challenges to this day. First, as a result of the New Deal people came to accept the government's role as problem solver, economic stimulator, and economic regulator. Government became responsible to intervene in the interest of economic well-being and economic justice and to provide an economic safety net to protect people from economic disaster. These ideas were outlined in what FDR called his "Economic Bill of Rights." Second, the new deal strengthened the notion of big government in America. New agencies were created to administer each of the New Deal programs and more and more Americans found themselves working for the federal government. Third, the New Deal shaped the future of both the Democratic and Republican parties. Henceforth, the Democratic party would be seen as the party committed to find government solutions to economic problems while the Republicans became more committed to finding private solutions, though by the end of the Depression no party or politician could really hope to successfully remove economic responsibility from the government. And fourth, the New Deal helped maintain faith in American democracy and capitalism.

Which of the following is NOT something Thomas Hobbes believed regarding human nature?

The Social Contract corrupts men by encouraging acquisition and selfishness.

Logic of Rebellion - Thomas Jefferson

The Social Contract is created to protect basic rights Governments are created by the people who submit Rebellion is not justified by "light & transient causes" All government is somewhat "evil" People can tolerate some "evil" But a "long train of abuses and usurpations" requires a rebellion. What are "light & transient causes"? Which "evils" are "sufferable"? What constitutes a "long train of abuses and usurpations"? •If someone is going to revolt, they should justify why. We believe men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We believe governments need the consent of the people and should preserve these rights, or expect to be replaced. We have reached the point where it is our duty to throw off our government. We now list our examples of how our current government is violating our rights. We have tried to reconcile our differences, but conclude that we must now declare our independence. To achieve this goal, we pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

Which of the following was NOT a problem requiring the creation of the Constitution?

The executive branch of the old government often infringed on legislative duties

Focus producing individual liberty

church, Lords, protest, captitatism

In African Yoruban culture, the _________ is the most important element of human identity.

community.

4 steps in constructive discourse

dog, study, props, implementation you need to teach dog and he will be able to do the trick

Laws of Stewardship & Consecration

The law of consecration and stewardship is the highest manifestation of gospel living. Many view this law as only a temporal economic program, but it is a spiritual command as well (see D&C 29:35). The personal requirements for celestial living are also the foundation for the successful practice of this holy and ancient order of gospel life. It is the basis upon which Zion, the New Jerusalem, is to be built and the preparations completed for the glorious Messianic reign (see Enrichment B). President Marion G. Romney said: "The basic principle and the justification for the law of consecration 'is that everything we have belongs to the Lord; therefore, the Lord may call upon us for any and all of the property which we have, because it belongs to Him. ... (D&C 104:14-17, 54-57)' (J. Reuben Clark Jr., in Conference Report, Oct. 1942, p. 55)." ("Living the Principles of the Law of Consecration," Ensign, Feb. 1979, p. 3.) This important principle is emphasized throughout the revelations of the Doctrine and Covenants: "And I have made the earth rich, and behold it is my footstool, wherefore, again I will stand upon it" (D&C 38:17). "It must needs be that the riches of the earth are mine to give; but beware of pride, lest ye become as the Nephites of old" (D&C 38:39). "And let not any among you say that it is his own; for it shall not be called his, nor any part of it" (D&C 104:70). Receiving a stewardship. Once consecration of all things was made to the Church, the individual was ready to receive a stewardship and accept complete accountability for it. President Romney described this process: "The consecrator received from the Church a stewardship by a [deed]. This stewardship could be more or less than the original consecration, the object being to make 'every man equal according to his family, according to his circumstances and his wants and needs.'

Protection of Property

The right to property, is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their personal possessions. A general entitlement to private property is found more rarely, and is heavily constrained insofar as property is owned by legal persons (i.e. corporations) and where it is used for production rather than consumption. The right to property is not absolute and states have a wide degree of discretion to limit the right to property in the public interest.

Wealth helps a country

The simplest explanation for a new democracy's political success is its economic success—or, to be more specific, high per capita national income...Political regimes change for varied reasons—war, economic crises, death. But when an autocratic regime does collapse and people try to establish a democracy, what makes it last? Historically, the best single answer to that question has been wealth. Why is wealth good for liberty? Remember the European examples: The process of economic development usually produces the two elements that are crucial to the success of the liberal democracy. First, it allows key segments of society—most important, private businesses and the broader bourgeoisie—to gain power independent of the state. Second, in bargaining with these elements the state tends to become less rapacious and capricious and more rule-oriented and responsive to society's needs. (pp. 69,71-72). Money in and of itself does not produce liberty. It must be earned wealth. Over the last half-century some regimes grew rich and yet remained autocracies: for example, the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Nigeria, and Venezuela. It turns out that the wealth of the oil-rich states does not produce positive political change because their economic development is fundamentally different from the European and Asian models. These economies did not develop along capitalist lines, moving systematically from agriculture to industry to high-level services, but rather exploited their vast oil or mineral reserves in order to buy modernity, in the form of new buildings, hospitals, mansions, cars, and televisions. The people who lived in these countries remained substantially as they had been before—uneducated and unskilled. The societies remained primitive. In fact, the state had to import knowledge and even people from overseas to run the hospitals, schools, and television stations. The result was a business class that, instead of being independent of the state, was deeply dependent on it (p. 73). For liberal democracy the best economic growth is capitalist growth...Wealth in natural resources hinders both political modernization and economic growth...natural endowments were strongly correlated with economic failure (p. 74). Why are unearned riches such a curse? Because they impede the development of modern political institutions, laws, and bureaucracies. Let us cynically assume that any government's chief goal is to give itself greater wealth and power. In a country with no resources, for the state to get rich, society has to get rich so that the government can then tax this wealth...Governments with treasure in their soil have it too easy; they are "trust-fund" states. They get fat on revenues from mineral or oil sales and don't have to tackle the far more difficult task of creating a framework of laws and institutions that generate national wealth (p. 75)...Easy money means a government does not need to tax its citizens. When a government taxes people it has to provide benefits in return, beginning with services, accountability, and good governance but ending with liberty and representation. This reciprocal bargain—between taxation and representation—is what gives governments legitimacy in the modern world (p. 75). In general it is fair to conclude that although certain historical and institutional traits help, capitalist growth is the single best way to overturn the old feudal order and create an effective and limited state (p. 76). Supporters of free markets often make the mistake of thinking of capitalism as something that exists in opposition to the state. When it is time to pay taxes, this view can seem self-evident. But the reality is more complex. Although in the twentieth century many states grew so strong as to choke their economies, in a broader historical perspective, only a legitimate, well-functioning state can create the rules and laws that make capitalism work. At the very least, without a government capable of protecting property rights and human rights, press freedoms and business contracts, antitrust laws and consumer demands, a society gets not the rule of law but the rule of the strong. If one wanted to see what the absence of government produces, one need only look at Africa—it is not a free-market paradise. In the developing world, the state has often had to jump-start capitalism. Again this mirrors the European example, where modern capitalism began with the state taking large tracts of agricultural land from the hand of feudal lords and using it in ways that were more market-friendly. This move broke the back of the large landowners, the most politically reactionary group in society. As important, millions of acres of land were moved out of stagnant feudal estates, where they lay underutilized, and into the market system. The new owners, often the farmers who tilled the land, used the land more efficiently, since they now had an incentive to do so, or they rented or sold the land to someone who would. In other words, it took a massive redistribution of wealth to make capitalism work (p. 77). The unwillingness of most Third World contries to give full-fledged property rights to the poor remains one of the chief obstacles to their economic (and, I would add, political) development (p. 78).

According to John Locke, why do people surrender part of their natural liberty to governments?

To obtain order and security for their lives and property.

Many of the founders were very distrusting of pure democracy and preferred republicanism.

True

Neither John Adams nor Thomas Jefferson was able to attend the Constitutional Convention.

True

The four steps to constructive discourse are 1) test for dogma, 2) study the issue from diverse perspectives, 3) propose solutions, and 4) implement solutions.

True

Which of the following was NOT an important principle Elder Oaks listed as an inspired fundamental of the Constitution?

Universal suffrage

Class readings noted that the creation of civil societies is based on definitions of freedom which are based on:

Views of human nature

Cycles of Conflict

We propose a model of cycles of conáict and distrust. Overlapping generations of agents from two groups sequentially play coordination games under incomplete information about whether the other side consists of ìbad typesî who will never take the good/trusting action. Good actions may be mistakenly perceived as bad/distrusting actions. We also assume that there is limited information about the history of past actions, so that an agent is unable to ascertain exactly when and how a sequence of bad actions originated. Assuming that both sides are not truly bad, conáict spirals get started as a result of a misperception, and continue because the other side interprets the bad action as evidence that it is facing bad types. However, such spirals contain the seeds of their own dissolution: after a while, Bayesian agents correctly conclude that the probability of a spiral having started by mistake is su¢ ciently high, and bad actions are no longer interpreted as evidence that the opposing group is bad. At this point, one party experiments with a good action, and the cycle restarts.

Local Autonomy & Central Authority

What is distinctive about the American system is not how democratic it is but rather how undemocratic it is, placing as it does multiple constraints on electoral majorities. The Bill of Rights, after all, is a list of things that the government may not do, regardless of the wishes of the majority. Of America's three branches of government, the Supreme Court—arguably the paramount branch—is headed by nine unelected men and women with life tenure. The U.S. Senate is the most unrepresentative upper house in the world...Each American state sends two senators to Washington, D.C., regardless of its population. Thus, California's 30 million people have as many votes in the Senate as Arizona's 3.7 million—hardly one man, one vote. In state and local legislatures all over the United States, what is striking is not the power of the majority party but the protections accorded to the minority party. zakaria chapter 5?

What are the first three words of the Declaration of Independence?

When in the

"Illiberal democracy" could be a mix of _________.

elections and no freedom of speech

According to the section on government in the Doctrine and Covenants, Governments are established to secure:

freedom. security. Both A and B.

Equilibrium

When supply and demand are equal (i.e. when the supply function and demand function intersect) the economy is said to be at equilibrium. At this point, the allocation of goods is at its most efficient because the amount of goods being supplied is exactly the same as the amount of goods being demanded. Thus, everyone (individuals, firms, or countries) is satisfied with the current economic condition. At the given price, suppliers are selling all the goods that they have produced and consumers are getting all the goods that they are demanding. A good or service is considered to be highly elastic if a slight change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded or supplied. Usually these kinds of products are readily available in the market and a person may not necessarily need them in his or her daily life. On the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in price witness only modest changes in the quantity demanded or supplied, if any at all. These goods tend to be things that are more of a necessity to the consumer in his or her daily life. Economists assume that there are a number of different buyers and sellers in the marketplace. This means that we have competition in the market, which allows price to change in response to changes in supply and demand. Furthermore, for almost every product there are substitutes, so if one product becomes too expensive, a buyer can choose a cheaper substitute instead. In a market with many buyers and sellers, both the consumer and the supplier have equal ability to influence price. In some industries, there are no substitutes and there is no competition. In a market that has only one or few suppliers of a good or service, the producer(s) can control price, meaning that a consumer does not have choice, cannot maximize his or her total utility and has have very little influence over the price of goods.

Synopsis of "An Empire of Wealth

While the United States has only 6 percent of the land and people, it has close to 30 percent of the world's gross domestic product, more than three time that of any other country. In virtually every field of economic endeavor, from mining to telecommunications, and by almost every measure, from agricultural production per capita to annual number of books published to number of Nobel Prizes won (more than 42 percent of them), the United States leads the world. The ultimate power of the United States, then, lies not in its military—potent as that military is, to be sure—but in its wealth, the wide distribution of that wealth among its population, its capacity to create still more wealth, and its seemingly bottomless imagination in developing new ways to use that wealth productively. If the world is becoming rapidly Americanized as once it became Romanized, the reason lies not in our weapons, but in the fact that others want what we have and are willing, often eager, to adopt our ways in order to have them too. The relentless spread of democracy and capitalism in recent decades, to a large extent in the light of the American example, is a peaceful and largely welcomed conquest—at least by the people, if often not by the elites who have seen their own power slipping away. It is a conquest more subtle, more positive, more pervasive, and, in all likelihood, more permanent than any known before. American politics had the great good fortune to be grounded in English traditions, especially the idea that the law, not the state is supreme. The uniquely English concept of liberty—the idea that individuals have inherent rights, including property rights, that may not be arbitrarily abrogated—was also crucial. The United States was perfectly positioned to take advantage of the emergence of a fully globalized economy. The United States is the only Great Power to front on both the Atlantic and the Pacific and the only one whose national territory sprawls across arctic, temperate, and tropical climate zones. It is at once both effectively an island, with all of an island's military security, and a continent, with all of a continent's resources. And there can be no doubt that if the Untied States is famous for its get-up-and-go, that is because Americans are descended from those who got up and came. Those who chose to leave all they had ever known and come to a strange and distant land came to pursue their own ideas of happiness. Here, the great majority found conditions that allowed them to do so with less interference than anywhere else and thus allowed them better chance to find it.

According to class discussion, the right to property is _________.

a source of tension between individuals and society. often overridden by a society. important for the maintenance of a liberal society. All of the above.

Delegated Democracy

also known as liquid democracy, is a form of democratic control whereby voting power is vested in delegates, rather than representatives. This term is a generic description of either already existing or proposed popular control apparatuses. Choice of Role: Each member can choose to take either a passive role as an individual or an active role as a delegate, differentiating this from representative forms in which only specified representatives are allowed. Delegates have further choices as to how active they are and in what areas. Low Barrier to Participation: The difficulty and cost of becoming a delegate is small, and in particular does not require campaigning or winning a competitive election. Delegated Authority: Delegates exercise power in organizational processes on behalf of themselves and those individuals who select them as their delegate. Different delegates, therefore, can exercise varying levels of decision power. Privacy of the Individual: To avoid social pressures or coercion, all votes made by individuals are private, both from other individuals and from delegates. Accountability of the delegates: To ensure the accountability of delegates to their voters and to the community at large, all formal deliberative decisions made by delegates are public. Specialization by Re-Delegation: Delegates can not only act directly on behalf of individuals as generalists, but through re-delegation they can also act on behalf of each other as specialists.

Thomas More believed that people _________.

are fallen and inherently prideful. could become cooperative and selfless given the right systems of government. Both A and B.

What was the name of the document or charter that guided the new country through the Revolutionary War and up to the signing of the Constitution?

articles of confederation

Individual liberty

came forth to a great degree because of power struggles between 1) church and state, 2) lord and king, 3) Protestant and Catholic, and 4) business and state. Additionally, competition between communities weakened centralized power and allowed varied freedoms to sprout.

A monopoly

is a market structure in which there is only one producer/seller for a product. In other words, the single business is the industry. Entry into such a market is restricted due to high costs or other impediments, which may be economic, social or political. For instance, a government can create a monopoly over an industry that it wants to control, such as electricity. Another reason for the barriers against entry into a monopolistic industry is that oftentimes, one entity has the exclusive rights to a natural resource. For example, in Saudi Arabia the government has sole control over the oil industry. A monopoly may also form when a company has a copyright or patent that prevents others from entering the market. There are two extreme forms of market structure: monopoly and, its opposite,perfect competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and, as a result, many substitutes. Perfect competition means there are few, if any, barriers to entry for new companies, and prices are determined by supply and demand. Thus, producers in a perfectly competitive market are subject to the prices determined by the market and do not have any leverage. For example, in a perfectly competitive market, should a single firm decide to increase its selling price of a good, the consumers can just turn to the nearest competitor for a better price, causing any firm that increases its prices to lose market share and profits.

Federalism

is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments.

Liberal democracy

is a political system marked not only by free and fair elections but also by 1) the rule of law, 2) a separation of powers, and 3) the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property.

Equal Opportunity & Equal Conditions

is a stipulation that all people should be treated similarly, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified. The aim according to this often complex and contested concept is that important jobs should go to those "most qualified" - persons most likely to perform ably in a given task - and not go to persons for arbitrary or irrelevant reasons, such as circumstances of birth, upbringing, friendship ties to whoever is in power, religion, sex, ethnicity,race, caste,or involuntary personal attributes such as disability, age, gender, or sexual orientation. Chances for advancement should be open to everybody interested such that they have "an equal chance to compete within the framework of goals and the structure of rules established." The idea is to remove arbitrariness from the selection process and base it on some "pre-agreed basis of fairness, with the assessment process being related to the type of position," and emphasizing procedural and legal means. Individuals should succeed or fail based on their own efforts and not extraneous circumstances such as having well-connected parents. It is opposed to nepotism and plays a role in whether a social structure is seen as legitimate.

Civil Disobedience

is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is sometimes, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance. In seeking an active form of civil disobedience, one may choose to deliberately break certain laws, such as by forming a peaceful blockade or occupying a facility illegally,[citation needed] though sometimes violence has been known to occur. Often there is an expectation to be attacked or even beaten by the authorities. Protesters often undergo training in advance on how to react to arrest or to attack. Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience, since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.

Opportunity cost

is the value of what is foregone in order to have something else. This value is unique for each individual. You may, for instance, forgo ice cream in order to have an extra helping of mashed potatoes. For you, the mashed potatoes have a greater value than dessert. But you can always change your mind in the future because there may be some instances when the mashed potatoes are just not as attractive as the ice cream. The opportunity cost of an individual's decisions, therefore, is determined by his or her needs, wants, time and resources (income).

If you seek to understand another person's point of view and find yourself holding to your own beliefs but wishing your own system included elements of that philosophy, you are _________.

practicing "convicted civility." experiencing "holy envy." Both A and B.

Scarcity

refers to the tension between our limited resources and our unlimited wants and needs. For an individual, resources include time, money and skill. For a country, limited resources include natural resources, capital, labor force and technology. Because all of our resources are limited in comparison to all of our wants and needs, individuals and nations have to make decisions regarding what goods and services they can buy and which ones they must forgo. So, because of scarcity, people and economies must make decisions over how to allocate their resources. Economics, in turn, aims to study why we make these decisions and how we allocate our resources most efficiently.

Microeconomics

shows us how individuals and firms respond to changes in price and why they demand what they do at particular price levels. Micro and macroeconomics are intertwined; as economists gain understanding of certain phenomena, they can help nations and individuals make more informed decisions when allocating resources. The systems by which nations allocate their resources can be placed on a spectrum where the command economy is on the one end and the market economy is on the other. The market economy advocates forces within a competitive market, which constitute the "invisible hand", to determine how resources should be allocated. The command economic system relies on the government to decide how the country's resources would best be allocated. In both systems, however, scarcity and unlimited wants force governments and individuals to decide how best to manage resources and allocate them in the most efficient way possible.

elements of liberal society

we can say what we want, rules, are not the property, of 1 person Enter into a solemn union Frame laws that protect individual rights while maintaining order Administer laws in equity and justice Adjust, remove, and add laws as needed with similar motives