American History TOPIC 1- Dr. Michot

Cotton and Corn (maize)

2 main forms of Native American agriculture

Shaman

A person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits, especially among some peoples of northern Asia and North America. Typically such people enter a trance state during a ritual, and practice divination and healing.

Norte Chico

Civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. Participated in mound culture and still well preserved mound culture today.

Clan/Council type government

Families with power who make decisions for the entire village. Consisted of "elders" or people who are wiser and capable of making decisions for the entire tribe. They participate in discussions and group decisions. (side note: sound familiar??? Possibly English Parliament and eventually todays US government???)

Cahokia

Located across the river from St. Louis, they were the largest Native American society prior to European arrival. This tribe also had exasperated mound culture. (Name of the tribe?) Side note: it was very well preserved

hunter/gatherer society

Society where all or most food is obtained from wild plants or animals. Paleo-Indian trait.

Deer Skin Trade (traded slavery)

The Europeans who populated South Carolina wanted deer skin that the Native Americans were making and using. The Europeans sold their people as slaves, in return for the deer skin that they wanted. This became known as the Deer Skin trade.

Voluntary Slavery

The Native Americans sold family members or themselves in for slavery, so they could receive protection for the rest of their lives from the slave owner. They probably also received a small pension from the person they traded with. Mainly used for PROTECTION.

Paleo-Indian

The first Native Americans, consisting of Aborigines, Clovis, and Folsom. Traits associated was that they were hunter-gatherers, and used stone tools and weapons. The small bands of nomadic people who first populated North America. The first peoples who entered, and subsequently inhabited, the American continents during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period. AMERICAN!!!!

Neolithic

Traits were the wheel and using agriculture. Of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. EUROPEAN!!!!

Matchlock (arquebuse)

Type of gun used by Europeans in 1500s. Took very long to fire, and most of the time was not likely to fire correctly.

Mound Culture

Used to bury royalty and things of power belonging to royalty amongst the different Indian tribes. Lasted 1500 years before Columbus. Common trading place for different tribes.

Sometimes peaceful, sometimes war-like. War-like mostly towards other tribes that they didn't get along with, and sometimes against Europeans.

Were the Native Americans war-like or peaceful?

Norte Chico, Inca, Mexica, and Cahokia

What are some civilizations that participated in mound culture?

They didn't use a prison system because they were nomadic, so a criminal was usually sold into slavery. In extreme cases they were slaughtered.

What did the Native Americans do with criminals?

Parradon

Controlling group who protects decisions (term)

Yes, they had an economy of trade, raiding, hunting and gathering, agriculture, and gender roles.

Did Native Americans have an Economy?

Not much, the only exception to the Native Americans manufacturing was in the Northern East Coast, where they made shells and sold them. The shells were popular because they were seen as a form of wealth. Other than the shell manufacturing, the Native Americans stuck to growing the raw materials to sell to the Europeans. The Europeans took the raw materials and manufactured them into something "cool" and sold it for more money.

Did the Native Americans manufacture?

Chipco in China

Discovered to be the oldest civilization in the world, older than the Egyptians. Had their own form of writing, which Native Americans picked up on.

The Native Americans had clans of elders who made group decisions for that entire tribe. The Europeans, specifically England, took this idea of this form government back to their "home" country. The English later created the Parliamentary and when creating different English colonies of America used it to form the government we still use today.

How did the Native American Government change the Europeans form of government?

They had a scribe in most villages who documented important meetings, censorship, etc., because majority of them were illiterate. The scribe wrote on ropes by tying knots in different colors.

How did the Native Americans document things/write?

Around 4 million individuals and "500 nations." (could be more)

How many Native Americans were in North America?

Europe was very warlike, participating in many Religious Hate Crimes. Their was fighting of which religion would rule, at the time it was Christianity, but other Religions disagreed and rebelled. This is different from Native Americans, because one, they had one primary belief system, so they weren't fighting over Religion. And two, Native Americans fluctuated between warlike and peaceful, while Europeans were very warlike.

In Europe during the 1500s, was it peaceful or warlike? How is it different from Native Americans?

Corn

Large agricultural production of this crop. It was the only cross bred mass crop that was edible. (What was this Native American crop?)

1. No horses for fast travel to different areas 2. Europeans had guns, which were fatal when shot by one 3. They were not immune to the diseases that were brought over by Europeans, causing an 80% death rate and they didn't reproduce

List 3 disadvantages of Native American, that may cause them to lose power

1. Advanced weaponry, such as guns and gunpowder. 2. Horses, which were not native to North America. 3. Had ships filled with more Europeans to replace the 80% of population who were dying of disease

List 3 powerful advantages that Europeans had

1. Nation of only 300 2. Not immune to Native American disease, 80% failure/death rate 3. Native Americans fought at distances, so their guns and training designed for face-to-face combat didn't work 4. They were foreign to American land 5. Gunpowder did not work in rain

List 5 disadvantages of the Europeans, which caused them to be inferior

1. Nation of millions 2. Weapons such as, spears, hatchets and bow and arrows, which helped them fight at distances. 3. Fighting at distances gave them less of a fatality rate, because they weren't visible to the Europeans and to far for a European weapon. 4. Their weapons worked in all weather conditions 5. They were familiar with the land and used it to their advantage, especially the mountains

List 5 powerful advantages Native Americans had

Agricultural society

Neolithic trait. Rely mainly on domesticated farm species.

Folsom

Populated North America 10,000 years ago. The culture is distinguished by fluted stone projectile points or spearheads.

Clovis

Populated North America 15,000 years ago. The culture is distinguished by heavy, leaf-shaped stone spearheads.

Aborigines

Populated North America 30,000 years ago. A person, animal, or plant that has been in a country or region from earliest times.

Each village was in charge of making different types of leaders/chiefs (side note: Europeans catch onto this). The leaders were equally powerful overall, but had specialized power in the type of leadership they were taught (ex: some taught to become great traders, some taught to become great fishers, etc.). They also used a Clan/Council type government.

What form of government did the Native Americans have?

80% death rate of Native Americans. Died from disease brought by Europeans, not from battle. Native Americans couldn't replace each other, because America was their "home territory," they couldn't just send another ship with new immigrants.

What happened to Native Americans after coming in contact with Europeans?

Well adapted to their own environment, but vulnerable to the technologies European warfare possessed. They lacked immunity to European diseases. Started to strengthen themselves with European technology; using things such as, domestic animals, horses, guns and metalwork. They benefited and depended on their role in European fur trade.

What technology did Native American's have?

Most were nomadic tribes and developed a form of hunting, farming or fishing. It is estimated that their was at least 4 million Native Americans in 1500. Diverse culture with hundreds of different languages among tribes.

What was Native American culture?

Native Americans taught Europeans to make deer skin stuffed with cotton. The Europeans caught on and brought it back to Europe to trade.

What was one way the Native Americans taught Europeans to adapt?

Europeans were monotheistic (believing in one God)/Christian vs. the Native Americans who were polytheistic (believing in many gods/believing in everything being a god or having a spirit).

What was the European belief system and how did it differ from Native Americans?

The Europeans had centralization of power of the King. The King of each country was in charge of that entire country.

What was the European form of government during the 1500s?

They were polytheistic, believing everything had a spirit. They believed in hallucinations, shamans, and the spirit world.

What was the Native American belief system?

They didn't have much of a concept of property. The Native Americans didn't have much wealthy property, since they were nomadic. Used the land, but didn't own it. They did have a slave system, and the slaves were their property. Treaty making.

What was the Native American concept of property?

The Neolithic Age occurred essentially around the end of the Stone Age. It was a time when people were looking to make their lives easier where they could and that's where the invention of the wheel came into being. By being able to displace weight on the wheel, it became easier to haul items between various points and even haul heavier items than before. One could say that the invention of the wheel is the backbone of many other inventions that we use today.

What was the Neolithic wheel?

Captured slaves

When the Native Americans raided, either other Indian tribes or European colonies, and captured people to keep for slavery or trade off with another tribe for slavery.

Native American Trade Economy

When the Native Americans traded with other tribes, they sometimes met on mounds. They traded many things, including slaves. They also traded raw material with Europeans, who could make things with the raw material.

The first inhabitants of the western hemisphere (or Americas) were "immigrants" themselves. They were nomadic hunters who began migrating from Asia across the Bering Strait.

Where did Native Americans come from?

Criminals, foreigners, captured slaves, traded slaves, and voluntary slaves.

Who did Native Americans use as slaves?

The argument of who was superior could sway in either's favor, but many things point to the Native American advantage. Most say Native Americans always have the advantage because they never adapted to European culture.

Who was superior in 1492 or 1500s? Native Americans or Europeans?

Europeans, they were the first interpretation of the life of Native Americans and kept documentation on them. Jennings school taught this.

Who was the parradon of Native Americans?

Native Americans

Who were the people who populated the Americas before the arrival of Columbus?

To create hallucinations for spiritual purposes

Why did the Native Americans use drugs, specifically hallucinogens?

Native American Gender Roles

Women were the ones tending in the fields, while men were at home.