AMH 2020 Exam 2

what type of people were drawn to the progressive reform movement,

"Progressives", they were optimistic, largely urban middle-class men and women from both political parties, from all parts of the country.modernizers. They accepted the capitalist system, it just needed some adjustments. Things needed to be fixed before the masses turned to Socialism and revolted.They were Democrats, Republicans, Socialists, and independents.

Theodore Roosevelt

(was) Republican platform insisted on keeping the protective tariff, called for increased foreign trade, pledged to uphold the gold standard, favored expansion of the merchant marine, promoted a strong navy, and praised Roosevelt's foreign and domestic policy he started after the assassination of William McKinley. Alton Parker a former lawyer and judge from the state of New York. Roosevelt and Parker agreed on the fundamental issues: both supported the gold standard, favored eventual independence for the Philippines, championed the rights of labor and consumers, and condemned monopoly. Believed in Control of Corporations, Conservation, Consumer Protection

Webb-Kenyon Interstate Liquor Shipments Act, 1913

- Passed over the president Taft veto, the law barred the interstate transportation of liquor in dry states

Constitutional Amendments

16th Amendment - Income tax - Aimed at the wealthy to redistribute the wealth - 1% tax on incomes all the way up to 6% on income of $100,000 17th Amendment - Direct election of senators - The people elect senators instead of state legislature appointing them, cut down on political corruption 18th Amendment - Prohibition - Banned the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol. This amendment caused more problems than it was worth 19th Amendment - Votes for Women - When Woodrow Wilson first entered office he was against the vote for women. However, thanks to the war effort by women during WW I, Wilson threw his support behind this amendment

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I. November of 1917 under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of the war on the grounds that the war did not serve the best interests of the working class, that it was a conflict between rival capitalist elites interested only in wealth and power and indifference to the slaughter of soldiers in the trenches. In March 1918, Lenin signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk that added to Germany's territory and resources and enabled Germany to shift its eastern forces the western front. Russia's exit from the war hurt the Allies.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

1930 - With some misgivings, Hoover signed this protectionist measure because he hoped that it would aid hard-pressed farmers by protecting them from foreign competition. Instead, a global tariff war ensued, and all trade suffered. The bill raised the general duties to 42%, the highest in the nation's history. The protective tariff policy was abandoned with the adoption of reciprocal trade agreements from 1934

Rise of Japan WWII

1931 Japanese claimed Chinese saboteurs dynamited a section of the South Manchurian Railway and the Japanese 'peace force' that was in Manchuria to protect the railway, reacted to this act of Chinese "aggression". = Mukden Incident. In actuality, the Japanese engineered the incident to justify the invasion of Manchuria.Japanese launched a full-scale invasion of China. They were able to capture several key Chinese cities but were unable to dislodge the government of Chiang-Kai-Shek from the city of Nanking. This began an incident known as "The Rape of Nanking", where 350,000 innocent were brutally murdered.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill Pledging the two nations to freedom of the seas and free trade as well as the rate of national self-determination.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents After the invasion of Ethiopia American legislators fearing that another European war would follow, began designing legal safeguards to prevent the U.S. from being dragged into the conflict. From 1935 to 1937 the Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts. One forbid loans to nations at war.(remember nations defaulted on WW I loans) Another act empowered the president to warn American citizens that might travel on ships of nations at war that they traveled at their own risk (i.e. Lusitania, or Sussex).The 1937 act for Prohibited selling arms to nations at war and required nations to pay cash for non-military goods & to transport them in their own ships

Battle of Midway

4-6 June 1942, was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Interceptions and decoding of Japanese messages provided the United States with prior knowledge of the Japanese planned invasion of Midway. Held by US forces, Midway was aptly named as it was roughly midway across the vast Pacific Ocean. US forces under the command of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz were ready for the Japanese. The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, compared to the loss of one US carrier, the Yorktown. The battle not only marked the first major US victory in the Pacific - it was the beginning of the end for the Japanese. From this point on the war was no longer a war to stop the advance of Japan - it was a war to roll back the Japanese.

Ida Tarbell

A member of an influential group of investigative journalists known as the "Muckrakers". Wrote "history of the standard oil company" in McClures magazine which Chronicled the illegal methods Rockefeller had used to take over the oil industry. Also wrote abt the tariff.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

John Jacob Raskob

Advises people that they could get rich by investing very little money in the stock market. He is a sign of the economic optimism of the 1920's. American financier who played a major role in the early 20th-century expansion of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. and of General Motors Corporation. "Everybody Ought to be Rich," (an article he wrote for the Ladies Home Journal in August, 1929)—His role as Democratic National Chairman from 1928 to 1932, backing the unsuccessful bid of Al Smith for president,

Bataan Death March

April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route.On 9 April Bataan fell to the Japanese. 35,000 American and Filipino troops were captured and forced on the Bataan Death March from Balanga to San Fernando. US and Filipino troops at Corregidor surrendered on 6 May 6, 1942.

Atlanta Compromise

At an Atlanta exposition in 1895, Washington argued that African Americans should accommodate themselves to segregation and lack of voting rights until they could prove their economic worth to American society. In exchange, white people should help provide black people with the education and job training they would need to gain their independence.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior for Taft, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska (shady dealings in coal lands) against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, and made environmental policies with Roosevelt, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, fired Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party and led to Roosevelt seeking nomination in 1912 election.

Emergency Banking Act

Banks determined to be essentially sound were reopened, others received federal assistance to reopen.Provide federal loans to private banks

Battle of Britain

British began to withstand Hitler's attack which began in mid June 1941 wave after wave of German bombers targeted British military installations and cities killing tens of thousands of civilians. The outgunned Royal Air Force fought as hard as Churchhill had predicted and finally won the battle of Britain by November clearing German bombers from British skies And handing Hitler his first defeat. Advance knowledge of German plans aided British pilots who had access to the new technology of radar and decoded top-secret German military communications.

Keating-Owen Bill

Child labor law 1916 which Outlaw the regular employment of children younger than 16

The Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers, Roosevelt policies and the belief that government should work the benefit of all, not just the wealthy or special interest groups.

AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act

Establish a national agricultural policy Attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; reworked after the Supreme Court ruled its key regulatory provisions unconstitutional in 1936; coordinated farm production during World War II, after which it was disbanded. Authorized the domestic Allotment plan which paid farmers not to grow crops.

What types of people were drawn to the new populist political movements?

Farmers, factory workers, immigrants, city folk, African-Americans, women, and progressive intellectuals. Coalition of advocacy groups for the elderly in the poor, traditional progressive, leftist, social workers and labor unions.

Spanish Civil War

From 1936 to 1939 there was a civil war in Spain. Spanish rebels under the leadership of Fascist Francisco Franco staged a revolt to overthrow the republican government in Spain. As odd as this may sound the Spanish Civil War served as a dress rehearsal for World War II. Franco's forces were armed with German and Italian weapons and soldiers. The German Air Force also conducted bombing runs over the country. In the end, the loyalists were no match for Franco's forces. While all of this was occurring in Spain the American, British and French governments did nothing. However, private citizens from the aforementioned nations volunteered and fought with the loyalist forces. As a matter of fact 3,000 men from this country known as the "Abraham Lincoln Brigade" served in Spain.

Social Security Act

Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health; continues today

what drew the US into the war?

However, the British had imposed a naval blockade on German ports to prevent munitions and supplies from reaching the enemy. A truly neutral response to the blockade would have been to stop trading with Britain as well. But while the U.S. could survive an interruption of its relatively modest trade with the Central Powers, it could not weather an embargo on its much more extensive trade with the Allies, particularly when war orders from Britain and France soared after 1914, helping to produce one of the greatest economic booms in the nation's history up to that time. America ignored the blockade of Germany and continued trading with Britain. By 1915, the U.S. had gradually transformed itself from a neutral power into the arsenal of the Allies.President Wilson warned Germany of its "strict accountability" for any American losses resulting from U-boat attacks.submarine U-20 sunk Lusitania killing 100 americans.The Arabic pledge (Sept 1) promised that U-boats would stop and warn liners unless they tried to resist or escape. Germany also apologized for American deaths on the Arabic, and for the rest of 1915, U-boats hunted freighters, not passenger liners. On February 25, 1917, the British gave Wilson a message that the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, had telegraphed to the Mexican government. It said that in the event that the United States declared war on Germany, Germany would finance a Mexican attack on the U.S., which would keep the American army at home. When Germany won the war, Mexico would be rewarded with the return of the "lost provinces" of New Mexico and Arizona, taken by the U.S. after the Mexican War 70 years earlier. The Zimmerman Telegram did cause a temporary uproar and Wilson did receive permission to arm merchant ships. Then in the first two weeks of March 1917, four American merchant ships were sunk by German submarines. On April 2, 1917, Wilson delivered his war message, declaring that neutrality was no longer possible.

CPI

In 1917, Wilson created a new agency, The Committee on Public Information (CPI), to popularize the war. Under the leadership of George Creel, a Midwestern progressive and muckraker, the CPI distributed 75 million copies of pamphlets explaining U.S. war aims in several languages. It trained a force of 75,000 "Four Minute Men" to deliver short and to the point, uplifting war speeches to numerous groups in their hometowns and cities. The CPI papered the walls of virtually every public institution with posters, placed advertisements in mass-circulation magazines, sponsored exhibits and sent rewritten editorials to newspaper editors on the progress of the war.

Rise of Mussolini WWII

In 1922 Benito Mussolini, a fascist dictator came to power in Italy. He seeks to restore the glory of the Roman Empire. In 1935 the Italian Army invaded and conquered the African nation of Ethiopia. The League of Nations condemned

The Jazz Singer

In 1929 the first "talkie" (film with sound)made its appearance, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson. The advent of sound signaled the end to many movie careers. During the silent era, many movie stars were foreign-born, with heavy accents, that simply wouldn't sell tickets at the box office.

What is the remaining legacy of President Roosevelt's First Hundred Days?

It caused a shift in government philosophy causing Americans to believe that the federal government has a responsibility to ensure the nation's economy and the welfare of its citizens.

Buying on Margin

Lack of government regulation allowed false or economically unstable businesses to offer stocks to the public. Many who purchased these stocks had no idea the viability of the company they were buying into. Brokerage firms were equally guilty of adding to the mania by offering easy credit to purchase stocks. This was called "Buying on Margin", all a customer had to do was come up with 10 to 15% of the purchase price of the stock and the balance was in the form of a loan.

Bracero Program

Large numbers of Mexican workers entered the US during the war in response to labor shortages on the Pacific Coast, in the Southwest, and eventually in almost all areas of the nation. The American and Mexican governments agreed in 1942 to a program by which braceros (contract laborers) would be admitted to the US for a limited time to work at specific jobs, and American employers in some parts of the Southwest began to actively recruit Hispanic workers.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher, working in military communications and speaking their own languages (the enemy forces never broke the code) over the radio and telephone.

TVA Tennessee Valley Authority Act

Promote economic development of the Tennessee Valley. An attempt at regional planning The TVA harnessed the flood waters of the Tennessee River and its tributaries for conversion to electricity. With operations covering 41,000 square miles in 7 states, the TVA also practiced soil conservation, reforestation, and manufactured fertilizers at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Continues today to meet the Tennessee Valley's energy and flood-control needs

What effect did the battle over Social Security have on President Roosevelt?

Roosevelt felt contempt for the moneyed elite who ignore the suffering the poor. He looked for a way to redistribute wealth and weaken conservative opposition advance the cause of social equity and defuse political challenges from Huey Long and father Coughlin.

100 Days

Roosevelt's first 100 days in office, the major programs of the New Deal were born.

Fireside Chats

Series of informal radio addresses Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in which he explained new deal initiatives. The chats helped bolster Roosevelts popularity and secured popular support for his reforms.

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US. Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, a loose defensive alliance that seemed to extend the Axis into Asia.

Black Cabinet

The Black Cabinet, or Federal Council of Negro Affairs or Black Brain Trust, was the informal term for a group of African Americans who served as public policy advisors to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor Roosevelt in his terms in office from 1933 to 1945.

Bull-Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson Party called Women's suffrage, presidential primaries, conservation of natural resources, end child labor, Worker's Compensation, a living wage for both men and women workers, Social Security, health insurance, and a federal income tax

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."The campaign pushed the federal government to require defense contractors to integrate their work forces. In response Franklin Roosevelt authorized a committee to investigate and prevent racial discrimination employment.

Warren Harding

The Republican platform in the 1920 election condemned the Wilson administration for unpreparedness in war as well as peace, opposed U.S. entry into the League of Nations on Wilson's terms, and advocated a federal budget system, a protective tariff, stricter immigration requirements, and "equal pay for equal service" for women. Harding's opponent was James M. Cox had served in the U.S. House 1900-1913 and as governor of Ohio 1913-1915, and 1917-1921. Cox proved himself to be a Progressive as governor, instituting many reforms. The Democratic platform looked to the League of Nations "as the surest, if not the only, practicable means of maintaining the permanent peace of the world". They also advocated tax reform, a tariff for revenue only, adoption of a federal budget system, and federal efforts to eradicate illiteracy. This election was a referendum on the Wilson administration and the League of Nations, which Cox supported wholeheartedly. Despite his Senate record against the League, Harding, straddled the issue, speaking in terms that led both pro-and anti- League advocates to believe he was on their side. Cox opposed prohibition, Harding had voted for it. League of Nations - President Harding informed Congress in April 1921 "The League Covenant can have no sanction by us." The statement ended the suspense over whether the president would support or oppose U.S. entry into the League of Nations. He did advocate American participation in the World Court, created by the League to arbitrate international legal disputes, but he could not marshal the Senate votes necessary for ratification. Formal Conclusion of World War I - Because Republicans had rejected Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, it fell to President Harding to formally conclude World War I. On July 2, 1921, he was summoned off a golf course in New Jersey by a White House aide who was to hand deliver the document for the president's signature. At the home of a friend Senator Joseph Frelinghuysen, where he had been visiting, the president looked over the document. Still dressed in his golf clothes, he then signed the treaty on a mahogany table in his host's living room. "That's all" he said The war was over. Harding sped back to the links to finish his round of golf. Budget Bureau - In 1921 President Harding established the Bureau of the Budget, which for the first time placed formal budgetary restraints on federal spending. Debs Pardon - Although Harding refused to grant a general amnesty to those convicted of nonviolent antiwar activities during WW I, he ordered the Justice Department to review clemency petitions on a case-by-case basis and pardoned the period's most celebrated wartime protestor, Eugene Debs, the leader of the Socialist Party, Civil Rights - Harding was the first president since the Civil War to speak out on southern soil for the rights of blacks. Tariff - The Emergency Tariff Act of 1921 and the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922 raised duties to an average rate of 38% and singled out for special protection the chemical, drug and other American industries that had arisen during the war. These tariffs replaced the Underwood Tariff, in other words, all the work the Wilson administration had done to lower the tariff was completely undone by these two acts.

Lend-Lease

The president asked Congress to approve a new program called, Lend-Lease, it allowed the government not only to sell but to lend or lease armaments to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States". In other words, America could funnel weapons to England on basis of no more than Britain's promise to return or pay for them when the war was over. Isolationists angrily denounced Lend-Lease, arguing correctly that it was simply a device to tie the United States more closely to the Allies; but Congress enacted the bill by a wide margin.

To what degree did the economy recover during Roosevelt's second term?

The stubborn realities of unemployment and poverty and the reduction in deficit spending reversed the improving economy. Unfortunately, the effect was to remove 4 billion dollars from the economy, causing a very sharp recession. Roosevelt's initial reaction was to let the economy run its course, while trying to talk about confidence and cooperation between labor and industry. This approach had little effect. It was not until April 1938, that Roosevelt changed course and supported renewed government spending. The spending had almost an immediate effect and began to relieve the recession; long before defense purchasing ended it completely in 1939.

UNIA

Universal Negro Improvement Association, Many disillusioned poor urban blacks turned to new leader ship of the Jamaican born visionary Marcus Garvey who urged African-Americans to rediscover the heritage of Africa take pride in their own achievements and maintain racial purity.

What was President Wilson's approach to foreign policy? How did he apply those principles in Mexico in 1914?

Wilson initially chose a course of moral diplomacy, designed to bring right to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other people the blessings of democracy. In reality he authorized US military intervention in Nicaragua Haiti and the Dominican Republic paving the way for US banks and corporations to take financial control. In Mexico 1914: General Victoriano Huerta ousted Madero in 1913, threw him in jail, and arranged for his murder. Most European nations immediately recognized Huerta as head of the Mexican government, but Wilson, calling him a "butcher" refused to do so. Instead, he announced a new policy toward revolutionary regimes in Latin America. To win American recognition, they must not only exercise power but reflect "a just government based upon law, not upon arbitrary force." Early in 1914, he stationed naval ships off Mexico's ports to cut off arms shipments to the Huerta regime.With Wilson's approval, American warships shelled the harbor, and marines went ashore. Against heavy resistance, they took the city. Outraged, Mexicans of all factions denounced the invasion, and for a time the two countries hovered on the edge of war. Retreating hastily, Wilson explained that he desired only to help Mexico. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile came to Wilson's aid with an offer to mediate the dispute, and tensions eased. In July 1914, weakened by an armed rebellion, Huerta resigned. Wilson recognized the new government, headed by Venustiano Carranza, an associate of Madero.Pancho Villa, one of Carranza's generals, revolted. Hoping to goad the United States into an action that would help him seize power, he raided border towns, injuring American civilians. In January, he removed 17 Americans from a train in Mexico and murdered them. Two months later he invaded Columbus, New Mexico, killing 16 Americans and burning the town. Stationing militia along the border, Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing on an expedition to seize Villa in Mexico. Pershing led 6,000 troops deep into Mexican territory. At first, Carranza agreed to the search for Villa, but as the Americans pushed farther and farther into his country, he changed his mind. As the wily Villa eluded Pershing, Carranza protested bitterly, and Wilson, worried about events in Europe, ordered Pershing home. Wilson's policy had admirable goals; he wanted to help the Mexicans achieve political and agrarian reform. But his motives and methods were condescending. Wilson tried to impose gradual progressive reform on a society sharply divided along class and other lines. With little forethought, he interfered in the affairs of another country, and in doing so he revealed the themes - moralism, combined with self-interest and a desire for peace

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

established by Congress in 1932, Hoover created an agency to help banks, railroads, and others stay in business. The RFC loaned money to companies that were sound but were hampered by a lack of operating capital. However, the RFC was not popular, people in big personal trouble saw the RFC not as an agency for recovery but as relief for big business while they were told to fend for themselves.

Dunkirk

port in France from which 300,000 Allied troops were evacuated when their retreat by land was cut off by the German advance in 1940.The Germans, due to the speed in which they moved (Blitzkrieg, means "Lightning War") split French and English forces in two. The British troops were in a tight spot. The German army to their front and the English Channel to their backs. The British managed to evacuate their troops and some French units from the port at Dunkirk. The British people rose to the occasion by mobilizing virtually every ship or boat capable of crossing the English Channel. The motley fleet returned nearly 340,000 men to England to wait for a German invasion.

What message did Marcus Garvey preach to African Americans through his organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association?

(a Jamaican black nationalist)racial redemption,only black racial solidarity could overturn the traditions that pitted blacks against each other, locked out of the privileges of white society, dreamed of an independent black Africa; from Booker T. Washington he adopted the doctrine of economic self-help, Its purpose was racial unity; its program included the strengthening of self-identity and racial pride, education, international commerce, industry, and the reconstruction of an independent black Africa.With a new weekly, the Negro World, Garvey advanced his crusade for pride in black heritage and separatism. The paper celebrated the beauty of black skin color and African features; his editorials echoed B.T. Washington's message of economic self-reliance, but with a new militant tone.

Calvin Coolidge

(was) Republican platform favored tax reduction, extension of civil service protection to postmasters and Prohibition enforcement field forces, collection of foreign debts, protective tariff, U.S. participation in the World Court but not in the League of Nations, aid to farmers by expanding export markets, a constitutional amendment banning child labor, the eight-hour workday, creation of a cabinet-level department of education, federal encouragement of commercial aviation, and a federal anti-lynching law. The Progressive Party nominated Robert La Follette, their platform favored using the powers of the federal government to end monopoly, public ownership of water resources and the railroads, an increase in the inheritance tax, an excess profits tax, relief for farmers, election of all federal judges, a child labor amendment, an end to sex discrimination, and multinational agreements to outlaw war. The Democrats nominated John W. Davis and their platform favored a reduction in the tariff, a graduated income tax, relief for farmers, land reclamation, federal regulation of the coal industry, limits on individual campaign contributions, enforcement of Prohibition, independence for the Philippines, multilateral disarmament, a national referendum to decide whether to join the League of Nations, rigorous enforcement of antitrust laws, development of government and commercial aviation, and public works programs in times of high unemployment. With the country prosperous, the nation at peace, and the integrity of the executive branch restored in the wake of the Harding scandals, the Republican slogan "Keep Cool with Coolidge" caught the popular mood.

Bob La Follette

- Attorney General, Representative, Senator and Governor of Wisconsin. - Fought against the Big Banks. targeted railroad industry, taxed railroad property. (will of people). He introduced reforms to give voters a more direct voice in government.

Antitrust Policy

- Taft enforced the antitrust laws as faithfully and vigorously as his predecessor. Actually, the Taft administration brought more corporations into court under the Sherman Antitrust Act than the Roosevelt administration

Federal Trade Commission, 1914

- The creation of this agency allowed small business to better compete with big business. This commission was authorized to investigate the business practices of interstate corporations and order an end to unfair methods of competition.

Reform at the federal level/ amendments

16th Amendment - Income tax - Aimed at the wealthy to redistribute the wealth - 1% tax on incomes all the way up to 6% on income of $100,000 17th Amendment - Direct election of senators - The people elect senators instead of state legislature appointing them, cut down on political corruption 18th Amendment - Prohibition - Banned the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol. This amendment caused more problems than it was worth 19th Amendment - Votes for Women - When Woodrow Wilson first entered office he was against the vote for women. However, thanks to the war effort by women during WW I, Wilson threw his support behind this amendment

Underwood Tariff

1913 - This act replaced the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. To make good on campaign promises to lower the tariff, President Wilson addressed Congress in person to urge immediate action. Congress responded with this act, which reduced the average rate from 41 to 27 percent, the first substantial reduction on the tariff since 1857. This bill also provided for a federal income tax in accordance with the 16th Amendment, placing a 1 percent tax on individual incomes above $3,000 and an additional graduated surtax of 1-6 percent on incomes above $20,000.

Federal Reserve Act

1913 by Woodrow Wilson, Established a national banking system composed of 12 regional banks, privately controlled but regulated and supervised by the federal reserve board appointed by the president. It gave the US it's first efficient banking and currency system and provided for a greater degree of government control over banking. The new system made currency more elastic and credit adequate for the needs of business and agriculture

Espionage Act

1917 gave the government the new tools to respond to such reports (urging citizens to notify the Justice Department when they came upon "the man who spreads the pessimistic stories...cries for peace, or belittles our efforts to win the war."). It created stiff penalties for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort (crimes that were often broadly defined). This act also gave the post office the right to confiscate "seditious" material.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. It largely reversed the policy of the dawes act of 1887 which encouraged Native Americans to assimilate to abandon their identities and adopt a cultural norms of the majority society. It gave Native Americans lil economic aid but it did restore the right to own land communally and have greater control over their own affairs. It brought little immediate relief but it provided an important foundation for Indians economic cultural And political resurgence.

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."Between 1934 and 1936, a Senate investigating committee headed by Republican Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held well-publicized hearings on U.S. participation in World War I. The Nye committee endorsed the claims that the nation had been maneuvered into the war to preserve the profits of American bankers and munitions makers, who had developed a large financial stake in an Anglo-French victory.

Why was the Wagner Act such a landmark piece of legislation for labor?

1935 law they guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize and to unions also known as the national Labour relations act. Following the passage of the act union membership skyrocketed to 30% of the workforce. put the might of federal law behind appeals of labor leaders. If the majority of workers at a company voted for a union the union became the sole bargaining agent for the entire workplace and the employer was required to negotiate with elected union leaders.

Korematsu v. the United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war. Roosevelt secured Stalin's promise to promote votes of self determination in the eastern European countries occupied by the red army. The allies supported Jiang Jieshi as a leader of China, the Soviet union obtained a role in the postwar governments of Korea & Manchuria in exchange for entering the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany. The big three also agreed on the creation of a new international peacekeeping organization of the United Nations. All nations would have a place in the UN General assembly but the security council would wield decisive power and its permanent representatives from the Allied powers China France Great Britain and the Soviet union the US would possess a veto over UN actions.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. Nearly 1200 people died, 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. British steamship Lusitania set sail from New York to Liverpool. Secretly, it carried a load of ammunition as well as passengers. In a series of diplomatic notes, Wilson demanded a change in German policy. The first Lusitania note (May 13, 1915) called on Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare, disavow the sinking, and compensate for lost American lives. Germany sent an evasive reply, and Wilson drafted a second note (June 9) insisting on specific pledges. Fearful the demand would lead to war, Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned rather than sign the note. Wilson sent it anyway and followed it with a third note (July 21) almost an ultimatum- warning Germany that the United States would view similar sinkings as "deliberately unfriendly". Unknown to Wilson, Germany had already ordered U-boat commanders not to sink passenger liners without warning. In August 1915, a U-boat mistakenly torpedoed the British liner Arabic, killing two Americans. Wilson protested, and Germany, eager to keep the U.S. out of the war, backed down. The Arabic pledge (Sept 1) promised that U-boats would stop and warn liners unless they tried to resist or escape.

The Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. Murdered Europe's Jews along with other groups the Nazis deemed undesirable such as gypsies religious and political dissenters homosexuals and others to concentration camps were old people children and others deemed too weak to work were systematically killed. Despite reports of the ongoing genocide the allies did almost nothing to interfere and 11 million people were killed.

John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath

A novelist that wrote about hardships in his classic study of economic heartbreak in 1939, "The Grapes of Wrath". was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression. Okies came from the dust bowl of Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas and Colorado were chronic drought and harmful agricultural practices blasted crops and hopes. They were parched poor and windblown and migrated to the lush fields & orchards of California congregating in labor camps and hoping to find work in the future. But migrant laborers seldom found steady or secure work

Why did educated women play a prominent role in the American settlement house movement?

Addams Part of a new generation of college-educated, independent women that historians have called "New Women," she sought to put her education to greater use. In 1889, Addams and Starr founded Hull House in Chicago's poor, industrial west side, the first settlement house in the United States. The goal was for educated women to share all kinds of knowledge, from basic skills to arts and literature with poorer people in the neighborhood. They also envisioned women living in the community center, among the people they served. Gave college educated women eager to use their knowledge a place to put their talents to work in the service of society and 2 champion progressive reform

Niagara Movement

African American leaders grew increasingly impatient with this kind of treatment, and in 1905 a group of them, led by sociologist W.E.B. DuBois, met near Niagara Falls, New York. They met on the Canadian side of the Falls since no hotels on the American side would take them. There they pledged action in the matters of voting, equal access to economic opportunity, integration, and equality before the law. Rejecting Booker T. Washington gradualist approach, the Niagara Movement claimed for African Americans "every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil, and social; and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest." The Niagara Movement focused on equal rights and education of African American youth, of whom it said, "They have the right to know, to think, to aspire." Keeping alive a program of militant action, it spawned later civil rights movements. DuBois was its inspiration. In The Souls of Black Folk (1903) and other works, he called eloquently for justice and equality. "By every civilized and peaceful method, we must strive for the right which the world accords to man."

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 the pledge to renounce war and settle international disputes peacefully made by Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Under its terms, 15 countries - the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa, Italy, Japan, Poland, and Czechoslovakia - agreed to renounce war as a means of settling international disputes. Eventually, another 47 nations joined the pact, virtually the entire civilized world except for Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, El Salvador, and Yemen. It is also known as the Pact of Paris or the Pact of Peace.

George Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history. Propelled by American tank units commanded by him the allied armies defeated the Germans in north Africa in 1943. The north African campaign push the Germans out of Africa made the Mediterranean safe for allied shipping and open the door for an allied invasion of Italy.

WPA Works Progress Administration

Although critics charged that the WPA, amounted to a "make work" scheme, the program found useful employment for a wide range of skills. WPA employees constructed 125,000 public buildings, 650,000 miles of roads, 75,000 bridges, and numerous other public facilities. Its Federal Arts Programs hired writers, artists, actors, and musicians. Disbanded by FDR during WW II

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Why did the radical left political movements fail?

American communist party worked to organize labor unions, protect the civil rights of Black people and help the destitute but the party preached the overthrow of bourgeois democracy and the destruction of capitalism in favor of Soviet style communism. Such talk Attracted few followers among the nations millions of poor and unemployed they wanted jobs and economic security within American capitalism and democracy not violent revolution to establish a dictatorship of the communist party.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.Symbol of American imperial power in Asia - the Philippines were initially attacked on December 8, 1941. By December 26 General Douglas MacArthur declared the capital Manila an open city as US defenders withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and the fortress of Corregidor. By March, MacArthur fled to Australia - before departing he gave his controversial "I Shall Return" speech. On the surface the speech appears harmless - nothing more than an attempt to bolster sagging Allied morale. But the speech also could be seen as a promise by the United States government to return to the Philippines as soon as possible - regardless of its now questionable strategic value. And the issue of Philippine return would divide Pacific battle strategy.

Escapism

American sought refuge from reality at the movies.Each week, 85 million people paid an average of 25c for adults 10c for children to see Shirley Temple, Mickey Rooney, Jean Harlow, Clark Gable, the Three Stooges in a dizzying array of adventures and fantasies. The favorite themes were escapist. Although radio stations occasionally carried socially or politically provocative programs, the staple of broadcasting was escapism; comedies such as Amos 'n Andy; adventures such as Superman, Dick Tracey, and the Lone Ranger; and other entertainment programs.

Consumer Culture

American workers became the highest paid in history and thus were able to buy the flood of new goods they were turning out on the assembly lines. The key to the new affluence lay in technology. In addition to the moving assembly line, electric motors replaced steam engines as a basic source of energy in factories. No group was more aware of the emergence of consumerism, or more responsible for creating it, then the advertising industry. During the 1920s, Americans began to borrow simply in order to live more pleasantly. Mass production of a broad range of new products such as automobiles radios refrigerators electric irons washing machines produced a consumer goods revolution. Americans increasingly defined and measured their social status and personal worth on material possessions.

Hero Worship

Americans also drew their celebrities from the movies, where stars such as comedian Charles Chaplin and the exotically handsome Rudolph Valentino stirred laughter and sexual longings in audiences. These and other figures became so familiar on the silver screen that they created an insatiable appetite among movie fans for news about their private lives as well, an interest that the movie industry was only too eager to exploit. The popular figures of the 1920s did not earn their status through their accomplishments in politics or war, but through their prowess at a game or their skill at acting in front of a camera.hero worship bestowed on Charles A. Lindbergh.None of this fame could have happened without the new machinery of celebrity culture - aggressive journalists and radio commentators, promoters, and others who understood how fame could make a profit. It mattered too, that Lindbergh performed his feat in an airplane, one of the newest and most exciting innovations of the time. But Lindbergh's celebrity involved more than just hype and technology: He accomplished what others said could not be done, and he did it on his own in a time when corporations and other institutions of power seemed to be shrinking the realm for individual initiative. Some of Lindbergh's popularity no doubt rested on his ability to demonstrate that an individual of conviction and skill could still make a difference in an increasingly industrialized and bureaucratized world.

What was the human toll of the Great Depression?

Americans simply did not interpret the Great Depression as evidence that capitalism had failed. So their initial response was to blame themselves for the hardships that had beset them. unsuccessful job seekers slumped in benches, wondering where they, not the system, had failed. Hungry, angry people rioted in St. Paul, Minnesota and other cities, storming food markets and clearing the shelves. Wisconsin dairy farmers stopped milk trucks and dumped the milk into ditches, partly in rage over the low prices paid by processors, partly to dramatize their need for help.For the most part, Americans coped with the depression peacefully and without a thought about revolution or riot. Marriage and birth rates declined, Desertion, alcoholism, and use of birth control rose. Many homeless and starved

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war. At 7:55 in the morning, just before 1 PM in Washington, squadrons of Japanese carrier-based planes caught the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor totally by surprise. In little more than an hour, they crippled our Pacific fleet and its major base, sinking 8 battleships and killing more than 2,400 American sailors.The whole country united behind Roosevelt's leadership to seek revenge for Pearl Harbor and to defeat the Axis threat to American security. Commanders in Hawaii, like most military experts, believed the Japanese would not launch an attack on a base 4 thousand miles from Japan. FDR, like too many Americans, had badly underestimated the daring and skill of the Japanese; he and the nation paid a heavy price for this cultural and racial prejudice. Perhaps the most frightening aspect of the whole episode is that it took the shock of the Japanese sneak attack to make the American people aware of the extent of the Axis threat to their well-being and lead them to end the long American retreat from responsibility.

Jazz Music

Black musicians coming north to Chicago and New York brought with them their distinctive musical styles of the blues, ragtime, and jazz. Urban audiences, first black and then white, found this new music alluring. They responded to its melodies, its sensuality, its creativity, and its savvy. In Chicago, Detroit, New York, New Orleans, and elsewhere, jazz musicians came together in cramped apartments, cabarets, and nightclubs to jam, compete, and entertain. Willie Smith, Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were among the most famous musicians of the day. By the late 1920s, they were being hailed in Europe as well. Jazz seemed to express something characteristically modern. Jazz musicians broke free of convention, improvised and produced new sounds that gave rise to new sensations. Both blacks and whites found in jazz an escape from the routine, the predictability, and the conventions of their everyday lives. One thing that helped jazz music and other forms of music for that matter was the phonograph. You know the round black disc made of vinyl with the little hole in the middle. Guess I'm showing my age, but when I was younger that was all you could get if you wanted music, then along came the 8-track, the cassette, and now CD's and MP3.

Marion Anderson

Black opera singer who was refused the right to sing in Constitution Hall by the DAR, Eleanor Roosevelt had her to perform in front of Lincoln Memorial. In 1939, however, she attempted to rent concert facilities in Washington, D.C.'s Constitution Hall, owned by the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), and was refused because of her race. This sparked widespread protest from many people, including Eleanor Roosevelt, who, along with many other prominent women, resigned from the DAR. Arrangements were made for Anderson to appear instead at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, and she drew an audience of 75,000.

"Soft Underbelly"

But the British, remembering the heavy casualties of trench warfare from WW I, preferred a perimeter approach, with air and naval attacks around the edge of the European Continent until Germany was softened up for invasion. The basic plan called for an invasion of the "Soft Underbelly" of Europe, the invasion of North Africa and Italy.FDR overruled his military advisors and American and British troops landed on the coasts of Morocco and Algeria in November of 1942. Allied troops under the leadership of American Generals Dwight Eisenhower and George Patton, British General Bernard Montgomery battled the German Afrika Korps under the leadership of Erwin Rommel. The war waged back and forth across the sand until the Germans were forced to surrender in May of 1943. Germany had been driven from Africa, leaving behind nearly 300,000 troops.On the night of July 9, 1943, American and British forces landed on the island of Sicily; 38 days later they had conquered the island and were moving to the Italian mainland. In the face of these setbacks, Mussolini's government collapsed and the dictator fled north to Germany. Although Mussolini's successor, Pietro Badoglio, quickly committed Italy to the Allies, Germany moved 8 divisions into the country and established a powerful defensive line south of Rome. Fighting continued until Rome was captured on June 4, 1944. The invasion of Italy contributed much to the Allied war effort. But it postponed the invasion of France by as much as a year, deeply embittering the Soviet Union. Many Soviet leaders believed that the US and British were deliberately delaying the cross-channel invasion in order to allow the Russians to absorb the brunt of the fighting.

William Howard Taft

Campaign and Election of 1908 This was a rather lackluster contest between Taft (Rep) and William Jennings Bryan. The campaign centered around a single theme: which candidate could most effectively carry on the popular policies of Theodore Roosevelt.The Democratic platform blamed the Roosevelt administration for bloated bureaucracy and wasteful spending. They also called for an end to corporate campaign contributions, a limit on private contributions, tariff reform, stricter antitrust laws, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission to better regulate the railroads, a bank deposit insurance program, an income tax, workmen's compensation insurance, direct election of senators, federal regulation of telegraph and telephone companies, conservation of natural resources, and independence for the Philippines. The Republican platform was almost the same as the Democrats

Woodrow Wilson

Campaign and Election of 1912 W.J. Bryan threw his support to Wilson= nomination of Democratic Party. President Taft commanded the support of most of the party, challenge to his renomination= of former president Ted Roosevelt. the Taft forces won the battle =nomination of the Republican Party. Progressive Republicans (Sometimes known as the American Progressive Party) met 1912 to nominate Roosevelt for president. John Schrank, a German immigrant bartender; shot Roosevelt, he insisted on delivering his speech as planned before going to the hospital. "I feel as strong as a bull moose." From that moment on the American Progressive Party earned the nickname the "Bull-Moose Party". With Republicans divided between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson was virtually assured of election. The idealistic Wilson believed in a principled, ethical world in which militarism, colonialism, and war were brought under control. He stressed moral purposes over material interests and said during one crisis, "The force of America is the force of moral principle." Wilson initially chose a course of moral diplomacy, designed to bring right to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other people the blessings of democracy.

Herbert Hoover

Campaign and Election of 1928 Republican praising Coolidge' prosperity and favoring deduction of the national debt, lower taxes, a protective tariff, creation of a federal farm board to aid farm prices, the right of collective bargaining, improvement of inland and intercoastal waterways, support for Prohibition, and disclosure of campaign finances. Hoover's opponent in this election was Alfred Smith, the first Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party. Smith radicalized by the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire became an active progressive championing many reforms.Both candidates agreed on the need to provide relief to farmers, develop water power, maintain the protective tariff, and conduct a noninterventionist foreign policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Campaign and Election of 1932 The Great Depression and the federal government's response to it dominated the campaign. The Republican effort concentrated its attack on Roosevelt's record as governor, which was criticized as experimental and dangerous if extended on a national level in a time of crisis. Before large, enthusiastic audiences Roosevelt set forth, although in rather vague terms, his plan to combat the depression. Campaign and Election of 1936 The dominant issue was the administration's program of economic recovery. Roosevelt's opponent, Alf Landon who approved the goals of the New Deal, concentrated his early attack on the president's methods. He claimed that waste, inefficiency, and an anti-business philosophy were combining to impede recovery. Roosevelt's defense of the New Deal and blasts at the Republicans as the party of economic disaster. Roosevelt reminded voters that it was his administration that saved the systems of private property and free enterprise from the ruins of the Hoover administration. The NAACP endorsed Roosevelt, marking a decisive shift of the black vote from the party of Lincoln to the Democrats, Campaign and Election of 1940 Two issues dominated this campaign - the war in Europe and the third term. Wendall Willkie, the Republican challenger abandoned the dominant isolationism of his party to pledge a strong stand against Hitler and to favor a military draft. On domestic issues, he supported much of the New Deal, except the Tennessee Valley Authority, promising only to make programs more cost efficient. He concentrated his attack on Roosevelt's violation of the two-term precedent established by George Washington Campaign and Election of 1944 Amid World War II, the Republican challenger Thomas Dewey declined to attack the administration's foreign policy. Dewey promised to build on some New Deal programs, such as Social Security but lambasted Roosevelt for conducting what he called the most wasteful, extravagant and incompetent administration in the nation's history.

Charles Coughlin

Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air. A Catholic priest in Detroit who in weekly radio broadcast expressed outrage of the suffering and inequities that he blamed on communist, bankers, and predatory capitalist who he claimed were mostly Jews. When he became frustrated by Roosevelt refusal to grant him influence he turned against the new deal and in 1935 founded the national union for social justice or union party to challenge Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election.

NRA National Recovery Administration

Created to revitalize the businesses. The NRA suspended the antitrust laws to foster greater cooperation among businesses on the road to recovery; price fixing was no longer legal. In return, participating businesses were required to improve working conditions and wages, reduce the workweek, end child labor, and recognize labor unions. Eventually, 750 codes of fair competition were put in place to cover 500 different types of businesses and 20 million workers. It was launched with much fanfare, but soon problems arose. Small businessmen complained that giant corporations were price fixing them out of the marketplace. Consumer prices went up markedly. And some industrialists, like Henry Ford, refused to cooperate. In 1935 the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional.

Margaret Sanger

Crusading pioneer for contraception during the progressive era. Promoted birth control movement : In 1915 advocates hoped that contraception would alter social and political power relationships by having fewer babies the working class could constrict the size of the workforce thus making possible higher wages and at the same time refuse to provide soldiers for the worlds armies. Used paper to promote BC which was illegal, and opened first BC clinic in nation. Was arrested but got out. Courted conservative American medical Association and linked birth control with eugenics movement which advocated limiting the reproduction among undesirable groups, she made contraception a respectable subject for discussion.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. The great Allied drive came to a halt at the Rhine River in the face of a firm line of German defenses and a period of cold weather, rain, and floods. In mid-December, German forces struck in desperation along a 50 mile front in the Ardennes Forest. In the Battle of the Bulge (named for a large bulge that appeared in the American lines as the Germans pressed forward), they drove 55 miles toward Antwerp before they were finally stopped at Bastogne. The battle ended serious German resistance in the west.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress, The shantytowns where the homeless dwelled

Mueller v. Oregon

Do US Supreme Court reversed its previous ruling's and upheld in Oregon law that limited to 10 the number of hours women could work in a day.

Munich Conference of 1938

During the Munich Conference of 1938, Britain and France met with Hitler, allowing him to take over Czechoslovakia as long as he agreed to expand no further. The agreement was seen as an assurance of peace. In September of 1938, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Edward Daladier flew to Munich, Germany to meet with Hitler.Hitler's next target was the German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland.An agreement was reached with Hitler allowing him to annex the Sudetenland. In return, Hitler pledged to make no more territorial claims.

Dwight Eisenhower

Eisenhower (nicknamed "Ike") later became a very popular 2 term Republican American president. He was elected because he was a WWII war hero. Ike planned the successful Operation Torch attack and was later appointed to be "Supreme Allied Commander" in Europe (he was placed in charge of all generals for all nations allied with the US). His next big plan was Operation Overlord.United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany

Immigration Acts 1921 & 1924

Emergency Quota Act of 1921 According to the act, it restricted immigration to 3% of the people of a foreign nation who had been living in this country according to the 1910 census. Immigration Act of 1924 - This law cut the immigration quota in two ways: reducing it from 3% to 2% of foreign nationals living in the United States and changing the basis on which these percentages were applied from the 1910 census figures to those of 1890. Because much of the immigration between 1890 and 1910 had stemmed from southern and eastern Europe, the law sharply reduced quotas for such peoples as Italians and Jews while favoring those from northern Europe. This law also started the visa system, you had to apply before immigrating to the US.

What caused business leaders to resist the New Deal?

Even though their economic prospects improve more than those of most other Americans during the depression Republicans and business leaders denounce new deal efforts to regulate or reform what they considered their private enterprises. Two major business organizations the national Association of Manufacturers and the chamber of commerce became openly anti-new deal they blamed it for betraying basic constitutional guarantees of freedom And individualism. Business leaders criticized NRA codes as heavy-handed government regulation of private enterprise when in reality compliance with NRA codes was voluntary and government enforcement efforts were weak to non-existence.

What was Calvin Coolidge's philosophy of government? How was this philosophy expressed during his administration?

Extended harding's policies of Promoting business and limiting Government. Coolidge's moral economic philosophy or "economy in government" was tied to his devotion to the Constitution. For Coolidge, keeping a budget in balance with reasonable tax rates was not just sound economic policy, but also both proper and constitutional. A limited federal government was not only the best economic policy for growth, but it was also moral in the sense that it protected economic liberty and the Constitution.Secretary of treasury melon reduce the government control over the economy and cut taxes for corporations and wealthy individuals. New rules for the federal trade commission severely restricted its power to regulate business. Use the Supreme Court to Curtail a states ability to regulate business, it ruled against closed shops( businesses were only union members could be employed) while confirming the rate of owners to form exclusive trade associations. He attacked government intrusion in the free market even when the prohibition of government regulation threaten the welfare workers. He declared this is a business country and it wants a business government. Tax Reduction - Revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926, skewed in favor of the wealthy, sharply reduced income and inheritance taxes and abolished the gift tax and most of the excise taxes imposed during World War I. In freeing up funds for private investment, it contributed to the dizzying speculation later in the decade that led to the stock market crash and the Great Depression.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region. American efforts to enhance both diplomatic and economic relations with Latin America. Instead of using military force the U.S. now tried to use economic influence, this approach eased tensions between us and our neighbors considerably.

The Progressive Era

First, the progressives acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and the conditions of industrial life. While viewpoints varied, they did not, as a rule, set out to harm big business, but instead sought to humanize and regulate it. Second, a fundamental optimism about human nature, the possibilities of progress, and the capacity of people to recognize problems and take action to solve them. Progressives believed they could "investigate, educate, legislate" - learn about a problem, inform people about it, and with the help of an informed public, find and enforce a solution. Third, more than many earlier reformers, the progressives were willing to intervene in people's lives, confident that it was their right to do so. They knew best, some of them thought, and as a result, there was an element of coercion in a number of their ideas. Fourth, while progressives preferred to use voluntary means to achieve reform, they tended to turn more and more to the authority of the state and government at all levels in order to put into effect the reforms they wanted As a fifth characteristic, many progressives drew on a combination of evangelical Protestantism, which gave them the desire and, they thought, the duty to purge the world of sins such as prostitution and drunkenness. Also, the natural and social sciences whose theories made them confident that they could understand and control the environment in which people lived. Progressives tended to think, in some way economists, sociologists, and other social scientists were suggesting, that if they could change the environment, they could change the individual Finally, progressivism was distinctive because it touched virtually the whole nation. Not everyone, of course, was a progressive, and there were many who opposed or ignored the ideas of the movement. But in one way or another, a remarkable number of people were caught up in it, giving progressivism a national reach and a mass base.

What were Wilson's Fourteen Points, and what were they intended to accomplish?

First, there were eight recommendations for adjusting post-war boundaries and for establishing new nations to replace the defunct Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Those recommendations reflected Wilson's belief in the right of all people to self-determination. Second, there were five general principles to govern international conduct in the future. Finally, and most important of all to Woodrow Wilson was the creation of a league of nations that would help implement these new principles and resolve future conflicts. The 14-Point Plan is listed below Open covenants of peace openly arrived at Absolute freedom of navigation of the seas in peace and war Removal of all economic barriers to the equality of trade among nations Reduction of armaments to the level needed only for domestic safety Impartial adjustments of colonial claims Evacuation of all Russian territory; Russia to be welcomed into the society of free nations Evacuation and restoration of Belgium Evacuation and restoration of all French lands; return of Alsace-Lorraine to France Readjustment of Italy's frontiers along lines of Italian nationality Self-determination for the former subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Evacuation of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro; free access to the sea for Serbia Self-determination for the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire; secure sovereignty for Turkish portion Establishment of an independent Poland, with free and secure access to the sea Establishment of a League of Nations affording mutual guarantees of independence and territorial integrity

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House, which ultimately leads to the creation of a new profession - Social Worker. A progressive social reformer and activist, Jane Addams was on the frontline of the settlement house movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. she was instrumental in successfully lobbying for the establishment of a juvenile court system, better urban sanitation and factory laws, protective labor legislation for women, and more playgrounds and kindergartens throughout Chicago. In 1907, Addams was a founding member of the National Child Labor Committee, which played a significant role in passage of a Federal Child Labor Law in 1916. Addams led an initiative to establish a School of Social Work at the University of Chicago, creating institutional support for a new profession for women. Addams also served as president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections from 1909-1915, the first woman to hold that title, and became active in the women's suffrage movement as an officer in the National American Women's Suffrage Association and pro-suffrage columnist. She was also among the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

America enters WWII, the strategies for defeating Germany and Japan

Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill took a "Defeat Germany First" approach. Their biggest worry was that Germany might defeat the Soviet Union and then link up with the Japanese and all of Asia would fall. In a series of meetings in December 1941, FDR and Churchill signed a Declaration of the United Nations, eventually, 26 nations pledged to fight together until the Axis powers were defeated.Roosevelt agreed because it fulfilled his second-front commitment to the Soviets. plan called for an invasion of the "Soft Underbelly" of Europe, the invasion of North Africa and Italy =Germans were forced to surrender An enormous invasion force had been gathering in England for almost two years: almost 3 million troops, and perhaps the greatest collection of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one place.the Allied armies had driven the Germans almost entirely out of France and Belgium.The Doolittle Raid, plan was to bomb Tokyo. The Battle of the Coral Sea - Japanese losses were large enough to dissuade the Japanese from continuing their planned invasion of Australia The Battle of Midway, The battle not only marked the first major US victory in the Pacific - it was the beginning of the end for the Japanese.The vastness of the Pacific and number of islands under Japanese control would have been a lengthy process to go from island to island. plan of Island Hopping called for concentrating on strategic islands and then hopping over those of lesser value. The theory was the islands hopped over would be cut off from their supply sources and thus wither and present little problem.capture of Iwo Jima was essential - from the island Japanese fighters could intercept US bombers and the islands two airfields were important emergency landing fields for US B-29 bombers. US forces pounded the Japanese defenders.Okinawa - Code Name "Operation Iceberg" - an epic climax to the long road rolling back the Japanese.B-29 bombers dropped 1,685 tons of napalm-filled incendiary bombs on Tokyo creating a firestorm that instantly killed 84,000. B-29 bombers appeared over Hiroshima. Colonel Paul Tibbets piloted the lead B-29, The Enola Gay at 8:15 am the bomb was released. a second bomb was released over Nagasaki

Dr. Francis Townsend

From Long Beach California he criticize the timidity of the new deal, angry that many of his retired patients lived in misery he proposed in 1934 the creation of the old age revolving pension, which would pay every American over age 60 a pension of $200 a month. To Receive the pension senior citizens had to agree to spend the entire amount within 30 days there by stimulating the economy. He organize pension clubs and petition the federal government to enact his scheme. When the major political parties ignored his impractical plan, Townsend merged his forces with Coughlin union party in time for the 1936 election

Zimmerman Telegram

German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, had telegraphed to the Mexican government. It said that in the event that the United States declared war on Germany, Germany would finance a Mexican attack on the U.S., which would keep the American army at home. When Germany won the war, Mexico would be rewarded with the return of the "lost provinces" of New Mexico and Arizona, taken by the U.S. after the Mexican War 70 years earlier. It was a foolish proposal. Mexico was wracked by civil turmoil and in no condition to invade anyone, let alone the United States. The Zimmerman Telegram did cause a temporary uproar and Wilson did receive permission to arm merchant ships.

Unconditional Submarine Warfare

Germany's strategy to attack any Allied ships on the Atlantic. One of the main causes for our entry into the war. Then, early in 1916, the Allies announced that they were arming all merchant ships, and Germany responded that the U-boats would sink all enemy vessels without warning: unrestricted submarine warfare.

CCC Civilian Conservation Corps

Hired more than 3 million young men between the ages of 18 and 25 poor families, mostly from the cities to be placed in camps to work on regional environmental projects, mainly west of the Mississippi; they received $30 a month, $25 was sent home; disbanded during WWII

What made the Republican Warren G. Harding so popular with voters in the 1920 presidential election?

His policies to boost American enterprise made him very popular. When the unemployment rate hit 20% and the bankruptcy rate of farmers increased tenfold he pushed measures to regain national prosperity, high tariffs to protect American businesses, price supports for agriculture, and the dismantling of wartime government control over industry in favor of unregulated private business.

the Hoover administration's reaction to the Great Depression

Hoover tried to to rally the nation by promising better days, but this repeated assertion caused doubt and mistrust to spread He blamed the Depression on foreign causes, especially unstable European banks due to his complete faith in the American economic system Hoover rejected proposals for bold government action and relied instead on voluntary cooperation within businesses to halt the slide. He called leaders of industry to the White House and implored them not to cut production or lay off workers he talked to labor leaders into forgetting demands for higher wages and better hours Yet within a few months, frightened employers were cutting production, laying off workers and slashing wages. Hoover was powerless to stop them. Hoover attempted some programs to help, such as public works to build and improve government properties. The most famous of them was the great Boulder Dam, now called Hoover Dam, on the Colorado River southeast of Las Vegas. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) established by Congress in 1932, Hoover created an agency to help banks, railroads, and others stay in business.The RFC loaned money to companies that were sound but were hampered by a lack of operating capital. However, the RFC was not popular, people in big personal trouble saw the RFC not as an agency for recovery but as relief for big business while they were told to fend for themselves.

Ida B. Wells

In 1892 Ida B. Wells, a black journalist, launched what became an international anti-lynching movement with a series of impassioned articles after the lynching of three of her friends in Memphis, Tennessee. The movement gradually gathered strength in the early years of the 20th century, attracting substantial support from whites in both North and South (particularly from white women). Its goal was a federal anti-lynching law, which would allow the federal government to do what state and local governments in the South were generally unwilling to do: punish those responsible for lynchings. But substantial white opposition in the South stood as an exception to the general white support for suppression of African Americans. the federal government never passed any anti-lynching laws.

Marcus Garvey

In 1919, Garvey put his principles into practice, opening a consulting firm to assist black entrepreneurs and launching a steamship company. With the Black Star Line, Garvey hoped to demonstrate black competence in business, to enhance black pride, and to strengthen the bonds among blacks worldwide. The idea caught the popular imagination, though American black leadership was skeptical. A company brochure offered every black investor the promise of easy dividends and an opportunity to climb the ladder of success for only $5 per share. In November 1919, the BSL launched its first three ships and stock sales soared.Garvey's ill-fated plans for African redemption began with his Liberian Rehabilitation Project. The black African Republic welcomed his offer of financial and technical assistance through the UNIA, and in late 1920, Garvey began to raise money for a reconstruction loan. In following months, however, he diverted much of the proceeds to keep the ailing BSL afloat. With large capital outlays poor management, and high operating costs, the organization designed to fulfill Garvey's dream of a maritime empire verged on financial collapse. The "establishment" black press accused Garvey of adventurism, opportunism, and diversion from the real paths of progress. His views of the Ku Klux Klan made him even more controversial. While deploring Klan terror and violence, Garvey voiced appreciation of Klan candor on race relations:W.E.B. DuBois called Garvey, "the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race," but he was uncertain whether Garvey was "a lunatic or a traitor."

Sacco & Vanzetti

In 1920, the two were arrested for an armed robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts, during which a guard and a paymaster were killed. Both had guns when they were arrested and both lied about their activities. There were also aliens, atheists, anarchists, and conscientious objectors during the war. Both were promptly found guilty of murder and sentenced to die in the electric chair. Before they could be executed, however, the recently founded American Civil Liberties Union, several Italian American groups, and some labor unions publicized the fact that the hard evidence against Sacco and Vanzetti was scanty, that some, in fact, appeared to have been invented by the prosecution. The presiding judge at the trial, Webster Thayer, had been openly prejudiced against the defendants; he was overheard speaking of them as "damned dagos". Sacco and Vanzetti won admiration by acting with dignity in prison. They insisted on their innocence of the murders but refused to compromise their political beliefs. The movement was strong to save the two, nevertheless, the two were finally executed in 1927. By that time, the men's guilt or innocence of the murders was irrelevant to all: The majority were glad to see the two anarchists punished. Sacco and Vanzetti's defenders could see nothing in the case against them except ethnic and political prejudice.

Rise of Hitler WWII

In 1933 Hitler had Germany firmly in his grasp, reasserts national pride, and proclaims the start of a thousand year Reich.1936 German army entered the demilitarized buffer between Germany and France known as the Rhineland. In 1938 Germany absorbed Austria in a bloodless takeover. Hitler's next target was the German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland. In September of 1938, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Edward Daladier flew to Munich, Germany to meet with Hitler. This became known as the Munich Conference. An agreement was reached with Hitler allowing him to annex the Sudetenland. In return, Hitler pledged to make no more territorial claims. The type of diplomacy was the "Policy of Appeasement. In other words, if we give Hitler what he wants we will avoid war. Six months later in March 1939, Hitler's army occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Scopes Trial

In Tennessee in 1925, fundamentalists succeeded in passing a law that forbade teaching "any theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible."They ridiculed the fundamentalists, but they worried that the passage of the Tennessee law might signal the onset of a campaign to undermine First Amendment guarantees of free speech. The American Civil Liberties Union, founded by lawyers during the Red Scare, began searching for a teacher willing to challenge the constitutionality of the Tennessee law. They found their man in John T. Scopes, a 24-year-old biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee. After confessing that he had taught evolution to his students, Scopes was arrested. The case quickly attracted national attention. William Jennings Bryan, the former Populist, progressive, and secretary of state, announced that he would help prosecute Scopes, and the famous trial lawyer Clarence Darrow rushed to Dayton to lead Scopes defense. That Bryan and Darrow had once been allies in the progressive movement only heightened the drama.The trial dragged on, and most of the observers expected Scopes to be convicted. He was, but the hearing took an unexpected turn when Darrow convinced the judge to let Bryan testify was an "expert on the Bible". Darrow knew that Bryan's testimony would have no bearing on the question of Scope's guilt or innocence. The jury was not even allowed to hear it. His aim was to expose Bryan as a fool for believing that the Bible was a source of literal truth and thus to embarrass the fundamentalists. In the riveting confrontation, Darrow made Bryan's defense of the Bible look problematic and led Bryan to admit that the "truth" of the Bible was not always easy to determine. Court upheld law and punished Scopes with $100 fine.

Sussex Pledge

In the Sussex Pledge of May 4, 1916, the Kaiser agreed to shoot on sight only ships of the enemy's navy. But Kaiser attached the condition that the U.S. compel the Allies to end their blockade. Wilson accepted the pledge but turned down the condition. The Sussex pledge marked the beginning of a short period of friendly relations between Germany and the U.S. The agreement applied not only to passenger liners but to all merchant ships, belligerent or not. There was one problem: Wilson had taken such a strong position that if Germany renewed submarine warfare on merchant shipping, a war was likely. Most Americans, however, viewed the agreement as a diplomatic stroke for peace and that issue dominated the presidential election of 1916.

Bonus Army

In the spring of 1932, a group of army veterans mounted a particularly emotional challenge to Hoover's policies. In 1924, Congress had authorized a bonus for WW I veterans payable in 1945. veterans were demanding that the government pay the bonus immediately to relieve their suffering. Hoover, refused to comply. In June, more than 20,000 veterans and their families proclaiming themselves the "Bonus Expeditionary Force" marched into Washington D.C., built crude camps, and promised to stay until Congress approved legislation to pay the bonus. A few veterans departed in July after Congress had voted down their proposal. Most, however, remained where they were. in mid-July, hoover ordered police to clear the marchers out of several abandoned federal buildings in which they had been staying. A few marchers threw rocks at police, and someone opened fire; two veterans fell dead. Hoover considered the incident evidence of dangerous radicalism and ordered the U.S. Army to assist police in clearing out the buildings. General Douglas MacArthur, the army chief of staff, greatly exceeded the president's orders. He led the Third Cavalry, two infantry regiments, a machine-gun detachment, and six tanks in pursuit of the Bonus Army. The veterans fled in terror as the troops hurled tear gas canisters and flailed at them with their bayonets. MacArthur followed them across the Anacostia River, where he ordered the soldiers to burn their tent city to the ground. More than 100 marchers were injured and an infant died due to inhaling tear gas.

London Economic Conference

In the summer of 1933, sixty-six nations had pledged to attend the London Economic Conference to begin in June. Their objective was to hopefully, stabilize three different things, the value of various national currencies, rates of exchange and world trade. Initially, FDR had agreed to send a delegation. Then he began to have doubts. Roosevelt did not want to enter into any international agreements that might hurt his New Deal programs at home. Because of our pull out the conference quickly dissolved without reaching any agreements.

Fair Employment Practices Comm

In the summer of 1941, A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (A union with mostly black membership) began to insist that the government require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate their workforces. To mobilize support for the demand, Randolph planned a massive march on Washington, which would, he promised, bring over 100,000 demonstrators to the capital. Roosevelt was afraid of both the possibility of violence and political embarrassment. He finally persuaded Randolph to cancel the march in return for a promise to establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industries. The FEPC's enforcement powers and its effectiveness were limited, but its creation was a rare symbolic victory for African Americans making demands of the government.

what progressives accomplished at the state and local level

Initiative - the process of petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist Party's platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the legislature. Referendum - Pending law is placed on the ballot and voted on by the people. There are two types - Binding Referendum - If the people vote "yes" then it becomes a law if people vote "no" then it does not. The other type of referendum is nonbinding, meaning regardless of how the people vote the state legislature decides whether the item becomes a law or not. Recall election: voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before that official's term has ended. The Australian Ballot - Originally proposed by the Populists, quite simply the secret vote, the idea of going into a voting booth pulling the curtain behind you and how you voted is your business. It also replaced the individual party ballots(this let everyone know who you were going to vote for)with ballots listing all of the candidates. Direct Primary - People chose who will be the candidates versus the political bosses choosing who will run. Commission Plan - plan for municipal government, new city charter. The mayor and council were replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission.

Referendum, Initiative

Initiative - the process of petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist Party's platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the legislature. Referendum - Pending law is placed on the ballot and voted on by the people. There are two types - Binding Referendum - If the people vote "yes" then it becomes a law if people vote "no" then it does not. The other type of referendum is nonbinding, meaning regardless of how the people vote the state legislature decides whether the item becomes a law or not. Guess the best way to describe it - The state is taking the pulse of the electorate to see how they feel about an issue

League of Nations

International organization proposed in Woodrow Wilson's 14 points that was designed to secure political independence and territorial integrity for all states in the Centurion during peace. The US Senate refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles & the United States never became a member

Commission Plan

Ironically, this plan for municipal government grew out of the 1901 hurricane that hit Galveston, Texas. The old city government proved completely unable to deal with the effect of this storm Capitalizing on public dismay, reformers, many of the local businessmen won approval for a new city charter. The mayor and council were replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission.

Why was the Versailles peace treaty a disappointment to the Germans?

It assigned war guilt to Germany, saddled it with more than $33 billion in damages, and it denied Germany its colonies while the Allies retained and added to their own empires. they were not part of the meeting and it did not give them self determination

Glass-Steagall Act

It's set up the Federal deposit insurance corporation FDIC which guaranteed bank customers that the federal government would reimburse them for deposits if their banks failed. It required the separation of commercial banks (which avcept deposits and make loans to individuals and small businesses) and investment banks (which makes speculative investments with their funds) in an effort to insulate the finances of Main St., America from the risky speculations of Wall Street wheeler dealers. Prohibited commercial banks from selling stock or financing corporations

What kinds of reforms did the early 20th-century progressive governors Robert M. La Follette and Hiram Johnson of California enact?

La Follette Lowered Railroad rates, raised railroad taxes, improved education, preached conservation, establish factory regulation and Worker's Compensation, instituted the first direct primary in the country, and inaugurated the first state income tax. Hiram Johnson Kicked the southern pacific railroad out of politics, returned government to the people, adopted the direct primary, supported initiative referendum and recall, strengthen the states railroad commission, and enacted and employers liability law

The outbreak of the Great Depression:

Lack of diversification in the American economy - Demand was not keeping up with supply - In other words a flooded market, the shelves were stocked with goods. Capital investments by businesses - Too much, instead of taking profits and putting them into salaries and wages, they took the money and put it into building more factories, warehouses, purchasing heavy equipment. Unequal distribution of wealth - Tied to the above, in that wages were not keeping up with the cost of living. Few people, if any, had savings. Even in 1929, after nearly a decade of economic growth, more than half the families in America lived on the edge or below the minimum subsistence level Credit structure of our economy - Large consumer debt, also farmers were deeply in debt.. Small banks, especially those tied to the agricultural economy, were in constant trouble & Large banks were in trouble too. some of the nation's biggest banks were investing recklessly in the stock market or making unwise loans (capital investments of business). America's position in international trade - In the late 1920s European demand for American goods began to decline. European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive & some European nations, most notably Germany, were having financial difficulties and could not afford to buy overseas products. But it was also because the European economy was being destabilized by the international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I, The international debt structure - When the war came to an end in 1918, all the European nations allied with the United States owed large sums of money to our banks, sums too large to repay. Germany and Austria were themselves in economic trouble after the war; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the Allies were able to pay their debts. American banks began making large loans to European governments, with which they paid off their earlier debts. Thus debts were being paid only by piling up new and greater debts. At the same time, high American protective tariffs were making it difficult for them to sell their goods in American markets. Without any source of foreign exchange with which to repay their loans, European nations began defaulting on their loans. The collapse of the international credit structure was one of the reasons the Depression spread to Europe and grew worse here at home after 1931.

The Dust Bowl

Large swath of great plains states that suffered drought, field crops, and foreclosed mortgages during the 1930s.Region of Texas Colorado Oklahoma and Kansas were severe wind erosion occurred.

Court Packing Scheme

Law proposed by Franklin Roosevelt add one new supreme court justice for every existing judge who had served for 10 years and he was over the age of 70. He wanted to pack the court with up to six new dealers who could protect new deal legislation but the Senate defeated the bill in 1937. Supreme court justices still got the message and the four most conservative of the elderly justices retired. He eventually named eight justices to the court more than any other president and gave new deal laws safe passage to the court

How did the election of 1932 change the American political landscape?

Led to emergence of New Deal coalition attracting support from farmers, factory workers, Immigrants, city folk, African-Americans, women, and progressive intellectuals lead to a realignment of the nations political loyalties. Dominated American politics throughout Roosevelt's presidency and remained powerful long after 1945. they thought Government would change things for the better. created a durable political coalition of Dems.

Why did a large number of the South's African American population migrate to northern cities?

Like most migrations, it was the result of both a "push" and a "pull". The push was poverty, indebtedness, racism, and violence most blacks experienced in the South. The pull was the prospect of factory jobs in the urban North and the opportunity to live in communities where blacks could enjoy more freedom and autonomy. In the labor-scarce economy of the war years, northern factory owners sent agents to the South to recruit African American workers. Black newspapers advertised the prospects for employment in the North. And perhaps most important, those who migrated first sent word back to friends and families of the opportunities they found.

Why did American involvement in WW I give a boost to the crusade to ban alcohol?

Liquors opponents now argued that banning alcohol would make the cost of democracy powerful and pure. Shutting down the distilleries would save millions of bushels of grain that could feed the United States and its allies. The Drys "shall the many have food or the few drink?" Prohibition received an additional boost because many of the breweries had German names and in December 19 17 Congress passed the 18th amendment which banned the manufacture transportation and sale of alcohol.

Japanese Internment

Makeshift prison camps to which Americans of Japanese descent were sent as a result of Roosevelts executive order 9066 issued in 1942. In 1944 the Supreme Court upheld this blatant violation of constitutional rights as a military necessity in Korematsu decision. Allowing little time to sell or secure their properties Japanese Americans lost homes and businesses worth about $400 million and lived out the war penned in by barbed wire and Armed guards.

US reaction to WWII

Many Americans wished to isolate their country from these foreign troubles. Many people, writing after the First World War, maintained that Woodrow Wilson had manipulated the country into a war that had not been in the nation's best interest. legislators fearing that another European war would follow, began designing legal safeguards to prevent the U.S. from being dragged into the conflict= Neutrality Acts.we instituted the first peacetime draft law in American history. The president asked Congress to approve a new program called, Lend-Lease, it allowed the government not only to sell but to lend or lease armaments to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States".

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Mostly women employees on low wages Making garments. A fire irrupt it and blocked one exit and the other exit was locked to prevent workers from leaving. The fire scapes collapsed under the weight of fleeing workers, 54 workers on the top floor jumped to death, of 500 employees 146 died. The owners went to trial for negligence but they avoided conviction when authorities determined that a careless smoker had started the fire and they re-opened within a matter of weeks.

individuals who were involved in the progressive movement

Muckraking gained much support from the public after McClure's published three exposes in 1903. The articles included investigations of corrupt city government by Lincoln Steffens and of the Standard Oil Company by Ida M. Tarbell. Many articles by muckrakers later appeared as books, including The Shame of the Cities (1904) by Steffens and History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) by Tarbell.Jane Addams, Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Samuel Hopkins Adams, Ray Stannard Baker, Charles E. Russell, and Upton Sinclair. The muckrakers helped prepare the way for many reforms in the United States. Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) exposed unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry and led to the nation's first pure food laws.

Cash and Carry Policy

Neutrality Act of 1939, it is commonly known as the "Cash and Carry Policy". This new policy allowed belligerents to purchase nonmilitary and military items from the United States. However, the purchaser had to pay cash and had to carry the items on their own ships. This allowed the U.S. to keep her merchant fleet out of harm's way.Attempted to reconcile the nations desire for both peace and foreign trade. It benefited the nations economy but it also helped foreign aggressors by supplying them with goods and thereby undermining peace.

In the 1912 presidential election, what were the differences between Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom?

New Nationalism: Reflected his commitment to federal planning and regulation, wanted to use the federal government to act as a steward of the people to regulate giant corporations, went further, promising federal regulation of business and social welfare legislation. New Freedom: Reflected his belief in limited government and states rights, promised to use antitrust legislation to eliminate big corporations and to improve opportunities for small businesses and farmers, pledging to end monopoly, restore free competition, and the right of labor to bargain collectively for its welfare.

Jacob Riis

New York City crime reporter, familiar with the evils of the city prompted him to write How the Other Half Lives, Riis relied on photos not just words to motivate people to get involved with reform.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Nickname For the scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall accepted $400,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome Wyoming it was part of a large pattern of corruption that marred warren G Harding's presidency. This disgrace involved the Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall and lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. These lands had been set aside under the supervision of the Department of the Navy because they contained oil. This oil was to be used by the Navy in the future, in other words, naval oil reserves. Albert Fall convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer control of the lands from their control over to the Department of the Interior, under Fall's control. That accomplished Fall proceeded to lease the petroleum reserves set aside in exchange for "loans" of $400,000 from two oilmen. The scandal was just hitting the newspapers when Harding suddenly died in San Francisco, sparing him the embarrassment, however, Fall went on trial, was found guilty and fined $100,000.

How did the 1925 Scopes trial symbolize the divisions between the city and the country?

Of all the movements protesting against the modern elements of urban life in the 1920s, Protestant fundamentalism was perhaps the most enduring. Fundamentalists regarded the Bible as God's word and thus the source of all "fundamental" truth.Fundamentalists recoiled from the "evils" of the city - from what they perceived as its poverty, its moral degeneracy, its irreligion, and its crass materialism. Fundamentalism took shape in reaction against two additional aspects of urban society: the growth of liberal Protestantism and the revelations of science. Country ^^ vs city Liberal Protestants believed that religion had to be adapted to the skeptical and scientific temper of the modern age.No aspect of science aroused more anger among fundamentalists than Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. There was no greater blasphemy than to suggest that man emerged from lower forms of life instead of being created by God. William jennings bryan was the country and Clarence Darrow was the city

Great Migration

One of the most important social changes of the war years was the migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South into northern industrial cities. It became known as the "Great Migration". Like most migrations, it was the result of both a "push" and a "pull". The push was poverty, indebtedness, racism, and violence most blacks experienced in the South. The pull was the prospect of factory jobs in the urban North and the opportunity to live in communities where blacks could enjoy more freedom and autonomy. In the labor-scarce economy of the war years, northern factory owners sent agents to the South to recruit African American workers. Black newspapers advertised the prospects for employment in the North. And perhaps most important, those who migrated first sent word back to friends and families of the opportunities they found.

Socialist Party

Political party formed in 1900 that advocated corporation over competition and promoted the breakdown of capitalism its members who are largely middle-class and native born saw both Republican and Democratic parties as hopelessly beholden to capitalism

Why were Americans fearful of the possibility of a communist revolution in 1919?

Postwar recession labor unrest terrorist attacks and the difficulties of re-integrating millions of returning veterans along with the Spanish influenza and Russian bolshevism created anxiety. Soviet leaders created Communist International (or Comintern), whose purpose was to export revolution around the world/ worldwide association of communist sworn to revolution in capitalist countries. Prominent individuals received bombs in the mail, bomb on Wall street. The American Communist Party began its life in 1919, and there were other radical groups, many of them dominated by immigrants from Europe who had been involved in radical politics before coming to America. Located in the cities, their influence appeared to be magnified with the outbreak of widespread labor unrest.This anti radicalism accompanied/reinforced, the already strong commitment among old-stock Protestants to the idea of "100 Percent Americanism". and it produced Red Scare.Attorney General Palmer led the attack on the alien threat, federal agents seized suspected anarchists and communists and held them for deportation with no regard to due process of law. Palmer himself, with hopes to be nominated by the Republican Party to run for president in 1920, went too far, warned of a vast revolution to occur on May 1; the entire New York City police force, some 11,000 strong, was placed on duty to prepare for imminent disaster. When no bombings or violence took place on May Day, the public began to react against Palmer's hysteria.

Panama Canal

President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal—a trans-isthmian canal. Throughout the 1800s, American and British leaders and businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.U.S. Senate voted in favor of building the canal through Panama. Secretary of State John Hay signed a treaty with Colombian Foreign Minister Tomás Herrán to build the new canal. The financial terms were unacceptable to Colombia's congress, and it rejected the offer. President Roosevelt responded by dispatching U.S. warships to Panama City in support of Panamanian independence. Colombian troops failed & Panama declared independence on November 3, 1903. The newly declared Republic of Panama immediately named Philippe Bunau-Varilla as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. In his new role, Bunau-Varilla negotiated the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, which provided the United States with a 10-mile wide strip of land for the canal, a one-time $10 million payment to Panama, and an annual annuity of $250,000. The United States also agreed to guarantee the independence of Panama. Completed in 1914, the Panama Canal symbolized U.S. technological prowess and economic power.

Moral Diplomacy

President Wilson's policy of condemning imperialism, spreading democracy, and promoting peace. Signaling the change, in 1913 they negotiated a treaty with Columbia apologizing for Roosevelt's Panamanian policy. Yet, in the end, Wilson, distracted by other problems and impatient with the results of his idealistic approach, continued the Roosevelt-Taft policies. He defended the Monroe Doctrine, gave unspoken support to the Roosevelt Corollary, and intervened in Latin America more than either Roosevelt or Taft. In 1914 Wilson negotiated a treaty with Nicaragua to grant the U.S. exclusive rights to build a canal and lease sites for naval bases. In 1915, he sent Marines to Haiti to quell a revolution; they stayed until 1934. In 1916, he occupied the Dominican Republic, establishing a protectorate that lasted until 1924.

African-Americans during the Progressive Era, problems they faced, individuals involved and what types of reforms they proposed.

Problems Faced: Increase in white violence against blacks (lynching) AA were left out of the progressive era and gilded age Jim Crow laws segregated many schools, railroad cars, hotels, and hospitals. Poll taxes and other devices disfranchised blacks and many poor whites. labored on the cotton farms and in the railroad camps, sawmills, and mines in the South under the conditions of peonage, traded their lives and labor for food and shelter. Often illiterate, they were forced to sign contracts allowing the planter "to use force as he or his agents may deem necessary to require me to remain on his farm and perform good and satisfactory services." Individuals Involved: Booker T. Washington In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute for black students in rural Alabama. By learning industrial skills, Washington maintained, black people could secure self-respect and economic independence. Tuskegee emphasized vocational skills training over the liberal arts.Atlanta exposition in 1895, Washington argued that African Americans should accommodate themselves to segregation and lack of voting rights until they could prove their economic worth to American society. In exchange, white people should help provide black people with the education and job training they would need to gain their independence. This position was known as the Atlanta Compromise W.E.B DuBois didn't support the Atlanta Compromise, accused Washington of encouraging white efforts to impose segregation and limiting aspirations of blacks DuBois advocated for blacks to accept full university education, aspire to be in the professions, and fight for immediate restoration of civil rights Ida B Wells (black journalist) launched an international anti-lynching movement goal was a federal anti-lynching law where the ferderal government could punish those responsible for lynchings; federal government never passed any anti-lynching law Reforms Proposed: Niagara Movement claimed for African Americans "every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil, and social; and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest."

Muckrakers

Publishing a series of articles had a much more immediate impact. Collectively called MUCKRAKERS, a brave cadre of reporters exposed injustices.Muckraking gained much support from the public after McClure's published three exposes in 1903. The articles included investigations of corrupt city government by Lincoln Steffens and of the Standard Oil Company by Ida M. Tarbell. Many articles by muckrakers later appeared as books, including The Shame of the Cities (1904) by Steffens and History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) by Tarbell. Other prominent muckrakers were Samuel Hopkins Adams, Ray Stannard Baker, Charles E. Russell, and Upton Sinclair. The muckrakers helped prepare the way for many reforms in the United States. Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) exposed unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry and led to the nation's first pure food laws. Other reforms included the direct election of U.S. senators and greater government regulation of business. Muckraking disappeared by about 1912, partly because the public lost interest. Muckrakers were a group of writers in the early 1900's who exposed social and political evils in the United States. They wrote about such problems as child labor, prostitution, racial discrimination, and corruption in business and government. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt labeled them muckrakers because he felt they were concerned only with turning up filth. But these writers increased public awareness of social problems and forced government and business to work to solve them. Nearly all the muckrakers were journalists who wrote for inexpensive monthly magazines, including American Magazine, Collier's, Cosmopolitan, Everybody's Magazine, and McClure's Magazine. Some historians and novelists were also called muckrakers.

NAACP

Race riots broke out in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1906 and in Springfield, Illinois, in 1908, Unlike the riots of the 1960s, white mobs invaded black neighborhoods, burning, looting, and killing. Outrage was voiced by William E. Walling, a wealthy southerner and settlement house worker; Mary Ovington, a white anthropology student; and Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of the famous abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. Along with other reformers, black and white (among them Jane Addams and John Dewey), they issued a call for the conference that organized the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which swiftly became the most important civil rights organization in the country. Created in 1910, within four years the NAACP grew to fifty branches and more than 6,000 members. Walling headed it, and DuBois, the only African American among the top officers, directed publicity and edited The Crisis, the publication of the organization. Despite this organization, African Americans continued to experience a lack of voting rights, poor job opportunities, and segregation.

FDIC Federal deposit insurance corporation

Regulatory body established by the glass-Steagall banking act that guaranteed the federal government would reimburse bank depositors if their banks failed. This key feature of the new deal restored depositors confidence in the banking system during the great depression. A federal guarantee of savings banks deposits initially of up to $2,500, raised to $5,000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Why was Alfred E. Smith, the Democratic presidential nominee in 1928, a controversial figure?

Represented all that rural Americans feared and resented. He was a child of immigrants got his start in politics with the help of New York City's Irish dominated Tammany Hall political machine, he denounced immigration quotas, he signed New York State anti-Klan bill, oppose prohibition, first catholic to run for prez,

On what grounds did Senate Republicans object to American entry into the League of Nations?

Republicans condemn the treaty for entangling the US and world affairs, they feared that membership in the league of Nations would jeopardize the nations ability to act independently. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts Thought that membership would require a collective action to maintain peace and threatened the nations independence in foreign relations. As chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee made several amendments (reservations) to limit consequences of US membership.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Roosevelt approved the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. This act authorized the administration to negotiate treaties lowing tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal (mutual) reductions by other nations. By 1939, Secretary of State Cordell Hull had negotiated new treaties with 21 countries. The result was an increase in American exports of nearly 40 percent. But most of the agreements admitted only products not competitive with American industry and agriculture, so imports into the United States continued to lag. Thus other nations were not obtaining the American currency needed to buy American products or pay off debts to American banks.

How did President Theodore Roosevelt's actions in the Northern Securities case and the anthracite coal strike mark a departure from previous administrations?

Roosevelt ordered attorney general to begin a secret antitrust investigation of the Northern securities company which monopolized railroad traffic in the Northwest. The Supreme Court called for dissolution of Northern Securities. Roosevelt threaten to seize the minds and run them with federal troops until the minors won a reduction in hours and wage increase. Roosevelt was willing to use the government as a weapon to curb business excesses and demonstrated the government intended to act as a countervailing force to the power of big corporations.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Mukden Incident

September 1931 the Japanese claimed Chinese saboteurs dynamited a section of the South Manchurian Railway and the Japanese 'peace force' that was in Manchuria to protect the railway, reacted to this act of Chinese "aggression". In actuality, the Japanese engineered the incident to justify the invasion of Manchuria. As a resource-poor nation, Japan coveted the mineral wealth of Manchuria and the region could serve as a stronghold against the Soviets. The League of Nations (the predecessor to the United Nations) called for Japanese withdrawal from Manchuria, the Japanese refused to remove its troops and instead withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933. Japan proceeded to establish the 'independent' puppet state of Manchukuo and maintained control of Manchuria and its resources.

NIRA National Industrial Recovery Act

Set up a system of industrial self-government and establish the PWA (Public Works Administration)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but raised tariff, benefited big businesses & trusts at expense of consumers "mother of trusts"

WWI

Since the 1870s, the competing imperial ambitions of the great European powers had led to economic rivalries, military expansion, diplomatic maneuvering, and international tensions. In central Europe, the expansionist Germany of Kaiser Wilhelm II allied itself with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Turkey, and Bulgaria. Confronting them, Great Britain, France, and Czarist Russia. The chief rivalry btwn two powers that dominated them" Great Britain and Germany.The fuse was lit on June 28, 1914, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo, Bosnia by a Serbian anarchist.With support from Germany, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914. The Serbians called on Russia to help with their defense. Germany declared war on both Russia and France and had invaded Belgium in preparation for a thrust across the French border. Great Britain to honor its alliance with France declared war on Germany. Italy, although an ally of Germany in 1914, remained neutral at first and later entered the war on the side of the British and French.

Upton Sinclair

Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) exposed unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry and led to the nation's first pure food laws. Led to the Pure food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. Ran for governor of California in 1934 on a plan that the state take ownership of idle factories and unused land and then give them to cooperatives of working people a first step toward putting the needs of people above profit however he lost the election.

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist candidate who ran in 1912, Advocated for cooperation over competition and urge men and women to liberate themselves from the barbarism of private ownership and wage slavery. In 1905 along with William Dudley created the industrial workers of the world (IWW) a.k.a. the wobblies. A union dedicated to organizing the most destitute segments of the workforce a.k.a. the western miners, migrant farmworkers, lumberman, and immigrant textile workers. It advocated for direct action, sabotage, & general strike.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, a former corporate lawyer lacked diplomatic expertise. Knox's conduct of foreign policy was directed almost entirely toward expanding opportunities for corporate investment overseas, that caused critics to dub his foreign policy "Dollar Diplomacy". The policy had profit-seeking motives, but it also aimed to substitute economic ties for military alliances with the idea of increasing American influence and bringing lasting peace. Taft worked to replace European loans with American ones, thereby reducing the danger of outside meddling. In 1909, he asked American bankers to assume the Honduran debt in order to fend off English bondholders. A year later, he persuaded them to take over the assets of the National Bank of Haiti, and in 1911 he helped Nicaragua secure a large loan in return for American control of Nicaragua's National Bank. When the Nicaraguans revolted against the agreement, Taft sent marines to put them down. A marine detachment was stationed in the country intermittently until the 1930s. In the Far East, Knox worked closely with Willard Straight, an agent of American bankers, who argued that dollar diplomacy was the financial arm of the Open Door. Straight had close ties to Edward Harriman, a railroad baron, who wanted to build railroads in Manchuria. Roosevelt had promised Japan he would keep American investors out of the area, and Knox's plan reversed the policy. Knox's plan failed when England, Japan, and Russia did not like the idea. The outcome was a blow to American policy and prestige in Asia.

East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

The Japanese were determined to dominate Asia. They saw themselves as the superior race of Asia. Internal propaganda of the 1920s and early 1930s stressed the need for Japan to rebuild her greatness. They felt that the British, French, and United States had treated them unfairly at peace talks in Paris the led to the treaty of Versailles. The Japanese believed they had to reorganize the economy of Asia. Japan announced the East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as "Asia for the Asiatics" - Japan would save Asia by removing the Western imperialist powers. In actuality, Japan saw itself as the future master of Asia - a process that required the removal of Western influence and replacing those powers with themselves.

How did the Wilson administration encourage support for WW I? What consequences did the government's activities have?

The Liberty Bond campaign was only one aspect of an extraordinary government effort to arouse public support for the war. The Committee on Public Information (CPI), to popularize the war, Americans everywhere learned that the United States had entered the war to "make it safe for democracy", to help the world's weaker people achieve self-determination, and to bring a measure of justice into the conduct of international affairs. this uplifting message affected the American people, although not necessarily in ways anticipated by CPI propagandists. It imparted to many a deep love of country and a sense of participation in a grand democratic experiment. Among others, particularly those experiencing poverty and discrimination, it sparked a new spirit of protest. Workers, women, European ethnics, and African Americans began demanding that America live up to its democratic ideals at home as well as abroad. Women seized on the democratic fervor to bring their fight for suffrage to a successful conclusion. African Americans began to dream that the war might deliver them from second-class citizenship. Still, they had not anticipated that the promotion of democratic ideals at home would worsen, rather than lessen, the nation's social and cultural divisions.

Roosevelt Corollary

The Monroe Doctrine with a twist. In the early 20th century there was a lively trade going on between a number of South American countries and Europe. Some Latin American countries were having problems paying their bills to European nations. Venezuela was one of those nations. They owed a considerable sum to Great Britain and Germany. Those two countries wanted their money and late in 1902, they used their navies to blockade Venezuelan ports in an attempt to force payment. In 1903 a German warship sunk two Venezuelan gunboats. Roosevelt got himself into an uproar over this situation. He was worried that European nations would start carving up Latin American into colonies or spheres of influence like they had Africa and Asia. 1904 declared that the US had the right to intervene in Latin America to stop brutal wrongdoing and protect American interest it warned European powers to keep out of the western hemisphere & In the future if any American republic starts having problems paying its debts, the U.S. will step in, take over the customs houses of that nation and start paying the bills. The corollary will be used by Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson.

Prohibition

The ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol that went into affect in January 19 20 with the 18th amendment. It proved almost impossible to enforce by the end of the 1920s most Americans wished it to end and it was finally repealed in 1933. Supporters of prohibition claimed that it would eliminate crime boost production and lift the nations morality as well as destroying the saloon. Prohibition fueled criminal activity, corrupted the police, demoralized the judiciary, and caused ordinary citizens to disrespect the law leading it to be repealed. Prohibition was the result of both a rural effort of the Anti-Saloon League, backed by Methodist and Baptist clergymen and the urban progressive concern over the social disease of drunkenness.Despite the risk of illness or death from extremely high alcohol content or poorly controlled distillation, Americans consumed some 150 million quarts of liquor a year in the 1920s.

What was the most spectacular of the New Deal's conservation efforts and why?

The civilian conservation corps made new recreation areas along with roads that could make those accessible to millions of Americans, was work relief effort that replaced stigma of welfare with dignity of jobs. Tennessee Valley Authority to build dams along the Tennessee River to supply impoverished rule communities with cheap electricity. It's set out to demonstrate that a partnership between the federal government and local residents could overcome the barriers of state governments and private enterprises to make efficient use of abundant natural resources and break the cycle of poverty. Improve the lives of millions in the region with electric power, flood protection, soil reclamation, and jobs.

Keating-Owen Act, 1916 -

The first federal law regulating child labor. The measure prohibited the shipment, across state lines, goods produced by underage children. The Supreme Court found this law unconstitutional in 1918. Congress responded with the Child Labor Act in 1919, placing a 10% tax on the profits of companies employing children. Unfortunately, this act was also found unconstitutional in 1921. Not until the 1930s did Congress succeed in passing a court-supported national child labor law.

Fair Labor Standards Act

The last major piece of new deal labor legislation created in 1938 reiterated the new deal pledge to provide workers with a decent standard of living. It's set wage and hours standards and at long last curbed the use of child labor. The minimum wage level was $.25 an hour for a maximum of 44 hours a week. To attract enough conservative votes the act exempted domestic help and farm laborers relegating most women and African-Americans to lower wages.

Ku Klux Klan

The new Klan was created in 1915 by William Simmons, a white southerner who had been inspired by D.W. Griffith's racist film, Birth of a Nation, in which the early Klan was depicted as having saved the nation from predatory blacks. They were anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-foreign born, anti-gambling, anti-bootlegging - pick your anti. Therefore they were pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-native born, pro-Protestant, pro-family, pro-traditional American values. During the 1920s the Klan moved out of the South into states like Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Oregon. It has been estimated that by 1925 the Klan contained 4 million members. The Klan thrived on hate. It spread lurid tales of financial extortion by Jewish bankers and sexual exploitation by Catholic priests. The organization itself declined quickly after 1925 when a series of internal power struggles and several sordid scandals discredited some of its most important leaders. The most damaging episode involved David Stephenson, head of the Indiana Klan, who raped a young secretary, kidnapped her, and watched her die rather than call a doctor after she swallowed poison.

The Doolittle Raid

The retaliatory attack by American bombers after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. the plan was to bomb Tokyo.Sixteen US Army Air Corps B-25 land-based bombers were strapped to the deck of an aircraft carrier, the USS Hornet. Yep - we slapped land planes on the deck of an aircraft carrier and the plan was to get them as close as possible (500 nautical miles) to Japan before detection and then the planes would launch, bomb Japan and land in free areas of China. On April 18, 1942, at 650 miles out the US task force was spotted by two Japanese picket boats and the decision was made to launch at once. Under the command of General James Doolittle, the twin-engine Army planes left the aircraft carrier - Destination Tokyo - Yokohama, Kobe, and Nagoya. All but three crews made it to the safety of China, one crew landed in Vladivostok and were held by the Russians and two crews were captured in Japanese occupied areas of China. Three of the captured airmen were executed by the Japanese.From an American perspective, the raid was the first strike at the heartland of Japan - Tokyo was bombed. It was a major morale booster for the US Homefront and military forces. From a Japanese perspective - it was a psychological scratch - the enemy hit their shores and now they moved to neutralize the American carriers.

The New Era

The term used by Republicans to describe their programs for the 1920s. But in fact, the Republican ascendancy of the 1920s mostly meant the return of an older vision centered on minimalist government, individualism, and a less internationalist foreign policy.Energy flows away from government activism and civic reform and toward private economic endeavor the rise of a free wheeling economy and a heightened sense of individualism, the decades high spirited energy and cultural change echoing the importance of money

Operation Overlord - D-Day

The turning point of the war in Europe was Operation Overlord, more commonly referred to as the D-Day Invasion.An enormous invasion force had been gathering in England for almost two years: almost 3 million troops, and perhaps the greatest collection of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one place. On the morning of June 6, 1944, D-Day, General Dwight Eisenhower, sent this vast armada into action. The landing came on the section of the French coast known as Normandy. While airplanes and battleships bombarded the Nazi defenses, 4,000 vessels landed troops and supplies on the beaches. Three divisions of paratroopers had been dropped behind enemy lines the night before, to seize roads and bridges for the push inland. Fighting was intense along the beach, but the superior manpower and equipment of the Allied forces gradually prevailed. Within a week, the German forces had been dislodged from virtually the entire Normandy coast. For the next month progress, inland remained slow. But in late July the American army under the leadership of Generals Omar Bradley and George Patton broke through the German lines. On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from 4 years of Nazi occupation. By mid-September, the Allied armies had driven the Germans almost entirely out of France and Belgium.

Policy of Appeasement

The type of diplomacy the British and French were engaged in was the "Policy of Appeasement. In other words, if we give Hitler what he wants we will avoid war.

Island Hopping

The vastness of the Pacific and number of islands under Japanese control would have been a lengthy process to go from island to island. So the United States adopted a plan of Island Hopping. As the name suggests the plan called for concentrating on strategic islands and then hopping over those of lesser value. The theory was the islands hopped over would be cut off from their supply sources and thus wither and present little problem.It is key to keep in mind the US embarked on two paths to Japan: Central Pacific Campaign under Admiral Chester Nimitz - Marshall and Gilbert Islands Southwest Pacific Campaign under Douglas MacArthur - Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Philippines

Red Scare 1919-1920

The widespread fear of internal subversion and communist revolution that swept the United States and resulted in suppression of dissent. Labor unrest postwar recession the difficult peacetime readjustment and the Soviet establishment of the Comintern all contributed to the scare.The heightened nationalism from WW I, aimed at achieving unity at the expense of ethnic diversity, found a new target in Bolshevism. The Russian Revolution and the triumph of Marxism frightened many American. Nearly 30 states enacted new peacetime sedition laws imposing harsh penalties on those who promoted revolution; some 300 people went to jail as a result - many of them people whose "crime" had been nothing more than opposition to the war. Citizens in many communities removed "subversive' books from the shelves of libraries; administrators in some universities dismissed "radical" members from their faculties. Women's groups such as the National Consumers' League came under attack from anti-radicals because so many feminists had opposed American intervention in the fighting in Europe.

Women in WWI

The woman's suffrage movement, by contrast, used to their advantage the wartime idealism and fears into the final victory for the long-sought cause.Working-class women began doing factory work and other jobs that had been closed to them in peacetime. Women operated trolley cars, drove delivery trucks, cleaned streets, directed traffic, and filled jobs in every industry from aircraft construction to munitions. Middle-class women organized support groups. They rolled bandages, held patriotic rallies, and filled the holds of ships with knitted sweaters, socks, and home-baked cookies for the boys in France. With women's contributions to waging war so conspicuous, it was increasingly difficult for politicians to oppose suffrage with the argument that women belonged in the nursery, kitchen, and church. Even Wilson, who disliked the idea of women voting, announced his support. On June 4, 1919, a few months after the armistice, Congress sent the 19th Amendment to the states for ratification. On August 18, 1920, the amendment was added to the Constitution, the long push for the right to vote for women was over.

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. Only government intervention could pump enough money into the economy to restore prosperity.

Black Tuesday

There were economists warning that the boom would not last, that the value of the stocks people held had ceased to bear any relationship to the earning power of the corporations that had issued the stocks. Things were out of balance, stocks were over-valued and there were those who warned that the market would eventually readjust itself.In the autumn of 1929, the market began the readjustment that descended into a free fall. On October 21 and again on October 23, there were alarming declines in stock prices, in both cases followed by temporary recoveries. The second of them engineered by J.P. Morgan and Company and other big bankers, who bought up stocks to restore public confidence in the market. But on October 29, 1929, "Black Tuesday" all efforts to save the market failed. Sixteen million shares of stock were traded; the industrial index dropped 43 points; stocks in many companies became virtually worthless. In the months that followed, the market continued to decline. It remained deeply depressed for more than 4 years and did not fully recover for over a decade. Many people believed that the stock market crash was the cause of the Great Depression. Not true, it was the beginning, it was a sign of weaknesses in our economy, the first visible sign of crisis, but not the cause.

Sedition Act

These bills expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war. In theory, it allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or government. The most frequent targets of these new laws were the Socialists and the Industrial Workers of the World.

Why did the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s appeal to native-born white Americans?

They extended their targets beyond black Americans they proclaimed 100% Americanism and promised to defend the family morality and traditional American values against the threats posed by blacks immigrants radicals feminist Catholics and Jews. They built on the frustrations of rural Americans, social grievances, economic problems, and religious anxieties .

What was the "Lost Generation"? How did it influence American culture in the 1920s?

They were writers and artist who were opposite Americas mass culture society they believe the business culture blighted American life. Critics of American Vulgarity. The Lost Generation made an impact on society because the writings that came out of this period showed the effects war has on people.

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

This agency was created to correct abuses that had led to the stock market crash of 1929. Virtually all stocks and bonds traded on the exchanges were to be registered with the SEC. Continues today to regulate trading practices in stocks and bonds according to federal laws

Mann-Elkins Act, 1910 -

This law from Taft extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to set on its own accord the maximum rates charged by railroads and banned the practice of charging more for short hauls than for longer ones. It also, for the first time, placed the telephone and telegraph industries under the regulatory supervision of the ICC.

Manhattan Project

Top secret project authorized by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb ahead of the Germans. The thousands of Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos New Mexico succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by 1945.

Kamiakze Pilots

Translated to "Divine Wind". Although they are closely identified with the War in the Pacific, Kamikaze attacks did not begin until October 1944. Just over 2,300 Kamikaze pilots purposefully maneuvered their planes into (or attempted to) US naval vessels. The program was an act of desperation to stop the advance of the Allied forces toward the Japanese home islands. Although they inflicted sizable losses on US ships and terrified its sailors, the Kamikazes did not stop the onward advance of the US Navy. Records indicate a total 34 US ships were sunk and another 288 damaged by the Kamikaze planes. Upon takeoff Kamikaze pilots, in theory, were dead men - meaning once they lifted off they must attack the enemy or die trying for if they came back alive they were without honor and would be ostracized by society

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. U.S. secretary of labor during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. She pushed for a minimum wage and maximum workweek, a limit on employment of children under 16, creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and unemployment compensation—all of which were enacted. She helped draft the Social Security Act and supervised the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). was a forceful advocate for massive public works programs to bring the nation's unemployed back to work

W.E.B. Du Bois

W.E.B. DuBois, unlike Washington, had never known slavery. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University in Nashville and at Harvard, he grew to adulthood with a more expansive view than Washington of the goals of his race and the responsibilities of white society to eliminate prejudice and injustice. DuBois launched an open attack on the philosophy of the Atlanta Compromise, accusing Washington of encouraging white efforts to impose segregation and limiting the aspirations of blacks. Rather than content themselves with education at the trade and agricultural schools, DuBois advocated, talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education. They should aspire to the professions. They should, above all, fight for the immediate restoration of their civil rights, not simply wait for them to be granted as a reward for their patience.

Various War Boards

War Industries Board - Created to coordinate government purchases of military supplies. This agency decided which factories would convert to the production of which war materials. In other words, this company would make guns, or that factory would make uniforms, or another would produce gas masks, and so on. There was also a standardization of production procedures to increase efficiency. As an example, let's say it took 15 steps to make a rifle. Efficiency experts studied the process and attempted to combine steps, down to 10 instead of 15. That way more rifles could be produced faster. Another feature of this board, the companies had to compete for government contracts. The job goes to the lowest bidder, not someone in government's buddy. National War Labor Board - Was established to resolve labor disputes, pressured industry to grant important concessions to workers: an 8 hour work day, the maintenance of minimal living standards, equal pay for women doing equal work, recognition of the right of unions to organize and bargain for wages and contracts. In return, the Labor Board insisted that workers not go out on strike and the employers not engage in lockouts. There were a few strikes in different parts of the nation, but, overall there was relative peace between labor and management during the war. After all, going out on strike might be viewed as being unpatriotic. Railroad War Board - Dictated rail traffic over nearly 400,000 miles of track, standardized rates, limited passenger travel, and controlled the flow of raw materials, finished goods, and troops efficiently. Food Administration Board - This agency headed by Herbert Hoover was the most successful of all the boards created. Appealing to the "spirit of self-sacrifice" Hoover convinced people to save food by observing "meatless and "wheatless days. He encouraged people to plant "Victory Gardens" and the government distributed pamphlets on how to use leftovers wisely. Fuel Administration Board - Introduced daylight saving time, rationed coal and oil, imposed gasless days when motorists could not drive. To save coal, nonessential factories were shut down one day a week. In January of 1918, this agency closed all factories east of the Mississippi River for four days to divert coal to munitions ships stranded in New York Harbor

How did Herbert Hoover respond the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent depression? What impact did his approach have?

When the economic downturn began in late 1929, he tried to rally the nation with bold forecasts of better days ahead. His repeated assertion that prosperity was just around the corner bred cynicism and mistrust. Expressing complete faith in the American economic system, Hoover blamed the Depression on foreign causes, especially unstable European banks. The president rejected proposals for bold government action and relied instead on voluntary cooperation within businesses to halt the slide. He called leaders of industry to the White House and implored them not to cut production or lay off workers; he talked to labor leaders into forgetting demands for higher wages and better hours. Yet within a few months, frightened employers were cutting production, laying off workers and slashing wages.Hoover attempted some programs to help, such as public works to build and improve government properties. The most famous of them was the great Boulder Dam, now called Hoover Dam. It provided work for thousands. But the dam did nothing in the short run for those who were not building it or providing services to its workers.Federal relief measures were not, in Hoover's opinion, the first step in defeating the depression but the first step in undermining the American spirit.Viewing government much like a business, he was particularly inflexible when it came to the idea of a balanced budget and the government's power to manipulate the value of the currency. The government, Hoover insisted, must spend no more money than it collected, the budget was balanced and the dollar backed by gold.

What economic problems arose in the postwar period, and what caused them?

When the war ended Americans wanted to demobilize swiftly in the process service man defense workers and farmers lost their war related jobs. Americans demanded that the nation return to a peacetime economy and the government abruptly abandon its wartime economic controls and canceled war contracts. 3 million soldiers flooded the job market just as war production ceased. Unemployment soared, Consumers went on a post were spending spree that drove inflation skyward. Free from government controls businesses turned against the eight hour day and attacked labor unions, strikes followed but were unsuccessful due to hostility toward labor militancy, labor movement was destroyed.

What neutral rights did the United States claim at the beginning of World War I? How did the nation violate the spirit of neutrality?

Wilson called on his fellow citizens in 1914 to remain "impartial in thought as well as deed".The neutral right that Wilson is trying to uphold was the right of an impartial nation to trade freely with both sides of the conflict. the British had imposed a naval blockade on German ports to prevent munitions and supplies from reaching the enemy. As a neutral, the U.S. had the right, in theory, to trade with Germany. A truly neutral response to the blockade would have been to stop trading with Britain as well. But while the U.S. could survive an interruption of its relatively modest trade with the Central Powers, it could not weather an embargo on its much more extensive trade with the Allies, particularly when war orders from Britain and France soared after 1914, helping to produce one of the greatest economic booms in the nation's history up to that time. So America simply ignored the blockade of Germany and continued trading with Britain. By 1915, the U.S. had gradually transformed itself from a neutral power into the arsenal of the Allies

What did the New Deal do for minorities?

Women children old folks along with an organized unskilled uneducated and unemployed often fell through the new deal safety net. Domestic workers almost all of them women and agricultural workers many of them African, Hispanic, or Asian or neither unionize nor eligible for Social Security. Roosevelt responded to criticism's with great caution since the new deal reforms require the political support of powerful conservative segregationist southern white Democrats who would be alienated by programs that aided blacks.

After the 19th Amendment passed, how did women vote in the 1920s? What effect did their voting patterns have on politics?

Women pressured Congress to pass laws especially concerned women including measures to protect women in factories and grant federal aid to schools. 1921 Congress and acted the Sheppard-Towner act which extended federal assistance to state seeking to reduce high infant mortality rates. Women were divided on either special protection for women or equal protection.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Woodrow Wilson, 1914 New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, outlaw unfair competition Such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates (directors from one corporation sitting on the board of another) created the federal trade commission FTC which had wide investigatory powers but also the authority to prosecute corporations for unfair trade practices and to enforce its judgments by issuing cease-and-desist orders. regulated but didnt break up big business. It is known as the labor Magna Carta for its provisions exempting labor and agricultural associations from the antitrust laws. It also forbid the federal courts from issuing injunctions against peaceful strikes, pickets, and boycotts. Its other provisions stopped corporations from acquiring stock in a competitor and also sought to curb monopolies.

The Lost Generation

Writers and artist who felt alienated from Americas mass culture society which they found shallow anti-intellectual and materialistic. Young white and mostly college educated these expatriates felt embittered by the war and renounce the progressives who had promoted it as a crusade. Helped launch the most creative. An American art and literature in the 20th century. The novelist who spare clean style best exemplified their efforts to make art mirror basic reality was Ernest Hemingway in his novel The Sun Also Rises. Sinclair Lewis, James Thurber, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald.

To what extent were young people of the 1920s radical?

Young college educated women drink gin cocktails smoke cigarettes and wore skimpy dresses and dangling necklaces. Young people openly express their feelings about sex, began dating (Going out unsupervised), petting (any sexual activity short of intercourse)

Americans reacted to WWI

a mixture of disbelief and disgust. For a generation, Americans had shrugged off European saber rattling. Americans concluded that constant talk about war without going to war would continue indefinitely. They did not really believe that powerful, civilized countries would turn the 20th century's terrifying technology for killing one another. Once the European nations did just that, Americans consoled themselves that the United States, at least, was above the savagery. Politicians, preachers, and editors quoted and praised the wisdom of George Washington's warning against entangling alliances. They blamed Europe's tragedy on Old World corruption, kings and princes, nationalistic hysteria, and insane stockpiling of weapons that were unnecessary if they were not used and suicidal if they were. As reports of hideous carnage on the battlefields began to hum over the Atlantic cables, people shuddered and counted their blessings. No one raised any objections when President Wilson proclaimed absolute American neutrality. From our perspective, there was nothing to be gained by involving ourselves in this conflict. A large proportion of Americans looked to Great Britain as an ancestral motherland or identified with England's cultural legacy and were, therefore, sympathetic to the Allies.Millions of Americans traced their roots to Germany or Austria-Hungary. Most had come to America for economic reasons; they bore no grudges toward their motherlands. No sensible German, Austrian, or Hungarian Americans suggested that the U.S. take the side of the Central Powers. But they did expect neutrality, and in heavily German areas like Wisconsin, they said so loudly. The National German League numbered 3 million members and actively propagandized on behalf of Germany. Some German Americans joined with Irish Americans in the German-Irish Legislative Committee for the Furtherance of United States Neutrality

Recall Election

a special election called by voters to remove an elected official before his/her term expires. Recall is a power reserved to the voters that allows the voters, by petition, to demand the removal of an elected official. In 2003 California voters unhappy with the job Governor Gray Davis was doing, voted for a recall election and then proceeded to elect as their new governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.

After Roosevelt was inaugurated, why do you think that his administration addressed banking and finance reform first?

banking industry was in imminent danger of collapse as nervous depositors had been withdrawing their money from institutions across the country. More than half of the national banks had either gone bankrupt or suspended withdrawal privileges. The most pressing problem facing our new chief executive was unemployment, which stood at a record high of 25%, that translated into almost 13 million men and women out of work.

How WWII affected the home front

black americans were determined to use the conflict to improve their position in society - this time, not by currying favor but by making demands.A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters began to insist that the government require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate their workforces, planned a massive march on Washington, Roosevelt establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industries.The demand for labor in war plants greatly increased the migration of blacks from the rural areas of the South into industrial cities - a migration that continued for more than a decade after the war and brought more blacks into northern cities than the first Great Migration of 1914-1919 had brought. This movement bettered the economic conditions of many African Americans, but it also increased urban tensions. the armed forces maintained their traditional practice of limiting blacks to the most menial assignments, Gradually military leaders were forced to make adjustments, bc public and political pressures/ wasting manpower.Large numbers of Mexican workers entered the US during the war in response to labor shortages The American and Mexican governments agreed in 1942 to a program by which braceros (contract laborers) would be admitted to the US for a limited time to work at specific jobs, and American employers in some parts of the Southwest began to actively recruit Hispanic workers.Rationing = reminder to those at home there is a war on any they are contributing to the war effort. The US public was thousands of miles from any real combat (other than U-Boats off the east coast and the Japanese balloon bombs in the Pacific NW) and it would have been easy to become distant about the conflict. recycling 4 war production

Harlem Renaissance

black literary and artistic movement,Black novelists, poets, painters, sculptors, and playwrights set about creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of white Europeans and Americans. The movement had begun during WW I, when blacks sensed that they might, at last, be advancing to full equality. It was symbolized by the image of the "New Negro", a black man or woman who would no longer be deferential to whites but who would display his or her independence through talent and determination. The "New Negro" would be assertive in every field - at work, in politics, in the military, and in the arts and letters.he most popular nightclubs in Harlem, most of which were owned and operated by whites, often refused to admit black customers. The only African Americans permitted inside were the jazz musicians, singers and dancers, prostitutes, and kitchen help. Moreover, the musicians often had to perform what the white patrons wanted to hear. Duke Ellington, for example, was called on to play 'jungle music", which for whites revealed the "true" African soul - sensual, innocent, primitive. Such pressures curtailed the artistic freedom of musicians and reinforced racist stereotypes of African Americans as inferior people who were closer to nature than the "more civilized" white audiences who came to hear their music.

NLRB National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

established by Wagner Act, Greatly enhanced power of American labor by overseeing collective bargaining; continues to arbitrate labor-management disputes today

Henry Ford

had a vision of a vast industrial tract where machines moving through a sequence of carefully arranged manufacturing operations, would transform raw materials into finished cars, trucks, and tractors. The key was control over the flow of goods at each step along the way - from lake steamers and railroad cars bringing coal and iron ore, to overhead conveyor belts and huge turning tables carrying the moving parts past the stationary workers on the assembly line "Everything must move" Ford commanded, and by the mid 1920s at River Rouge as the plant became known, it did.Mass production, born in Highland Park in 1913 and perfected at River Rouge in the 1920s, became the hallmark of American industry. Other car makers copied Ford's methods, and soon his emphasis on the flow of parts moving past stationary workers became the standard in nearly every American factory. The moving assembly, with its emphasis on uniformity, speed, precision, and coordination, took away the last remnants of craftsmanship and turned workers into near robots. It led to amazing efficiency that produced both high profits for manufacturers and low prices for buyers.The auto changed the pattern of city life, leading to a suburban explosion.

FDR's foreign policy

improving America's position in world trade. Roosevelt approved the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. This act authorized the administration to negotiate treaties lowing tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal (mutual) reductions by other nations. The result was an increase in American exports of nearly 40 percent. But most of the agreements admitted only products not competitive with American industry and agriculture, so imports into the United States continued to lag. enhance both diplomatic and economic relations with Latin America through what became known as the "Good Neighbor Policy". Instead of using military force the U.S. now tried to use economic influence, this approach eased tensions between us and our neighbors considerably.

WWI some of the things that occurred once we entered the conflict:

it launched a major drive to solicit loans from the American people by selling "Liberty Bonds" to the public. new taxes were bringing in an additional sum of nearly $10 billion. The new taxes hit the wealthiest Americans the hardest: the richest were slapped with a 67% income tax and a 25% inheritance tax.Instead of dividing up the economy geographically, it was proposed to dividing it up into specific sectors. Thus one agency would control transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, and so on. The structure that emerged was known as "War Boards".The Liberty Bond campaign was only one aspect of an extraordinary government effort to arouse public support for the war, because just as the Congress was divided over going to war, so were the American people. In 1917, Wilson created a new agency, The Committee on Public Information (CPI), to popularize the war. Nor was the treatment of other people designated as less than fully patriotic by organizations of self-appointed guardians of the national interest with names like "Sedition Slammers", "Terrible Threateners" and "Boy Spies of America". The largest of the self-anointed enforcers of patriotism was the American Protective League. At one time, it numbered 250,000 members, although many people might have signed up to avoid being harassed themselves.

Huey P. Long

nicknamed The Kingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. He served as Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid.A presidential candidate in the 1936 election known for his Share the Wealth program. He and other demagogues pushed FDR to move the New Deal to help people directly. He championed the poor over the rich, country people over city folk, and the humble over elites. He delivered on his promises to provide jobs and build roads, schools and hospitals as governor but he also behaved ruthlessly to achieve his goals.

What weaknesses existed in the American economy in the 1920s?

that the value of the stocks people held had ceased to bear any relationship to the earning power of the corporations that had issued the stocks, Republican administration demanded the allied nations repay their war loans creating a tangled web of debts and reparations that sapped Europe's economic vitality, Wealth was badly distributed, the wages of industrial workers failed to keep up with the productivity and corporate profits, As investment and loan opportunities faded banks failed wiping out the life savings of man, People bought stocks on margin putting up only part of the money at the time of purchase and so some people got rich this way but those who bought on credit could finance their loans only if their stocks increased in value, investors began to sell their overvalued stocks

Maginot Line

the Brits and French were committed to a defensive war. Remembering the terrible loss of life during the last war, they huddled behind the Maginot Line, a system of concrete bunkers and fortifications. This line had been constructed after WW I along the French-German border. The one big flaw with the Maginot Line was, the large guns only pointed one way, toward Germany. In April 1940 the Germans made their move, they conquered Denmark and Norway. On May 10, 1940, the western front exploded. The German army appreciating what motorized vehicles meant to armed conflict, simply went around the Maginot Line via little Belgium on into France like they had in the first war.

What convinced President Wilson to declare war on Germany in April 1917?

the German ambassador announced as of February 1, 1917, German submarines would resume unrestricted warfare. Accordingly, Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany but did not ask for a declaration of war. He was taking a wait and see stance, however, he did ask Congress for the authority to arm U.S. merchant ships. The mood on Capitol Hill was still leaning towards peace until the "Zimmerman Telegram" made its appearance. On February 25, 1917, the British gave Wilson a message that the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, had telegraphed to the Mexican government. It said that in the event that the United States declared war on Germany, Germany would finance a Mexican attack on the U.S., which would keep the American army at home. When Germany won the war, Mexico would be rewarded with the return of the "lost provinces" of New Mexico and Arizona, taken by the U.S. after the Mexican War 70 years earlier. It was a foolish proposal. Mexico was wracked by civil turmoil and in no condition to invade anyone, let alone the United States. The Zimmerman Telegram did cause a temporary uproar and Wilson did receive permission to arm merchant ships. Then in the first two weeks of March 1917, four American merchant ships were sunk by German submarines. On April 2, 1917, Wilson delivered his war message, declaring that neutrality was no longer possible.

Hull House

the Hull House team provided an array of vital services to thousands of people each week: they established a kindergarten and day-care for working mothers; provided job training; English language, cooking, and acculturation classes for immigrants; established a job-placement bureau, community center, gymnasium, and art gallery.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans Germany had to accept full responsibility for starting the war Germany had to pay reparations of $33 billion Germany had to give up land to France, Poland, Belgium, and Denmark Germany had to give up her colonies Germany had to limit their navy and army to small self-defense forces Germany had to close its military bases Germany had to promise not to manufacture or purchase weapons of war

Charles Lindbergh

the young pilot who, in 1927, became the first individual to cross the Atlantic on a solo flight. Piloting his single-engine monoplane, The Spirit of St. Louis, Lindbergh flew non-stop (and without sleep) for 34 hours from the time he took off from Long Island until he landed at Le Bourget Airport in Paris. Thousands of Parisians were waiting for him at the airfield and began charging his plane as soon as it landed. When he returned to New York, an estimated 4 million fans lined the parade route. This shy young man from Minnesota instantly became the most famous and adored man in America, mobbed by crowds everywhere he went.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in the 1908 Mueller v. Oregon case, and why was it significant?

upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours. The case established a precedent in 1908 to expand the reach of state activity into the realm of protective labor legislation. Ruling set a precedent that separated the well-being of women workers from men by arguing that women's reproductive role justified special treatment. The case established a precedent in 1908 to expand the reach of state activity into the realm of protective labor legislation.

Booker T. Washington

was born a slave in Virginia in 1856. Washington and his family worked in the salt and coal mines of West Virginia after the Civil War. Ambitious and flushed with the postwar enthusiasm for advancement that gripped freedmen, he worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, the premier black educational institution in the South at the time. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute for black students in rural Alabama. By learning industrial skills, Washington maintained, black people could secure self-respect and economic independence. Tuskegee emphasized vocational skills training over the liberal arts. At an Atlanta exposition in 1895, Washington argued that African Americans should accommodate themselves to segregation and lack of voting rights until they could prove their economic worth to American society. In exchange, white people should help provide black people with the education and job training they would need to gain their independence. This position was known as the Atlanta Compromise. Despite his conciliatory public stance, Washington secretly helped finance legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement.

Battle of the Coral Sea

was the May 1942 battle a defeat or victory for the Japanese? Well, the Japanese losses were technically less than that of the Americans. But the losses were large enough to dissuade the Japanese from continuing their planned invasion of Australia. So I suppose the battle can be called a setback for the Japanese. One other important note - the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first battle in the history of naval warfare in which the opposing navies never saw each other. The entire battle was conducted via aircraft launched from aircraft carriers. The battleship was now fully eclipsed by the aircraft carrier.