AMH2020 Chapter 29

Between 1980 and 2000, _________.

most immigrants to the United States came from Asia, Africa, and Latin America

What motivated the United States to re-examine its energy policy in the mid-2000s?

national security concerns related to its dependence on foreign oil

In the early twenty-first century, both Republicans and Democrats agreed that the ongoing American presence in the Middle East __________.

promoted tensions that increased the terrorism threat

Critics charged that NAFTA would hurt the American economy by __________.

reducing jobs for American workers due to U.S. manufacturers moving production facilities to Mexico

In 1988, Democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis was ridiculed for riding around in a(n) __________.

tank

Which of the following did President George W. Bush rely on to boost the economy?

tax cuts and deregulation of financial markets

Which of the following countries ceased to exist in the 1990s?

the Soviet Union

Many feel the outcome of the 2000 presidential election ultimately was decided by __________.

the U.S. Supreme Court

What two countries have signed, but not ratified, the Kyoto Protocol?

the United States and Australia

Which event triggered the 1991 riots in Los Angeles?

the acquittal of police officers charged with brutality in the beating of Rodney King

What was viewed as the deciding issue during the 2008 presidential election?

the economy

In December 1989, President George H. W. Bush authorized the largest military campaign since the Vietnam War to remove the leader of __________.

Panama

The controversial 2001 act that greatly expanded the government's investigative and police powers was the __________.

Patriot Act

Where did most immigrants to the United States between 1980 and 2000 come from?

Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Which gender and racial issues dominated the headlines in the early 1990s?

As the pressure for confirmation on Justice Clarence Thomas was pressed, Anita Hill stepped forward and put in a claim that Thomas was a perpetrator of sexual harassment. This prevalence of this crime in the workplace led to an astonishing number of women elected into office. Race was also a point of contention. The beating of Rodney King after resisting arrest incited much controversy into sympathizers and detractors. Both topics are still relevant today with the recent confirmation of Justice Kavanaugh and Dr Christine Blasey Ford. As well the relationship between police (blue lives matter) and African-Americans (black lives matter).

How did Clinton's centrist vision affect his policy decisions?

Bill Clinton reformed what a traditional democrat of the time was and instead adopted a more centrist administration. Centrism was the practice of being socially liberal but fiscally conservative- taking ideals both from republicans/conservatives and democrats/liberals. Throughout the Clinton Administration, the president took to appealing to both sides. For example, on the matter of allowing homosexuals into the military, he ultimately passed it but under the terms of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell".

How did George H. W. Bush prevail in the 1988 presidential election?

Bush angled that Dukakis was a "big spending liberal" and coined him the governor of "Taxachusetts". He also played on the racial notions of whites about the crime rampage, that involved the rape of white women, of Willie Thornton. Thornton was a black prisoner constituent of Massachusetts who had taken advantage of a weekend furlough program implemented by Dukakis. Dukakis also misstepped trying to appear as a "commander-in-chief" by riding around in a tank in a suit and tie. Many ridiculed this as they thought he looked ridiculous, not presidential. Bush was successful in his cmpaign and won the 53 percent of the popular vote.

How did George W. Bush reshape the conservative vision of governing?

Bush was a traditional Republican in the view that he thought government ran and funded welfare state caused its constituents to become complacent and lose motivation to better themselves. However, he was also a Christian, and took on the view of compassionate conservatism believing that private industry, charities, and religious institutions, rather than the government, were meant to provide community services. the president championed faith-based initiatives that funded church-run community programs, arguing that local clergy understood their neighborhood problems better than government bureaucrats. Federal money flowed to churches offering after-school tutoring to students, transportation for the elderly, counseling for drug addicts, and soup kitchens for the homeless.

What debates arose over changes in American family structure?

By 1998, 47 percent of American families lived in non-married households, both with and without children, compared to 26 percent in 1972. Gender roles within families also changed. In the traditional model of marriage, the husband worked and the wife stayed at home. By the end of the 1990s, most married couples worked outside the home. Same-sex marriage legality- outlined as illegal in the Defense of Marriage Act. DOMA defined marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman. Under this statute, states that banned same-sex marriages did not have to accept legal marriages performed in other states, if a gay couple moved to their jurisdiction. This was not repealed until 2015. There was also the phenomenon of the "greying" of America. As the population aged, Social Security and Medicare payments went up, but a declining birthrate meant that there were fewer native-born workers available to pay the taxes that kept this social welfare system afloat. Over the last 25 years of the twentieth century, the birthrate had declined from 18.4 births for every 1,000 people in 1970 to 14.8 in 1996.

Which technological innovations of the twentieth century had the greatest impact on daily life?

Computers, especially personal computers, with Internet capabilities. Email. In 1994, six million Americans were connected to the Internet. By 2001, 130 million Americans were connected

Are contemporary concerns about immigration similar to or different from objections made earlier in the twentieth century?

Contemporary concerns were VERY SIMILAR to earlier objections from the twentieth century. 1.) "The New Right also feared dire cultural consequences as the nation fragmented into permanent ethnic enclaves." - This was seen when immigrants moved into cities creating "Little Italy's" and "Little Cuba", etc. The different ethnic groups, although in America, still lived in the same areas as others of the same ethnicity. 2.) "Both Democrats and Republicans worried that immigrants, who were willing to work for less, took jobs away from native-born workers"- This could be looked at from the policies of the Depression era when many Mexican immigrants were populating states such as California and taking picking jobs away from the struggling native-borns

What main challenges did Obama confront during his presidency?

First and foremost, the 2008 recession that was happening as he was elected. Since Democrats controlled both the House and the Senate, he got approved the passage of massive government spending to stimulate the economy. Democrats approved of the spending believing it prevented another "Great Depression" and national layoffs. Republicans objected to it believing that the U.S. could not afford more debt saying it would take generations to pay off. Another challenge to Obama was his foreign policy about the war in Afghanistan with the operation of the prison on Cuba's Guantanamo Bay. Obama escalated the war (sending 30,000 more troops in 2009), kept the prison running and endorsed Bush-era policies of indefinite holdings without charges, but retracted the use of waterboarding. Obama tried to reassure the liberals that there would be a Afghan pullout date of 2014 (which later was pushed to 2016). However, many were satisfied after the U.S. Special Forces had finally tracked down and killed Osama bin-Laden. In December 2011, Obama declared the war to be over. Obama also was challenged with domestic issues (i.e. Obama's health care act dubbed "Obamacare"). The Affordable Care Act did not receive a single Republican vote amid liberal criticism that the law did too little. Cold War-era fears also resurfaced as Russia began having expansionist ambitions. Preventing the Iranian acquisition of nuclear arms. The rise of ISIS. Racial contention (black lives matter).

What recent American president was the former head of the CIA?

George H. W. Bush

Why did popular uprisings against communism in Europe and China have different outcomes?

In Europe, under Gorbachev, uprisings were met with accommodations on some demands. In China, uprising were crushed at the hand of the military. In the event of the uprising at Tiananmen Square, tanks appeared Square along with hundreds of troops as they shot and cleared the area of protesters.

What problems did the United States face in the Middle East from 1980-2003?

In the 80's, the eight-year Iraq-Iran war left the United States, among many others, on the side of Iraq fearing that Iranian Islamic groups would try to acquire Iraq leaving the U.S. short on oil. The Persian Gulf was valued at the world's epicenter of oil supply. In 1988, after Iraq was angered that Kuwait not lower export amount of oil, they invaded. The U.S. deployed ships and troops to Saudi Arabia for Desert Shield in effort to protect any further invasions by Iraq into Saudi Arabia. With Kuwait annexed by Iraq and earning 20 percent of oil reserves, and Saudi at 26 percent- they became heated rivals. Bush contemplated war but Congress referenced the Powell Doctrine and declined as war should only be last resort. Bush worked to gain support and war was declared. The subsequent Persian Gulf War unfolded in two phases. In the first phase U.S. forces bombed Iraqi installations in Kuwait and major cities in Iraq for 39 days. In the second, ground troops attacked the Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait on February 23, 1991. The Persian Gulf War was won in 42 days. Afterwards, the UN put in work to ensure that Saddam of Iraq would not be able to build nuclear weapons, institute no-fly-zones over the Kurds and Shiite, carry out a foo for oil program to ensure profits from oil were used for helping citizens instead supporting the lavish lifestyle he maintained. After the conclusion of war, Bush announced that the United States would build a "new world order," which he defined as playing an active global peacekeeping role dedicated to spreading democracy and prosperity. Others in the Bush Administration agreed and went even further to adopt a neoconservatism outlook asserting that the United States needed to respond immediately, and preemptively, to any foreign nation that challenged American military superiority or attempted to "overturn the established political and economic order."

Why did the United Nations discontinue its weapons inspection program in Iraq in 1998?

Iraq refused to continue to cooperate.

How did the Chinese government deal with a popular revolt in 1989?

It violently suppressed it.

The Democratic challenger to President George W. Bush in 2004 was Senator __________.

John Kerry

Why did foreign and domestic terrorists attack Americans?

Osama bin-Laden notably said "One American pilot was dragged in the streets of Mogadishu [and] you left . . . the extent of your impotence and weaknesses became very clear". bin-Laden swore to launch a Jihad (a holy war against western non-believers) after declaring fatwa (a religious decree, declaring war against all Americans). Also, many Arabs saw the United States and Israel as one, blaming both for taking away land that belonged to the Palestinians.

How did the nation and government respond to the 9/11 attacks?

On September 11, 2001, the deadliest terrorist was carried out on U.S. soil in NYC. Less than a month later, on October 7, 2001, war was declared by Bush with strong public and congressional support the Taliban government in Afghanistan refused to turn over bin-Laden and anyone else affiliated with the attacks. Bush also created the Department of Homeland Security and the Patriot Act.

What factors led to the economic downturn in 2008?

Put into motion by a cascade of bank and insurance company failures that sent the stock market into a tailspin. Housing prices rose dramatically and Congress deregulated the banking and financial industries. Banks had made numerous risky loans that let people purchase homes they could not afford, and Wall Street brokers had invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities. When housing prices started declining in summer 2007, the dominos began to fall. Bank foreclosures on people who could not pay their mortgages increased, and even more ominously, the declining value of mortgage-backed securities threatened to bankrupt leading Wall Street firms, wiping out many Americans' retirement investments.

Why was the 2000 presidential election so controversial?

The Election of 2000, was ran between Republican candidate George W. Bush, Democrat candidate Al Gore, and third-party candidate, Ralph Nader. Because of the divided democratic vote between Gore and Nader, Bush ended up victorious but not before heated controversy among the nation's swing states. With the ballot machines, constituents believed they would have swift results to declare who would be named the incumbent. However, in Florida, inspectors spent a lot of time trying to determine the intent of voters after punches were partially marked. The faith in the justice system was also questioned after a case was made for recount was halted.

What justifications and criticisms did the doctrine of preventive war arouse?

Supporters urged the president to attack Iraq while public concern about national security remained high. They were for the doctrine of "Preemptive war" that the United States should use force to remove hostile regimes before they could pose a serious threat. Critics urged restraint worried that a hostile fundamentalist Islamic government might replace Saddam's secular regime, fueling rather than dampening the terrorist threat against the United States.

How did the U.S. government respond to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C.?

The U.S. military attacked al-Qaeda targets in Afghanistan.

What accounts for the disparity in carbon dioxide emissions on this map?

This 2007 map depicts the proportion of carbon dioxide gases emitted from burning fossil fuels(oil and coal), mostly in factories and cars, by each nation. The burning of these fossil fuel pumped carbon dioxide emissions into the air. The United States and China were the worst polluters, along with Japan, Russia, and India.

Why did critics attack the Patriot Act after its passage?

The law was viewed as an unconstitutional assault on civil liberties.

Which of the following was true about American society at the beginning of the twenty-first century?

The manufacturing sector was shrinking, but high-tech companies were growing.

In what way was Barack Obama different from all previous presidents?

his race

How was the development of the Internet similar to the development of the telephone and television?

The technology changed the way people communicated and received information.

How did some conservatives respond to a Supreme Court ruling in 2015 that allowed for gay marriage?

They called for a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage.

What did the Powell Doctrine call for regarding Iraq?

U.S. invasion only as a last resort and with full domestic and international support

Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev was forced out of office by __________.

a popular uprising following an attempted coup by Communist Party hardliners

What did many East and West Berliners demand as they climbed atop the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989?

a reunification of their city

In 1992, Ross Perot was __________.

a third-party candidate who garnered a fair percentage of the popular vote

What term did President George W. Bush use to describe his philosophy of governing that emphasized using private industry, charities, and religious institutions to provide community services?

compassionate conservatism

Two important successes of the first Clinton administration centered on __________.

deficit reduction and free trade

In the 1990s, bin Laden declared war against the United States and demanded that the United States __________.

end its support of Israel and remove its troops from Saudi Arabia

The rise of the Tea Party reflected __________.

grassroots conservative anger over escalating federal debt and the Affordable Care Act

A key component of the Bush Doctrine is __________.

the unilateral right to preventive use of force

Americans who were opposed to the way the Bush administration was conducting the "war on terror" objected to which of the following?

the use of torture to extract information from al-Qaeda suspects

One of the primary criticisms of the 2010 health insurance reform bill is that the requirement that all Americans purchase health insurance represents __________.

too much intrusion by the government