Amines and Amides

what are amine salts physical properties

-ionic compound -white crystalline solids with high melting points -they are more soluble in water than than parents amines because they are polar.

IUPAC naming for amines

-root name is found by finding the longest chain of carbon atoms -change the -e in alkanes to -amine -the position of the amino group on the chain is shown by a number -locate the other substitutes

ammonia

NH3

because amines are derived of ammonia, they react in similar ways. in water, they produce:

OH- ions

the form in which amines occur in a solution is _______ dependent

PH High H+ solutions (low pH)= salt form of amines predominates High OH- (high pH)= the amine form favored

alkaloids

a class of nitrogen containing organic compounds from plants often found in leaves, roots, bark, etc of certain plants and can be used for diseases, opium, poisons, etc

neurotransmitters

a substance that acts as a chemical bridge in nerve impulse transmission between nerve cells the chemical messengers of the nervous system, carry nerve impulses from one nerve cell (neuron) to another.

in the central nervous system (the brain/spinal cord) use the most important neurotransmitters which are

acetylcholine and three other amines: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

epinephrine

adrenaline has a molecular structure that is similar to that of norephiprhin but contains an N-methyl group more important as a hormone increases the blood level of glucose (key source of energy for the body)to give body sudden burst of energy the release of this is usually in response to pain, anger, or fear this also raises blood pressure (by increasing the rate and forces of heart contractions and constricting blood vessels)

Amphetamines

aka Benzedrine powerful nervous system stimulate *a class of drugs structurally similar to epinephrin, used to stimulate the central nervous system raise blood glucose level, increase blood pressure, powerful nervous system stimulate: elevate mood/reduce fatigue,

IUPAC and common names for amides

amides are named after corresponding carboxylic acids by changing the -ic ending (common name) or the -oic ending (IUPAC names) of the acid to -amide

in a solution of high OH- (high pH), the _____ form is favored

amine .

amide formation

amines react with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides to form amides

what is the solubility of amines

amines with fewer than 6 carbons atoms are generally soluble in water as a result of hydrogen bonds formation between amine functional group and water molecules. (this works for tertiary, secondary and primary amines)

primary amines

an amine having one alkyl or aromatic group bonded to nitrogen, as in R-NH2 bonded to one R group

Tertiary amine

an amine having three alkyl groups or aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen, as in R3N nitrogen is bonded to 3 R groups

secondary amine

an amine having two alkyl or aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen, as in R2NH the nitrogen is bonded to 2 R groups

quaternary ammonium salts

an ionic compound contains a positively charged ion in which four alkyl or aromatic groups are bonded to nitrogen, as in R4N+ amine cation with four alkyl groups or benzene rings

Amines

an organic compound derived by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia with alkyl or aromatic groups, as in RNH2, R2NH and R3N are organic derived of ammonia, NH3, in which one or more of the hydrogens are replaced by aromatic or alkyl group.

how to name aromatic amines

are usually given the name aniline (this is the simplest aromatic amine) N- is used to indicate when an alkyl group is attached to the nitrogen and not to the ring if two groups are attached to the N, an italic N is used for each one.

what are the two most important properties of amines

basicity and amide formation

how to name amine salts

change the name amine to ammonium and add the name of the negative ion derived from the acid

amides

characteristic functional group of amides is a carbonyl group attached to a nitrogen an organic compound having the functional group: .

what are some important quaternary salts

choline is an important quaternary ammonium ion that is component in certain lipids acetylcholine is a compound involved in transmission of nerve impulses from one cell to another some quaternary ammonium salts are important because they have disinfectant properties

what is there boiling point of amides

complex networks of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. which makes the melting point very high disubstituted amides often have lower melting and boiling points than monosubsituted and unsubstituted if substitute of alkyl or aromatic group for hydrogen atoms on the nitrogen reduces the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. this can make the melting points decrease

synaptic terminals

filaments attached to the end of the axon.

what state of matter are amides at room temperature

formamide is liquid at room temperature all the rest are solid

which amines are liquid and solid at room temperature

heavier and more complex compounds of amines

synapse

is a small gap visible between the synaptic terminals of the axon and the dendrites of the next neuron

what does the receiving cell do with the electic current

it sends the electric current down its own axon until a synapse is reached, and a neurotransmitter delivers the message across the synapse to the next neuron

axon

long stemlike projection which is attached to the soma (body of cell)

neurotransmitter molecules

molecules of the neurotransmitter are stored in small pockets in the axon near the synapse. these pockets release neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse when an electrical current flows from the soma, along the axon into the terminal. these electric currents is generated by the exchange of positive and negative ions across the membrane

simple alkaloids are

nicotine- stimulate not necessary harmful caffine-mild stimulant side effects insomnia and nervousness

why are nitrogen containing compounds important

nitrogen containing functional groups are found in more medications than any other type of functional group.

dendrites

numerous short extension attached to the large bulbous end of the soma

neurotransmitters are also responsible for

our mood one of these amines is: norepinephrine (NE)

what are the names of the one, two and three alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen amine cations in salts

primary amine cation: secondary amine cation: tertiary amine cation: .

primary and secondary amines and tertiary amines how do they form amides?

primary and secondary amines can be used to prepare amides in similar manner to esters tertiary amines do not form amides because they lack the hydrogen atom of the nitrogen

do amines have hydrogen bonding

primary and secondary amines form hydrogen bonds among themselves this is because nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen, tertiary amines can't form hydrogen bonds among themselves (bc the nitrogen has no attached hydrogen atoms)

ammonia behaves as a Bronsted base by accepting

protons, and in the process becomes a conjugate acid. the reaction of NH3 with HCL gas= that Bronsted bases such as ammonia react with water to liberate OH- ions: .

how do quaternary ammonium salts present in solutions and how are they dependent on PH

quaternary salts contain no hydrogen attached to the nitrogen that can be removed by adding base. thus, quaternary salts are present in solution in only one form, which is independent of the pH of the solution

alkaloids that are used medically Quinine

quinine- treat malaria atropine- preoperative drug to relax muscles and reduce saliva opium- painkilling drug (juice of poppy plant) morphine- most effective painkiller codeine- used in cough syrups heroin- bad drug

preparation of an amide requires

reaction of an amine with carboxylic acid normally produce a salt and not an amide for this reason, the preparation of amides requires the more reactive aid chlorides or acid anhydrides

polyamides

reactions of dialed chlorides with diamines produce polyamides that, like pollsters are condensation polymers. this repeating units of polyamides are held together by amide linkage. .

all amines behave as a weak bases and form ________ when they react with _________

salts, when the react with acids such as HCl

how are quaternary ammonium salts named

same way as other amine salts

what are the smells of small and large amines

small weight amines: have sharp, penetrating odor similar to that of ammonia larger amines: have unpleasant odor reminiscent of decaying fish. (some amines are responsible for decaying animal tissue.

a neuron has a bulbous body called the

soma (or body cell) attached to a long stemlike projection called an axon.

amine salts are easily converted back to amines by adding ex: .

strong base

what are some other acids that react with amines to form salts

sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and carboxylic acids

amide linkage

the carbonyl carbon nitrogen single bond of the amide group the single bond linking the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen atoms in the group

how does the boiling point of amines compared to alcohols

the hydrogen bonds formed by the amines are weaker that those formed by alcohols. because of this the boiling points of primary and secondary amines are usually somewhat lower than the boiling point of alcohols with similar molecular weight.

what to do if there is an alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the amides

the name of the alkyl group preceded the name of the amide, and an italic N is used to indicate the alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen

what amines are gas at room temperature

the simple, low weight amines are gas at room temperature

what is amides solubility

they are rather water soluble especially those containing fewer than 6 carbons. this solubility results from the ability of amides to form hydrogen bonds with water. disubstituted amides are water soluble because of the presence of the carbonyl oxygen

what is the boiling point of tertiary amines like

they are similar to alkanes with similar weights because tertiary amines can't form hydrogen bonds among themselves.

How are amines classified

they have primary, secondary and tertiary however, classification is done differentlyl. the R group that have replaced the hydrogen in the NH3 is counted

formation of nylon

this is an important example of reprint units in polyamides that are held together by amide linkage nylon are used in carpets, clothing, tire cord, ropes, parachutes, paint brushes, electrical parts, etc

common names for amines

this is used extensively for those with low molecular weights. name by alphabetically linking the names of the alkyl or aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen and attaching suffix -amine. use di and try for identical alkyl groups

the single most distinguishing feature of amines is their behavior with

weak bases

norepinephrine (NE)

when there is an excess in the brain have a feeling of elation (excited) (manic state). while low NE depression at least 6 different receptors can be activated by norepinephrine and related compounds