AMS Chapter 10

Which of the following best describes the scale of a climate model?

1) A few kilometers

Why is drought so troubling in relation to climate?

1) A minimal increase in temperatures would increase the areas that are affected by drought

What is the general relationship between heavy precipitation events and climate change?

1) As temperature warms, more frequent heavy precipitation events occur

Why will all locations on the globe not see the increase in temperatures predicted by climate models?

1) Climate change is geographically non-uniform in both magnitude and sign

Which of the following is a reason that the future of climate is such a concern?

1) Dramatic changes may disrupt society

What happens to the general latitude locations of tornado occurrences as the seasons change?

1) Follows increases and decreases in solar declination

In a transient model run, how is CO2 added?

1) Slowly

Researchers at the University of Miami have been trying to relate occurrence of tornado outbreaks to which of the following?

1) TransNino phase of the ENSO cycle

In which basin has a trend been identified in terms of storm development?

1) Tropical North Atlantic

Which of the following are causes for uncertainty in climate modeling, according to the AR5 report?

1) Volcanic eruptions

The equalizing of temperature change in response to changes in external forces and boundary conditions of climate is known as ______.

3) climate sensitivity

A map on which mean values of temperature and/or precipitation are plotted would be an example of _____ model.

3) graphical

There has been a demonstrated trend in heavy precipitation events in the U.S. involving the __________.

both of these

The occurrence of weather or climate events above the threshold value of the upper range or below the lower range threshold of observed values is a(n) __________.

climate extreme

If emissions of CO2 could be held at current levels, the atmospheric concentration would __________.

increase through the century

A warming climate may produce __________ hurricanes.

more strong but fewer weak

Why would we not see an immediate drop in atmospheric CO2 levels if emissions were to drop?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Why will it take time for Earth's climate system to recover from CO2 already being put into the atmosphere?

3) CO2 has a long lifetime

Which of the following is the hardest area to accurately model?

3) Clouds

Which of the following compiles and displays data in a format that readily coveys meaning?

3) Graphical

Which tornadoes are the most destructive?

3) Multi-vortex storms

How do scientists attempt to answer questions about future climate?

3) They use models run by super computers

What type of model can be described as a statement of a fundamental law or relationship?

2) Conceptual

What has been the general trend in terms of snow and ice storms?

2) There has been an increased frequency in extreme events

Which of the following is the term used to describe a storm where the vortex touches the ground?

2) Tornado

In an equilibrium run, how long is the model output observed?

2) Until the model reaches a new equilibrium

When air is dry, when is a funnel cloud visible?

2) When it lifts dust and debris off the ground

What variable is primarily used to rate hurricanes?

2) Wind Speed

How common are the most catastrophic tornadoes rated EF5?

3) 0.1% of all tornadoes

Which of the following is characterized by long duration changes in SST in the Atlantic?

3) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation c. None of the above is correct.

When are tornadoes most likely to occur during the day?

3) Between 10am and 6pm

How does climate model skill vary?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Which ECVs are studied in thunderstorms?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Which of the following are challenges to finding and using analog data for global climate?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Which of the following describes why the CO2 level during the PETM is significant?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Which of the following is true with regards to climate model output being like life expectancy?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Why do hurricanes slow as the storm moves inland?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Why must we look at instrument-based and reconstructed climate records with scrutiny?

3) Both a and b are correct.

Why is climate modeling so difficult?

4) All of the above are correct

Where did greenhouse gases come from during the PETM?

4) All of the above are correct.

Which of the following best describes how climate models predict over a long time scale without losing accuracy?

4) All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is true about the PETM, making it the best geological analog for future ocean and biological responses?

4) All of the above are correct.

What must scientists do to ensure model output is better?

4) Both a and b are correct.

Which of the following could be considered to be a singularity?

4) Both a and b are correct.

Which of the following is the most dominant factor in determining frequency and intensity of winter storms in the US?

4) Both a and b are correct.

When applying chaos theory to climate model input, which of the following is true?

4) Both a and c are correct.

What does the complex nature of removing CO2 from the atmosphere mean in terms of global climate change?

4) Both b and c are correct.

Which of the following locations are synoptic conditions ideal for tornado development?

4) Both b and c are correct.

In order to map ECVs, global climate models do which of the following first?

4) Break the map into a gridded coordinate that includes both the atmosphere and the ocean

Which of the following models is less common now due to the use of supercomputers?

4) Physical

What is the most devastating result of a tropical cyclone?

4) Storm surge

Which of the following is a type of model?

5) All of the above are correct.

Which of the following variables was a focus of the Kunkel et al paper?

5) All of the above are correct.

Who developed the tornado rating scale?

Fujita

The atmospheric concentration of a gas depends on its emission into the atmosphere and its rates of physical, chemical and biological removal. The time to lower the concentration of the gas to 37% of its original amount is its __________.

atmospheric lifetime