AMSCO: 1.6

Renaissance

"Rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

France

*Estates-General* was a body that advised the king and consisted of *estates* who were representatives from each social class; If one wasn't part of the French government, they felt as if they had little responsibility due to no taxes

Holy Roman Empire

*Lay investiture controversy* was a dispute over whether a non-religious leader could invest bishops with the symbols of office, and was resolved when the church received autonomy from non-religious authorities; Destroyed during the Thirty Years War and when Napoleon invaded

Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia, in which Europeans tried to regain the Holy Land back, wanted to trade, and wanted to send others on an expedition in order to stop internal conflict; In the end, Europeans never made it to the Holy Land; Church wanted power

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Three-field System

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

Manorial System

An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors; Reduced need for trade, as everything was provided on the manors

Little Ice Age

Cooling period accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famine, dislocation, the halted growth of cities, unemployment, and the force of blame upon Jews (*Antisemitism*)

Roman Catholic Church

Great Schism was the split between the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church; The Roman Catholic Church was the Christian Church headed by the pope in Rome; Divided into small political states; Educated people were often religious leaders; Feudal system and hierarchy of religious leaders; Monasteries = manors; Reformers de-unified the Church

Jews in Europe

Jews moved to Europe and were welcomed by some leaders because of their experience in business and trade; Became moneylenders and helped the growth of Europe; *Antisemitism* spread throughout Christians, as they thought that Jews were untrustworthy; Jews were expelled from western and central Europe and moved to eastern Europe; Served as the bridge between Christians and Jews

Muslims in Europe

Muslims were expelled by the Spanish king if they didn't convert to Christianity, so they moved to southeastern Europe; Muslims helped open up Europe to trade and new ideas; Women had more rights in religious positions

How did the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions, agricultural practices, and political decentralization affect European society?

Religion: The predominant religions in Europe were Christians, Jews, and Muslims. The Christian Church established universities and led in the area of education, and also held a large role in the feudal system (lords were often affected by bishops and the pope, and religion had a great political influence). The Christian Crusades increased the Church's desire to have control. Jews helped communication between Christians and Muslims and helped Europe grow by increasing the flow of money. Muslims opened up Europe to trade and ideas that were less self-sufficient and isolated under feudalism, and gave women more opportunities. Agricultural Practices: Travel to other places opened Europe to different cultures, such as when *Marco Polo* visited modern-day Beijing and described customs of Asia (ex: multiple marriages, bathing), which increased curiosity and the creation of maps. Trade became more long-spread, and the surplus of agricultural produce from the *three-field system* and the population growth from improved farm equipment conceived cities and towns. Political Decentralization: Feudalism gave protection and land to various people, and in return labor and loyalty were pledged to those who gave the land. This system provided security to every social class in Europe. Europe was also self-sufficient because of their political decentralization, using the manorial system to individualize people and provide "jobs" (*serfs*)

The Hundred Years war

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families

Norman England

William the Conqueror invaded England and had kingdoms on both sides of the English channel; Feudal system with royal sheriffs (administrative officials that aided to him); Many nobles objected the higher power and later forced King John to sign the *Magna Carta*, which forced kings to respect certain rights; *English Parliament* increased the rights of the genpop, with a House of Lords and a House of Commons