AN100 FINAL EXAM

Globalization

Defined by Anthony Giddens as the intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away, and vice versa. (p. 222)

Margret Mead Samoa study

Known for the study of sex roles in Samoa and other cultures. Conducted a famous study of female youth in Samoa. Argued that cultural factors, more than biological ones, shape the experience of youth.

Matrilineal Decent System

Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which each person is identified with their matriline - their mother's lineage - and which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles.

National identity

a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language.

Hierarchies

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

Justice

just behavior or treatment.

Hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Naturalizing Power

making the unequal distribution of power, privileges and resources among social groups appear as the natural and inevitable outcome of supposed inherent differences

Naturalizing Discourses

naturalizing discourse. the deliberate representation of particular identities (e.g., caste, class, race, ethnicity, and nation) as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, making them appear eternal and unchanging.

Gender Constructs

the social construction of gender stipulates that gender roles are an achieved "status" in a social environment, which implicitly and explicitly categorize people and therefore motivate social behaviors

Reciprocity

the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another.

Polygamy

the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.

Multiculturalism

the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Status

the relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something.

Clans

Unilineal descent groups whose members claim descent from a common ancestor.

Authority

the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

Sociocentric

A context-dependent view of self. The self exists as an entity only within the concrete situations or roles occupied by the person. (p. 168)

Race

A culturally constructed form of identity and social hierarchy, race refers to the presumed hereditary, physical characteristics of a group of people. These physical, or phenotypic, differences are often erroneously correlated with behavioural attributes. (p. 192)

Extended family

A family group based on blood relations of three or more generations.

New Racism

A form of "soft" racism that posits racial differences as cultural, rather than biological, but which still views such differences as immutable or insurmountable. (p. 208)

Class

A form of identity informed by perceptions of an individual's economic worth or status. It is also a form of social hierarchy. (p. 189)

Partible Inheritance

A form of inheritance where the goods and property of a family is divided among the heirs

Impartible Inheritance

A form of inheritance where the goods and property of a family is passed down to one heir

Caste

A form of social stratification and identity where individuals are assigned at birth to the ranked social and occupational groups of their parents. (p. 190)

Third Gender

A gender role given to someone who does not fit within strictly masculine or feminine gender roles in a given society

Hierarchal Organization

A hierarchical organization is an organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity. This arrangement is a form of a hierarchy.

Nation- state

A political community that has clearly defined territorial borders and centralized authority. (p. 226)

Diaspora

A population whose members are dispersed and living outside of their homeland. (p. 270)

Endogamy

A rule that requires a person to marry someone inside of his or her own group (ex. a lineage, an ethnic group, a religious group)

Exogamy

A rule that requires a person to marry someone outside of his or her own group

Incest Taboo

A rule the prohibits sexual relations among kin of certain categories, such as brothers or sisters, parents, and children, or in some cases cousins

Egalitarian Society

A society that lacks social stratification and with the exception of inequality based on ability and age, provides equal access to resources and prestige.

Bilateral Kinship

A system in which individuals trace their descent through both parents. (p. 132)

Patrilineal Kinship

A system of descent in which persons are related to their kin through the father only. (p. 133)

Matrilineal Kinship

A system of descent in which persons are related to their kin through the mother only. (p. 133)

Kula Ring

A system of inter-island gift exchange documented by anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands. It involves the exchange of shell necklaces and armbands. According to Malinowski, the kula ring serves, among other things, to create alliances and social ties among individuals living on different islands.

Egocentric

A view of the self that defines each person as a replica of all humanity, as the location of motivations and drives, and as capable of acting independently from others. (p. 168)

Achieved Status

Achieved status is a concept developed by the anthropologist Ralph Linton for a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit and is earned or chosen. It is the opposite of ascribed status and reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts.

Neoliberalism

An economic philosophy that argues for minimal government involvement in the economy and greatly accelerated economic growth. Well-being, neoliberals argue, is best served by liberating individual entrepreneurs to operate in a framework of strong property rights, free markets, and free trade. (p. 225)

Imagined Community

An imagined community is a concept developed by Benedict Anderson in his 1983 book Imagined Communities, to analyze nationalism. Anderson depicts a nation as a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group.

Ascribed Status

Ascribed status is a term used in sociology that refers to the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned. These positions are occupied regardless of efforts or desire.

Bilateral Defence System

Bilateral descent is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents.

Market Externalities

Costs that are not included in the prices people pay, for example, health risks and environmental degradation. (p. 228)

Feminization of Poverty

Feminization of poverty refers to a trend of increasing inequality in living standards between men and women due to the widening gap in poverty between women and men as noticed toward the end of the twentieth century

Indigenous People

Groups of people whose ancestors predate the arrival of European or other forms of colonialism, who share a culture and/or way of life that they often identify as distinct from "mainstream" society, and who often feel that they have a right to self-government. (p. 180)

Migration

Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.

Paul Farmer

In full Paul Edward Farmer, (born October 26, 1959, North Adams, Massachusetts, U.S.), American anthropologist, epidemiologist, and public-health administrator who, as cofounder of Partners in Health (PIH), was known for his efforts to provide medical care in impoverished countries.

Power

In social science and politics, power is the capacity of an individual to influence the actions, beliefs, or conduct of others. The term authority is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure, not to be confused with Authoritarianism.

Institutional Racism

Institutional racism, also known as systemic racism, is a form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within society or an organization. It can lead to such issues as discrimination in criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education, among other issues.

Transnational/Transnationalism

Involving more than one nation-state; reaching beyond or transcending national boundaries. (p. 230)

Nature Vs. Nurture

Nurture refers to personal experiences (i.e. empiricism or behaviorism). Nature is your genes. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay the same irrespective of where you were born and raised. Nurture refers to your childhood, or how you were brought up.

Patrilineal Decent System

Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage

Indigenism

Refers to an international, collaborative movement that aims to protect the rights and livelihoods of Indigenous peoples. (p. 241)

Hegemonic Masculinity

Refers to ideals and norms of masculinity in a society, which are often privileged over others. (p. 202)

Colonialism

Refers to the acquisition of new territories throughout the world by European powers from 1492 until approximately 1945. Colonizers often imposed new forms of politics, economics, and religion upon colonized Indigenous or other cultures, and frequently exploited local populations for their labour. (p. 72)

Kinship

Refers to the anthropological, cross-cultural study of family composition, marriage, and descent patterns. (p. 130)

Racism

Refers to the discrimination and mistreatment of particular "racial" groups. (p. 193)

White Privilege

Refers to the fact that, in many societies, "white" people have access to greater power, authority, and privileges than non-white people. (p. 195)

Structural Violence

Refers to the systematic ways in which social structures or social institutions harm or otherwise disadvantage local individuals. Structural violence is often invisible and lacking one specific person who can (or will) be held responsible. (p. 216)

Stratified Societies

Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political).

Stratification

Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power.

The Cree

The Cree (Nehiyawak in the Cree language) are the most populous and widely distributed Indigenous peoples in Canada. Cree First Nations occupy territory in the Subarctic region from Alberta to Québec, as well as portions of the Plains region in Alberta and Saskatchewan.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund aims to reducing global poverty, encouraging international trade, and promoting financial stability and economic growth. The IMF has three main functions: overseeing economic development, lending, and capacity development.

James Bay Hydro Development

The James Bay Project refers to the construction of a series of hydroelectric power stations on the La Grande River in northwestern Quebec, Canada by state-owned utility Hydro-Québec, and the diversion of neighbouring rivers into the La Grande watershed.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III on October 7, 1763. It followed the Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the Seven Years' War and transferred French territory in North America to Great Britain.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations

Essentialism

The act of creating generalizations or stereotypes about the behaviour or culture of a group of people.

Ethnocide

The attempt to destroy the culture of a people. (p. 268)

Genocide

The attempt to exterminate a people. (p. 268)

Nuclear Family

The family group consisting of father, mother, and their biological or adopted children.

Feminization of Labour

The feminization of labor refers to the increasing integration of women into the wage labor market as a result of industrialization and globalization processes.

Dowry

The goods and valuables a bride's family supply to the groom's family or to the couple. (p. 145)

Social Hierarchy

The ordering and ranking of individuals within society, also known as social stratification. Those at the top of the hierarchy are generally afforded more power, wealth, prestige, or privileges in a society. Hierarchies can be based on race, gender, class, caste, ethnicity, national affiliation, or other factors. (p. 187)

Brides Service

The requirement that when a couple marries, the groom must work for the bride's parents for some specified time. (p. 133)

Rites of Passage plus stages

The term coined in 1908 by Arnold van Gennep to refer to the category of rituals that accompany changes in status, such as the transition from boyhood to manhood, living to dead, or student to graduate. (pp. 106, 173)

Social Identity Composition

The view that people have of their own and others' positions in society. These learned personal and social affiliations may include gender, sexuality, race, class, nationalism, and ethnicity. Individuals seek confirmation from others that they occupy the positions on the social landscape that they claim to occupy. (p. 161)

Social Identity

The view that people have of their own and others' positions in society. These learned personal and social affiliations may include gender, sexuality, race, class, nationality, and ethnicity. Individuals seek confirmation from others that they occupy the positions on the social landscape that they claim to occupy.

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, scientist, and historian best known for his political philosophy, especially as articulated in his masterpiece Leviathan (1651). ... In Hobbes's social contract, the many trade liberty for safety.

Unilineal Decent Systems

Unilineality is a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's father's or mother's line, whereby one's descent is traced either exclusively through male ancestors, or exclusively through female ancestors. Both patrilineality and matrilineality are types of unilineal descent

Ethnographic Present

Use of the present tense to describe a culture, although the description may refer to situations that existed in the past

Nuclear Weapons

Weapons in which the explosive potential is controlled by nuclear fission or fusion. a bomb or missile that uses nuclear energy to cause an explosion.

Dispute

a disagreement, argument, or debate

Commodity Vs. Gifts

a gift implies an intention to develop or maintain a social relationship between parties to the exchange. In contrast, commodities are exchanged strictly in relation to other commodities without any implied residual obligations or relationships between the people involved

Household

a house and its occupants regarded as a unit

Intelligence Testing

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores

Polygyny

a pattern in which a male has more than one wife

Polyandry

a pattern in which a woman has more than one husband.

Migrant

a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living

Kinship systems

are mechanisms that link conjugal families (and individuals not living in families) in ways that affect the integration of the general social structure and enhance the ability of the society to reproduce itself in an orderly fashion. Kinship performs these social functions in two ways.

Human Terrain Teams

assign anthropologists to American combat units in Afghanistan and Iraq. Human Terrain Teams (HTT) work at the brigade or regimental level of the US Army. They undertake research among the local population and represent that population (referred to as the "human terrain") in the various stages of military operations: planning, preparation, execution, and assessment.

Cultural Diffusion

cultural diffusion (noun) is the geographical and social spread of the different aspects of one more culture to different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, regions, etc. Cultural diffusion is about the spreading of culture over time.

Misogyny

hatred of, aversion to, or prejudice against women a culture that promotes violence and misogyny

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Masculinity

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of men.

Monogamy

refers to the state or practice of being married to only one person at a time

Post-Marital Residence Rules

specify where a person resides after marriage and, accordingly, influence the structure and size of household units. ... A patrilocal rule specifies that, upon marriage, a man remains in his father's household while his wife leaves her family to move in with him.

Immigration

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Lineage(s)

the consanguineal members of descent groups who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors. lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.

Ethnicity

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.

Hybridity

the fact that cultures are neither wholly isolated nor entirely distinct but instead constantly borrow from one another. The dissolution of rigid cultural boundaries between groups hitherto perceived as separate, the intermixture of various identities, in effect the dissolution of identities themselves.

Enculturation

the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc.

Cosmopolitanism

the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. All human beings are, or could or should be, members of a single community. ... In these instances, cosmopolitan means that people of various ethnic, cultural and/or religious backgrounds live nearby and interact with each other.

Marriage

the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman).

1. Separation

the participant is taken away from his/her familiar environment and former role and enters a very different and sometimes foreign routine that they are forced to adjust to and become familiar with.

1. Incorporation

the passage is consummated [by] the ritual subject." Having completed the rite and assumed their "new" identity, one re-enters society with one's new status.

Virginity

the state of never having had sexual intercourse.

1. Liminality

when participants no longer hold their pre-ritual status but have not yet begun the transition to the status they will hold when the rite is complete. During a rite's liminal stage, participants "stand at the threshold" between their previous way of structuring their identity, time, or community, and a new way, which completing the rite establishes.