ANA Final

Eosinophils:

2% to 4%.

Lymphocytes:

25% to 33%.

Monocytes:

3% to 8%.

Cervical plexus:

C1-C5.

Brachial plexus:

C5 to T1.

Fiber:

Can be classified as water-soluble or water-insoluble.

Sympathetic fibers travel through _______ nerves to reach the heart.

Cardiac.

Sensory Nervous System Functioning:

Carrying signals from temperature receptors, carrying signals from gustatory receptors, carry signals from the visual receptors.

Colony-forming unit:

Cell that produces only one class of formed elements.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?

Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.

Trigeminal:

Chewing.

Suspension Mixture Types:

Cloudy in appearance, but particles may settles out AND blood cells over time will settle to the bottom of the test tube.

Colloid Mixture Types:

Cloudy in appearance, but the particles remain in the mixture AND larger particles in the mixture scatter in light.

Which of the following is a component of the matrix of connective tissue? Check all that apply.

Collagen fibers AND proteoglycans AND ground substance.

Lymphocyte:

Colonize lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils.

Nasal cavity:

Conchae, inferior meatus.

When the body is cold, body hair stands upright because ____________.

Contraction of piloerector muscles pulls the follicle vertically.

Singular Suffix Forms:

Cortex, calyx, villus, epithelium.

Adjectival Suffix Forms:

Cortical, phalangeal, epithelial.

Plural Suffix Forms:

Cortices, phalanges, calyces, epithelia.

Hair structure (deepest to most superficial):

Hair shaft, hair root, hair matrix, hair bulb, dermal papilla.

When the oil, urashiol, from the poison ivy plant is absorbed through the skin, it oxidizes and forms a substance called quinone. Quinone reacts with skin proteins, creating a complex that now triggers an immune response. Quinone is an example of a(n) ________.

Hapten.

Vestibulocochlear:

Hearing.

Muscles help to maintain body temperature by producing _____ as a by-product oh contraction.

Heat.

Peptide Hormone:

Hydrophilic, binds to membrane bound receptors, requires second messenger systems, utilities cAMP.

In the stable form of protein, the ________ is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule.

Hydrophobic portion.

Regions of the skin:

Hypodermis, not actually considered part of the skin AND associated with energy storage, thermal insulation and mechanical padding.

Basophil:

Important initiator of the inflammatory response.

Facilitated diffusion occurs:

In either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.

Neutrophil:

Increase in number during bacterial infection.

Eosinophil:

Increase in number during parasitic infection.

Which of the following statements about the "heads" of the myosin molecules is TRUE?

They can attach to different sites on the actin filament.

What function do many B vitamins serve in the production of energy?

They function as co-enzymes.

Hypoglossal:

Tongue movement.

The name of the structure that causes the synthesis of RNA to cease is called the:

Transcription terminator.

According to modern theories, which of the following is a function of human hair? Check all that apply.

Transmission of sexual scents AND maintain temperature of the head AND protect from debris AND express nonverbal communication.

Solution Mixture Types:

Transparent AND salts in blood.

Erythrocyte (red blood cell):

Transport of respiratory gases.

The fibers of the _____ muscles run horizontally.

Transverse abdominal.

All of the following are filamentous proteins EXCEPT:

Troponin.

A mixture consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.

True.

Carbon dioxide and oxygen can both diffuse across the respiratory membrane.

True.

Filtration dominates on the arterial end of a capillary.

True.

Osmosis can be described as both the diffusion of a liquid from an area of high concentration of that liquid to an area of a low concentration of that liquid, and, as the diffusion of a liquid from a low concentration of solutes to an area of high concentration of solutes.

True.

Progesterone has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.

True.

Taste:

Umami, sweet, bitterness of plant toxins and stimulation of the face nerve.

Which of the following is a major nitrogenous waste of the human body? Check all that apply.

Uric acid, urea and creatinine.

Absorptive cells of the small intestine absorb proteins:

Using epithelial transport proteins.

Pharynx:

Uvula, palatine tonsil, opening of auditory tube.

Venous return is achieved by all of the following mechanisms except:

Venule suction.

Optic:

Visual activity.

Organelle:

Workhorse of the cell, packages proteins, synthesizes proteins, and encloses products in vesicles.

Would result in more concentrated urine:

Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking water, and increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water.

Glossopharyngeal:

Pain sensation on the tongue.

The two principal functions of the erythrocytes are:

(1) to pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to the tissues, and (2) to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and deliver it to the lungs.

Choose the singular noun form that is correctly paired to a plural form.

-is and -es, -is and -ides, -us and -ora.

Basophils:

.5% to about 1%.

The following anatomical features of the small intestine function to increase the surface area of the intestinal wall and maximize its capacity for absorption. Rank these structures 1 through 3 in order from largest to smallest.

1. Circular folds, 2. villi, and 3. microvilli.

Components of whole blood:

45% erythrocytes, less than 1% is buffy coat, and 55% is plasma.

Neutrophils:

60% to 70%.

Would increase urine volume:

A deficiency of ADH, drinking a large volume of water during a day when you rested inside.

Identify the correct statements regarding the three kinds of mixtures. Check all that apply.

A solution consists of particles of matter called the solute, mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent AND the most common colloids in the body are mixtures of protein and water, such as the albumin in blood plasma AND suspensions separate on standing.

Which of the following is a normal variation of skin color? Check all that apply.

A suntan AND genetically active melanocytes.

Dendritic cells:

APCs found in the skin.

The _____ muscle flex the abdomen as in performing a sit-up.

Abdominal oblique.

Plane joint:

Adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement.

The heart relies on _______ respiration to meet its high energy demands.

Aerobic.

Identify the CORRECT statement(s) regarding oxidation reactions.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS? Check all that apply.

All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic AND all postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites AND postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.

Secreted:

Ammonia, drugs, H+, bile acids.

Chemical that neutralizes free radicals

Antioxidant.

When left ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in the aorta, blood flows into the:

Aorta.

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains:

Are broken down by macrophages into amino acids.

Body Structure Hierarchy:

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms.

Stages of exhaustion:

Atrophy of muscle tissues AND hypertension and organ failure during this stage can lead to death.

During hearing, vibration of the ____________ pushes hair cells into the tectorial membrane.

Basilar membrane.

Saddle joint:

Biaxial joint where both bones are concave in one direction and convex in the other.

Condylar joint:

Biaxial joints that exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other.

Hemopoietic stem cell:

Bone marrow cell that gives rise to more specialized cells.

Which of the following is not a primary tissue class?

Bone.

Stage of resistance:

Corticosteroids are released so protein and fats can be utilized for energy production AND the consequence of this stage could be a decrease in immune function.

A larger molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones: (AB->A+B):

Decomposition reaction.

The refractory period of the membrane causes _______________ of the membrane.

Decreased excitability.

Which of the following statements correctly explains conditions that cause expiration?

Decreased intrapulmonary volume causes increased intrapulmonary pressure.

Which of the following is a cell type in the epidermis? Check all that apply.

Dendritic, melanocytes, tactile.

Which of the following is a function of nervous tissue? Check all that apply.

Detect stimuli AND transmit information to other cells.

Situs inversus is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal orientation and position in the body. Failure to identify complete situs inversus could have negative consequences when _____________. Check all that apply.

Diagnosing appendicitis, auscultating heart valves, recording an EKG.

Monocyte:

Differentiate into macrophages.

Would result in a more dilute urine:

Drinking a large volume of water on a day when you rested and stayed inside, overdosing on Losartan, overproduction of aldosterone, and a new virus that attacks and damages the posterior pituitary gland.

Emphysema is a form of COPD. The symptoms could include ________________. Check all that apply.

Dyspnea, fatigue, mental sluggishness, brain hypoxia.

Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity:

Electrolytes.

Accessory:

Elevation of the scapulae.

Regions of the skin:

Epidermis, composed primarily of epithelial tissues, includes the 4-5 strata of the skin AND creates a water barrier with the environment.

Larynx:

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, vocal cords.

At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries the PCO2 is __________.

Equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli

B lymphocytes:

Eventually secrete antibodies.

Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms: (AB+CD->AC+BD):

Exchange reaction.

A nerve signal arriving at the synaptic knob causes ___________ of neurotransmitter into the ____________.

Exocytosis; synaptic cleft.

A receptor is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord's dorsal horn of gray matter.

False.

Chemical digestion is a series of chemical reactions that break large chunks of food into proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

False.

The term contact digestion refers to the fact that segmentation must occur in order propel intestinal contents distally within the digestive tract.

False.

Unmyelinated fibers only depolarize the membrane at the nodes of Ranvier.

False.

Reticular cells:

Form the blood thymus barrier.

Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons:

Free radicals.

The complimentary messenger RNA strand that would be synthesized from the DNA base sequence of CTGAC would be:

GACUG.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an autonomic receptor?

Ganglionic.

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system? Check all that apply.

Giving the brain and spinal cord information about the conditions within and around the body, issuing commands to muscles, making decisions, storing and retrieving information.

Reabsorbed:

Glucose, water, Na+ and electrolytes.

Skeletal muscles absorb, store and use a large share of one's _____ and therefore play a significant role in stabilizing its blood concentration.

Glucose.

Would decrease urine volume:

Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water, excess ADH secretion, over expression of aquaporins, working outside on a hot day without access to water.

Trochlear Function:

Infero-lateral movement of the eye.

Benefits of fever:

Inhibits bacterial reproduction, inhibits viral reproduction, promotes interferon activity.

Vagus:

Inhibits cardiac muscle.

Steroid hormones bind to receptors that are _______________.

Inside the cell.

Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons:

Ions.

Lumbar plexus:

L1-L4.

Sacral plexus:

L4, L5, and S1-S4.

Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to:

Lactic acid.

Muscle architecture in decreasing size:

Largest: fascicle, fibers, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament, f-actin, tropomyosin, troponin, Ca2+, smallest.

Abducens:

Lateral movement of the eye.

Which of the following statements is true regarding cerebral lateralization? Check all that apply.

Left-handed people usually exhibit a wider frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe on the left compared to the same lobes on the right, AND imagination, insight, and artistic skill are usually specialties of the right hemisphere AND the left hemisphere is usually called the categorical hemisphere.

Structure of an exocrine gland:

Lowest: secretory vesicle, middle: nucleus, top: exocytosis.

Correct lymph flow:

Lymphatic capillaries to collecting vesicles; collecting vesicles to lymphatic trunks; left lumbar to the thoracic duct; lower extremity lymph to the thoracic duct.

Aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucus membranes are called _________.

Lymphatic tissues.

Which of the following is a purpose of tubular secretion? Check all that apply.

Maintain pH balance, removal of wastes, such as urea and bile acids, clearance of drugs and contaminants from the blood.

Integrative Nervous System Functioning:

Making a decision how to react to a stimulus, solving a problem and recognizing a friend's face.

Which of the following are physical causes of stress? Check all that apply.

Malnutrition, intense exercise and infection.

___________ is the peristaltic movement of colonic contents triggered by the gastrocolic reflex approximately 2-3 times per day.

Mass movement.

Erythrocyte:

Mature anucleate biconcave cell.

Natural killer cell:

May defend against a kidney transplant.

Macrophages:

May ingest and destroy staphylococcus aureus.

Which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity? Check all that apply.

Memory B cells are found mainly in the lymph nodes AND plasma cells form within hours, creating a response so rapid that no noticeable signs of illness appear.

Right hemisphere:

Memory of shapes, hearing nonvocal sounds, intuitive nonverbal thought.

Pivot joint:

Monaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.

Hinge joint:

Monaxial joints, moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other.

Facial:

Motor for muscles of facial expression.

Transporting blood within the circulation as well as facilitating childbirth are examples of the _____ movement function of muscles.

Movement.

Saccule and Utricle Ducts:

Moving in a car that is driving in a straight line, going up in an elevator, jumping straight in the air, falling off a cliff, beginning to run.

Ball and socket joint:

Multiaxial.

The part of the fingernail that is visible and covering the finger tip is called the ___________.

Nail plate.

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland with ____________.

Nerve signals and hormones.

Which of the following is the enzyme used to synthesize ATP?

None of these are correct.

Alarm reaction:

Norepinephrine and other hormones raise heart rate, etc. AND the body is preparing to protect itself.

Reticulocyte:

Nucleus and other organelles have been expelled.

Which of the following is NOT a type of brain wave?

Omega wave.

Ceruminous gland:

Only found in auditory canal, coats guard hairs to improve their performance, simple coiled tubular glands AND waterproofs the ear canal.

An _____ of the abdominal oblique muscle is ribs 5 through 12.

Origin.

Inclusion:

Phagocytized bacterium, glycogen, lipid droplet and not membrane-enclosed.

Regions of the skin:

Principally comprised of collagen, includes hair follicles, glands and blood vessels AND contains the papillary and reticular layers.

Which of the following hormones is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

Progesterone.

Macronutrient:

Protein, carbs, fats, water, glucose, myosin, titin, troponin, etc.

Oculomotor:

Pupil constriction.

Osmolarity:

Reabsorption of fluid, and if too high, bloodstream absorbs too much water.

T lymphocytes:

Receive antigens presented to them by APCs.

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system? Check all that apply.

Recover fluid from the interstium to the blood plasma, remove foreign matter from fluid before returning it to the bloodstream AND absorb dietary lipids.

The _____ muscle is enclosed in a vertical sleeve called the _____.

Rectus abdominis, rectus sheath.

Steroid Hormone:

Requires a transport protein, hydrophobic, passes directly through the plasma membrane, and binds to receptors in the cell's nucleus.

Viscosity:

Resistance of a fluid to flow, results from cohesion of particles, thickness or stickiness and if too high, blood flow is sluggish.

Which of the following sutures separates the two parietal bones from one another?

Sagittal suture.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum, AND sebaceous glands are found at the base of eyelash hairs AND sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

Osseous tissue:

Secretes a hormone that stimulates pancreas.

Liver:

Secretes angiotensinogen.

Stomach:

Secretes gastrin.

Adipose tissue:

Secretes leptin.

Heart:

Secretes natriuretic peptide.

Intestines:

Secretes peptide YY.

Sebaceous gland:

Secretes sebum, usually opens up into a hair follicle, coats the scalp hair with oil AND blockage and infection can cause pimples.

A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a ___________.

Sense organ.

The anterior abdominal wall lacks _____ support but gains strength with layers of muscles with alternating _____ directions.

Skeletal, fiber.

What process makes the thin myofilaments "slide" over the thick ones during muscle contraction? What is the role of ATP in that process?

Sliding filament theory is the reasoning behind the process that makes the thin myofilaments slide over the stick ones during a muscle contraction. I learned about this intensily in an exercise physiology course I had taken. In order for a muscle contraction to take place, a nerve impulse arrives at a muscle junction, which causes the chemical release od acetylcholine. This also causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When calcium is high, it binds with a protein called troponin, and moves tropomyosin from the active site with actin. ATP is then involved in breaking down which enables the myosin to pull actin inwards, shortening the muscle. Myosin then detaches from actin and the cross-bridge is broken when an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head. Then a "power stroke" occurs. Once calcium is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and actin returns to its resting position, it causes the muscle to lengthen and relax.

Which of the following statements is true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply.

Smell is a chemical sense, odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor, and olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that responds to stimuli.

Olfactory:

Smell.

The opening of ligand-gated sodium ion channels causes:

Sodium ions to diffuse through and enter the cell.

Micronutrient:

Sodium, calcium, iron, calcitrol, niacin, vitamin E, chloride, magnesium, vitamin C, folic acid, etc.

Left hemisphere:

Speech, verbal memory, superior language comprehension.

Drawbacks of fever:

Speeds up enzymatic pathways that causes metabolic discoordination, causes cellular dysfunction and can cause convulsions.

Semicircular Ducts:

Spinning in an office chair, riding a merry go round, performing a flip, executing a twist in the air, doing an upside down loop in a roller coaster.

Maintaining posture as well as the integrity of joints (via tension on tendons and bones) are examples of the _____ function of muscles.

Stability.

Motor Nervous System Functioning:

Stimulating a skeletal muscle to contract, and stimulating the adrenal gland to secrete hormones.

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

Substrate.

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one: (A+B->AB):

Synthesis reaction.

Which of the following is considered a special sense? Check all that apply.

Taste, smell, vision, equilibrium.

Flavor:

Texture, aroma, appearance, stimulation of trigeminal nerve, spiciness of hot peppers, temperature of food.

Select the statement(s) that accurately describe(s) homeostasis.

The first and fourth choices are correct; the body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions AND the internal state of the body is best described as a dynamic equilibrium in which there is a certain set point and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point.

What are the functions of synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase?

The function of the synaptic vesicle is to store various neurotransmitters to be then released into the synpase. Acetylcholine is a nuerotransmitter released that works with both the peripheral nervous system, and the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, the main function of acetylcholine is muscle activation. In the central nervous system, acetylcholine is a "neuromodulator". Acetylcholinesterase terminates acetylcholine transmission in the synaptic cleft.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the general appearance and position of the kidneys? Check all that apply.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, the kidneys are bilateral and the kidneys each weigh about 150 grams.

Action potentials cannot occur at internodes because:

The myelin sheath covers the membrane so as not to allow sodium to pass through.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding directional terms? Check all that apply.

The sternum (breast bone) is anterior to the spine AND the shoulder is proximal to the elbow AND the umbilicus (belly button) is inferior to the chin.

During fused tetanus:

The stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber.