Analyzing and Evaluating Research & Systematic Reviews

1. Which of the following is NOT an optional stage when completing a scoping review? A. Identify the relevant studies B. Study selection C. Charting the data D. Consultation

D

According to Drake, Torrey and McHugo, which of these is NOT part of their three stages of implementing EBP? A) motivational or educational interventions to prepare for change B) enabling or skill building to enact a new practice C) reinforcing, structuring or financing interventions to sustain change D) integrating all intervention types into one therapy session

D

What factors influence the implementation of evidence-based practice? A. Practitioner B. Patient C. Practice Context D. All of the above

D

What is the stage in Arskey and O'Malley stages to completing a scoping review in which material is sorted according to themes and key issues? a. Identifying the research question b. Identify the relevant studies c. Study selection d. Charting the data

D

When examining the results of a clinical test we must use Sensitivity Context Specificity Both A & C

D

Which is not a characteristic of Critically-Appraised Topics: A. a one or two page summary of research and critical appraisal B. kept in an easily accessible location C. used to help make clinical decisions D. extensive data and citations listed

D

The person or problem being addressed, potential biases or concerns, and outcomes of interest. A hypothesis, an intervention or exposure being considered, and the outcomes of interest. The person or problem being addressed, potential biases or concerns, an intervention or exposure being considered, and a solution. The person or problem being addressed, the intervention or exposure being considered, the comparison intervention or exposure when relevant, and the outcomes of interest.

The person or problem being addressed, the intervention or exposure being considered, the comparison intervention or exposure when relevant, and the outcomes of interest.

Which step in Rosswurm and Larrabee's model involves searching the research literature related to major variables, critique and weighing evidence, synthesizing best evidence, and assessing feasibility, benefits, and risk? A) assess b) link c) synthesize d) design

synthesize

A _______ review is a gathering of information by an individual who may be considered an expert in the field. A. Systematic B. Narrative C. Meta-Analysis D.Sampling

systematic

Which of the following is a difference between a narrative review and a systematic review? Inclusion of author expertise, experience, and opinions is often present in systematic reviews, but not in narrative reviews Appraisal of study quality and potential for bias is more often performed in narrative reviews than systematic reviews Questions addressed in systematic reviews are often a broad overview of the topic, whereas narrative reviews lack explicit descriptions of an organized approach to fathering the literature Systematic reviews have specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine which studies are included, while narrative reviews don't always specify that information

systematic are specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine which studies are included while narrative reviews dont always specify that information

A summary of the literature that uses clear methods to perform a thorough search and critical appraisal of individual studies on a defined topic area for which there are sufficient studies of a similar design is a ______? Formal Review Narrative Review Systematic Review Comprehensive Review

systematic review

Quantitative research is to___ as qualitative research is to ____? Evidential exploration; critical review Metasynthesis; qualitative review Systematic review; metasynthesis Quantitative review; critical review

systematic review; metasynthesis

2. What is the main output of the Cochrane Collaboration? A. Clinical questions B. Narrative reviews C. Quasi experimental studies D. Systematic reviews

systematic reviews

Which of the following is NOT a stage of questioning developed by Gillespie and Gillespie? Patient-focused questioning to ascertain specific functional problems Primary research questioning Secondary research questioning Tertiary research questioning

tertiary

Which of the following is NOT true of a Critically Appraised Paper? They tend to have more of a medical focus rather than a rehabilitation focus Not all CAPs have been peer reviewed They are based on someone else's interpretation of methods, results, and statistics of a paper They do not cover RCTs, qualitative studies, or systematic reviews

they do not cover RCTs, qualitative studies or systematic reviews

Which is NOT a barrier for clinicians to implement EBP? a. Finding time to search for evidence b. Lack of access (to computers and journal articles) c. Too much encouragement from managers d. Lack of training regarding EBP

too much encouragement

Which is not a type of critically appraised topics (CATs)? Diagnosis/screening Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Translational risk

translational risk

True or False: Metasyntheses can also generate new models and theories and determine the existence of different "schools of though and complement the findings of a systematic review."

true

When searching for evidence in a specific field that seems to have little evidence related to it, what is a way to yield more search results? Search for related evidence in another discipline Tweak search terms to include plurals and synonyms Both A and B Begin generating evidence by implementing and tracking outcomes of case studies.

tweak search terms to include plurals and synonyms

3) How many reviewers should there be for each article in a systematic review? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

2

Which score describes major flaws of a systemic review? 7 or more 5 to 6 3 to 4 1 to 2

3-4

. What word describes the quantifying of the uncertainty of the measurement? a. Confidence interval b. Publication bias c. Odds ratio d. Relative risk

A

4. What is a systematic review? A. use of scientific strategies to incorporate clinical trials done by different researchers on the same topic B. analysis of analyses C. a gathering of information by an individual who may be considered an expert in the field D. exploratory projects that systematically map the literature available on a topic, identifying key concepts, theories, sources of evidence and gaps in the research

A

According to the levels of evidence in systematic reviews, which review type uses randomized controlled trials as their level of best evidence? a. Treatment and/or prevention b. Diagnostic tests c. Prognosis d. Review of risk factors

A

How are CAPs different than CATs? a. CAPs are specific to individual papers b. CAPs do not have any drawbacks c. CAPs and CATs are not different d. A and B

A

Metasynthesis includes 3 steps: determine the study focus, sampling, and ____________. A. Data Analysis B. Research C. Outcomes D. Technological development

A

The goal of a systematic review is to investigate a specific research question in ways that ____ and ____? A. Minimize bias, random error B. Minimize bias, follow PICO C. Reduce error, follow PICO D. Reduce error, make you think

A

What are the essential characteristics of Critically Appraised Topics? a. Brief, informative, and useful b. Extensive, effective, and reliable c. Informative, synthesized, and common d. None of the above

A

Which of the following is not considered the three stages of questioning that clinicians can use to perfect the art of searching with? A. Support research questioning B. Patient-focused questioning C. Primary research questioning D. Secondary research questioning

A

________ uses scientific strategies to incorporate clinical trials done by different researchers on the same topic. A. Systematic Reviews B. Narrative Reviews C. Meta-Analysis Reviews D. Cochrane Reviews

A

Which of the following can managers and therapists use together to plan opportunities and strategies most suitable for their organization in order to facilitate EBP? Through strategic planning and the use of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analyses Clinical research Research summaries Seek out continuing education opportunities

A strategic planning and SWOT

______ is one of the 5 major types of Critically Appraised Topics (CATs). a. Diagnosis/Screening b. Evaluating risk and harm in a cohort and case-control study c. Goal Attainment d. Both A & B

A&B

. What is a limitation for a systematic review A. It is difficult to evaluate the quality of the information B. It is time consuming C. It can be costly D. Both B and C

D

What of these are the TRUE for the 3 stages of EBP? (Pg. 208) Motivational or educational interventions to prepare for change Enabling or skill building interventions to enact a new practice Reinforcing, structuring, or financing interventions to sustain change Patient-focused questioning to ascertain specific functional problems All of the above A, B, C

A, B, C

1. Which of the following is not one of the five major types of CAT? a. Diagnosis/screening b. Research c. Evaluation risk and harm in a case-control study d. Intervention studies

B

Evaluating risk in a case-controlled study is done with a statistical technique called the: a) relative risk ratio b) odds ratio c) clinical bottom line d) experimental event odds

B

Randomized controlled trials is best level of evidence for which type of review? A. Diagnostic tests B. Treatment and/or prevention C. Prognosis D. Review of risk factors

B

The most essential characteristics of critically appraised topics (CAT) are that they be simultaneously brief, informative and ____? A. Jargon-free B. Useful C. Peer reviewed D. Cost effective

B

What does PICO stand for? Patient/disease, intervention, client considerations, outcome Patient/disease, intervention, comparative intervention, outcome Population, intervention, comparative intervention, outcome Prediction, intervention, control, outcome

B

What is a database that contains abstracts of systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials relevant to occupational therapy? a. Www.otlovers.com b. Www.otseeker.com c. Www.otpractitioner.com d. Www.otresearcher.com

B

Which is one method that can be utilized to close the gap between theory and evidence? A. only clients should complete research and submit evidence B. those who use knowledge should help generate and refine it C. scholarship should be avoided at all costs D. models can be suggested with very little evidence and clarity

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the ten founding principles of Cochrane Collaboration? A. Collaboration B. Making sure the client likes you. C. Building on the enthusiasm of individuals. D. Avoiding duplication. E. Continually improving the quality of its work

B

Which of the following is not a barrier to implementing evidence-based practice? a. Lack of training b. Postgraduate education c. Lack of useful research summaries d. Lack of resources such as staff and money

B

what is the purpose of the Cochrane collaboration? A) database for assessments and interventions from around the world B) database for systemic reviews and meta-analyses from around the world that represents an integrated evidenced-based network C) database for interventions from around the world for cultural sensitivity D) database for OT only

B

1) In the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement, what will a valid and reliable trial have? a) checklists and flowcharts standardizing research b) risk of bias assessment c) guards against methodological errors d) all of the above

D

5) What is the "Gold Standard?" A. Level 1 Evidence B. A forest plot C. Known, valid diagnostic or screening tool D. A systematic review supporting a particular intervention

C

In Rosswurm and Larrabee's proposed model from EBP, in which step does the practitioner determine resources available, plan the pilot implementation, and propose outcome measures to evaluate the change? a. Assess b. Synthesis c. Design practice change d. Implementation and evaluation

C

Which is not a stage in completing a scoping review? A. identifying the research question B. study selection C. participant selection D. charting the data

C

Which of the following is a barrier to having an evidence based practice? A. Lack of support from managers B. Lack of databases C. Lack of time D. Lack of clinical trials

C

Which of the following is not one of the 10 founding principles of Collaboration? a. Building on the enthusiasm of individuals b. Avoiding duplication c. Finding relevant research d. Keeping up to date

C

Which of these is not a commonly found barrier to evidence based practice? A. difficulty finding the time to search for evidence B. lack of clinical confidence in how to search for, interpret, and implement evidence C. participation in journal clubs D. lack of training about evidence based practice

C

Which of these is not a commonly seen support for evidence based practice? A. Seeking out continuing education opportunities B. establishing journal clubs C. low confidence in how to implement evidence D. personal factors (self-motivation, personal interest)

C

what is not an element that is present in a reliable critically appraised topic? A) date of completion B) the question C) contradicting questions D) clinical bottom line

C

Which is a correct characteristic of a CAT (Critically appraised topic)? 3+ page summary of a search Critical appraisal of the literature related to a vague clinical question Should be kept in an easily accessible place Should be able to be placed in the middle of the EBP process

C kept in an easily accessible place

How is a CAP (Critically Appraised Paper) different from a CAT (Critically Appraised Topic)? a. CAPs are only used for medical doctors b. CAPs are specific to individual papers c. CAPs are never peer reviewed d. CAPs is not different from CATs

CAPs are specific to individual paper

With evidence being produced at such a high rate, it is not realistic for a practitioner to be able to thoroughly analyze all of the high-quality literature. Which of the following would a clinician use to find brief, informative, critically appraised, and useful information related to a focused clinical question? RCT CAT PICO EBP

CAT

are the preferred categorization format for quick studies in EBP. Critically Appraised Topics (CAT) Thoroughly Appraised Research (TAR) Casually Appraised Topics (CAT) Critically Appraised Papers (CAP)

CAT critically appraised topics

Critically appraised papers (CAP) are similar to Critically appraised topics (CAT). What is the main difference? CAPs are specific to individual papers CAPs have no limitations CAPs are extremely longer than CATs CAPs are not similar to CATs

Caps are specific to individual papers

Which is true about CATs in research? a. A CAT is a complete research paper of a search and critical appraisal of the literature related to a focused clinical question. b. A CAT is a type of scan that is used to x-ray to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of an object or organ. c. A CAT is a database only available to students in the healthcare field. d. A CAT is a one- or two-page summary of a search and critical appraisal of the literature related to a focused clinical question.

D

Which of the following are barriers to clinicians when implementing EBP? A. Difficulty finding time to search for evidence B. Lack of training about EBP C. Lack of resources D. All of the above

D

Which of the following is NOT a barrier of EBP? A. Insufficient quality of evidence B. Lack of resources such as staff shortages and money C. Clinical Research does not tell of client's experience D. Lack of researchers motivation

D

Which of the following is a type of critically appraised topics? A. Diagnosis/screening B. Prognosis C. Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study D. All of the above

D

Which of the following is not one of the ten founding principles for the Cochrane Collaboration? A. Keeping up to date B. Ensuring relevance C. Minimizing bias D. Pathway development

D

Which of the following shows the correct order of the steps for conducting metasyntheses. A. Sampling, Data Analysis, Determine Study Focus B. Data Analysis, Sampling, Determine Study Focus C. Determine Study Focus, Data Analysis, Sampling D. Determine Study Focus, Sampling, Data Analysis

D

3. A barrier to EBP is: a. lack of access to computers and journals b. insufficient quality of evidence c. limited quantity of evidence in specific practice areas d. difficulty finding time for search for evidence e. all of the above

E

4. Which is a common barrier to EBP implementation? a. Lack of resources b. Limited time to search for evidence, appraise it, and implement it c. Limited evidence in specific areas d. Lack of research available e. A, B, and C

E

5. According to Corcoran, for practitioners to incorporate evidence into practice and make positive changes it requires... A. Attitude B. Time C. Knowledge D. Skills E. Answers A, C, D

E

Questions for systemic review classically focus on which of the following areas? A. Diagnosis B. Prognosis C. Cost D. Treatment E. Answers A, B, D

E

There are many solutions to the barriers of EBP. Which of the following is NOT a good solution? a. support from managers b. postgraduate education and training on finding and using evidence c. access to relevant resources d. establish a journal club e. all are effective solutions to barriers of EBP

E

1 Which of the following are part of the stages for completing a scoping review: A. Identifying the research question B. Identify the relevant studies. C. Study selection. D. Charting the data. E. Collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. F. All of the above

F

In completing a narrative review which of the below are listed in correct order of the 6 steps to take? Charting the data, Identify the relevant studies, Identify the research question, Study selection, Summarizing the results, Consultation Consultation, Identify the research question, Identify the relevant studies, Study selection, Summarizing the results, Charting the data Identify the research question, Identify the relevant studies, Study selection, Charting the data, Summarizing the results, Consultation Identify the relevant studies, Identify the research question, Study selection, Consultation, Charting the data, Summarizing the data

Identify the research question, Identify the relevant studies, Study selection, Charting the data, Summarizing the results, Consultation

Which of the following identifies the correct sequence of steps used to conduct a scoping review? Identify research question, identify relevant studies, chart the data, study selection, summarize and report results, consultation Consultation, identify research question, identify relevant studies, study selection, chart the data, summarize and report results Identify the research question, identify relevant studies, study selection, chart the data, summarize and report results, consultation Identify research question, study selection, identify relevant studies, chart the data, summarize and report results, consultation

Identify the research question, identify relevant studies, study selection, chart the data, summarize and report results, consultation

Which question is an example of a PICO question? In community dwelling adults, how effective is hands-only CPR versus hand plus breathing CPR at preventing mortality? Is medicine effective for anxiety? How many hours a week does the average American work? Do graduate students exercise?

In community dwelling adults, how effective is hands-only CPR versus hand plus breathing CPR at preventing moratlity?

What is a website that contains abstracts and appraised information about systematic reviews and RCTs relevant to occupational therapy and is a very helpful resource for an evidence-based practitioner? PEDro (pedro.org.au) OTSeeker (otseeker.org) AOTA (aota.org) NBCOT (nbcot.org)

OTseeker

1. Which of these studies is considered the best level of evidence for a study of treatment/prevention? A. Case control study B. Cohort study C. Randomized controlled trial D. Survey

RCT

In a systematic review, treatment and/or prevention requires what level or best evidence? a. Randomized controlled trials b. Comparison to gold standards c. Cohort studies d. Ecological studies

RCTs

What is a systematic review? Summary of the literature that uses clear methods to perform a thorough search and critical appraisal of individual studies on a defined topic area for which there are sufficient studies of a similar design Gathering information by an individual who may be considered an expert in the field. It sets out to answer a research question but lacks the explicit description of an organized approach to gathering the literature Statistical summary of at least one outcome in two or more trials which are presented statistically in graphic form The investigator sets out to "understand the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of individuals, focusing on direct, face-to-face knowledge of patients as human beings coping with their treatment in a given social setting"

Summary of the literature that uses clear methods to perform a thorough search and critical appraisal of individual studies on a defined topic area for which there are sufficient studies of a similar design

As a practitioner, what should you use when there is a lack of information that is necessary to implement best practice? expert panels Delphi consensus processes qualitative studies All of the above

all

Which of the following is a drawback of a CAT? They can only be used for a short period of time. They can be subject to error and bias. They are generally not peer-reviewed All the above

all

A clinical question in a Critically Appraised Topic should consist of ___________? The person or problem being addressed The intervention or exposure being considered The comparison intervention or exposure The outcomes of interest All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is not a common barrier to Evidence-Based Practice? a. Lack of Access b. Lack of resources such as staff shortages and money c. Insufficient quality of evidence d. Lack of personal influence

lack of personal influence

What can a clinician do when there is little evidence? Draw on lower levels of evidence and consistently track outcomes to contribute evaluative data Use plurals or synonyms of terms when searching databases to yield more results Use alternative forms of evidence such as expert panels and qualitative studies All of the Above

all of the above

When critically appraising metasyntheses, which of the following characteristics should practitioners pay close attention to? Did the reviewers ask a clear question that is relevant to your clinical practice? What was the rigor of the included studies? Were the reviewers clear about their methods for analyzing data? Did the reviewer synthesize the studies in an understandable way? Both A and B All of the above

all of the above

Which component is present in reliable CATS? A. Date of completion B. Clinical bottom line C. The Evidence D. All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a major type of Critically Appraised Topics (CATs)? Diagnosis/screening Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study All of the above

all of the above

Which of these can NOT affect EBP implementation success? a. Factors within change itself (quality, complexity, clarity) b. The practitioner (experience, perceptions, beliefs) c. The patient (expectations and preferences) d. The practice context (resource availability, organizational culture, opinion leaders) e. All of the above can affect EBP implementation success

all of the above

In order to create an EBP, there must be a research ________ with all key stakeholders (i.e., researchers, students, and clinicians). Which of the following should be included in the blank space? Alliance Phenomenology Professional coordination Hypothesis None of the above

alliance

Corcoran said that "making positive changes requires attitude, knowledge, and skills." Considering the importance of staying current with and implementing literature to provide clients with the best possible treatments is an example of what? Attitude Knowledge Skills Positive change

attitude

The objective of the ___________ collaboration is to help people make evidence-based decisions regarding interventions through the preparation, maintenance, and dissemination of systematic reviews. Dunn Campbell Cochrane Richardson

campbell

Which of the following is NOT true of Critically Appraised Topics? It is a one or two page summary of a search and critical appraisal of the literature related to a focused clinical question Necessary elements of CATs are date of completion, question, clinical bottom line, evidence, gold standard, and notes CATs are lengthy, in depth reviews that provide all necessary information to know about a topic The five types of CATs are the following: diagnosis/screening; prognosis; evaluating risk/harm in a case controlled study; evaluating risk/harm in a cohort study; treatment, prevention, and screening

cats are lengthy in depth reviews that provide all necessary information to know about a topic

Which of the following is not true regarding CATs? CATs are used to summarize and organize evidence for specific clinical situations in practice CATs, once created, can be used forever because it accurately summarizes all the evidence regarding a specific topic CATs can be flawed because they are quick to create All the above are true regarding CATs

cats- once created can be used forever if accurately summarizes all the evidence regarding a specific intervention

What is the fourth stage in completing a narrative review? Identifying the relevant studies Study selection Charting the data Collating, summarizing, and reporting the results

charting data

Which of the six stages to completing a scoping review include the material is sorted according to key issues and themes? Identifying the relevant studies study selection charting the data collating, summarizing, and reporting the results

charting the data

What type of study will provide the best evidence and information related to prognosis? Ecologic studies Cohort studies Gold standard comparison RCTs

cohort studies

5. Which of the following is not a step in the model for guiding practitioners through the process of EBP? a. Assess b. Link c. Collaboration d. integration and maintenance

collaboration

The level of best evidence for a review of risk factors in systematic reviews of quantitative studies is(are): a) cohort, case/control, or ecologic studies b) randomized controlled trials c) comparison to a gold standard d) cohort studies

comparison to a gold standard

The second step in in the general process of completing a systematic review entails: Formulating a review question Synthesizing the findings Reporting the results Conducting a comprehensive search of the literature

conduct a comprehensive search of literature

The diamond in a forest plot for a meta-analysis represents: a) the line of no effect b) the confidence interval c) the pooled data from all the studies in question d) the Cochrane Collaboration logo

confidence interval

Which term quantifies the uncertainty of a measurement? Confidence interval odds ratio Homogeneity Validity

confidence interval

Which of the following is NOT one of the six stages to completing a scoping review? identifying the research question identify the relevant studies consulting your peers study selection charting the data collating, summarizing and reporting results

consulting your peers

These are all areas of focus in a systematic review except Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment Context

context

What does CAT stand for in Evidence Based Practice? computerized axial topography controlled automatic test centered assessment treatment critically appraised topics

critically appraised topics

Rosswurm and Larrabee proposed a model for EBP that guided practitioners through the process. Which is the next step in the process immediately following Synthesis? Assess Link Design practice change Integration and maintenance

design practice change

Which of the following is not a step in conducting a systematic review? A. Formulating a review question B. Developing an intervention plan C. Critically appraising each study D. Synthesizing findings E. Reporting results

developing an intervention plan

This type of CAT calculates a likelihood ratio for how likely that a person has a disease if they show symptoms. Diagnosis/screening Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in case-control study Treatment, prevention, screening

diagnosis/screening

Which type of CAT involves finding relevant studies that identify disease symptoms and assessing the diagnostic accuracy of those symptoms? Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Diagnosis/screening Interventions studies

diagnosis/screening

Which type of CAT ensures that sensitivity and specificity are assessed? Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in a cohort study Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Diagnosis/screening

diagnostic and screening

As an evidence-based practitioner, when you are confronted with a clinical question for which little to no evidence truly exists, what should you do? Draw on lower levels of evidence Avoid intervention until evidence becomes available Use clinical reasoning to do what has worked in the past Seek help from your supervisor

draw on lower levels of evidence

Which of the following is not one of the six stages to completing a scoping interview? Identify the relevant studies Charting the data Eliminate bias Collating, summarizing, and reporting the results

eliminate bias

Which of the following is NOT a founding principle of the Cochrane Collaboration? A. Building on the enthusiasm of individuals B. Ensuring privacy C. Avoiding duplication D. Continuity

ensuring privacy

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 founding principles of the Cochrane Collaboration? Ensuring wide confidence intervals Enabling wide participation Minimizing bias Ensuring access

ensuring wide confidence intervals

Which of the following is not one of the founding principles of the Cochrane Collaboration? a. Collaboration b. Building on the enthusiasm of individuals c. Ensuring access d. Equal rights

equal rights

Which type of CAT analyzes information on the presence of risk factors using a statistical technique called an odds ratio (OR)? Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Diagnosis/screening Intervention studies

evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study

A therapist wants to know the likelihood of one of their patients experiencing negative effects from a new treatment that they are considering using. What kind of CAT would they use to discover/document the patient's experience with this treatment? Intervention Studies Evaluating Risk and Harm in a Case-Control Study Prognosis Evaluating Risk and Harm in a Cohort Study

evaluating risk and harm in case-control study

3. Which is not an accurate type of the 5 major types of CATs: Diagnosis/ screening prognosis evaluating risk and harm only in cohort studies intervention studies

evaluating risk and harm only in cohort studies

Occupational therapists (2003) were shown to be the most confident in which area of EBP? Determining clinical significance of results Finding literature Determining study design and validity Using Cochrane databases

finding literature

What is typically the first step in a systematic review? Formulating a review question Conducting a comprehensive search of the literature Critically appraising each study Synthesizing the findings

formulate a review question

Which is not a stage to completing a scoping review? a. Study Selection b. Identifying the research question c. Charting the data d. Formulating a review question

formulating a review question

in systematic reviews, which bias describes how articles with favorable results may be published more often than those with unfavorable results? A) publication bias B) systematic bias C) controlled bias D) appraisal bias

publication bias

What is the best definition of a narrative review? A gathering of information by an individual who may be considered an expert in the field. A gathering of information by any individual who is interested in researching more about a specific subject. A gathering of information from a bystander who witnessed a specific research situation of interest. A gathering of information by an individual of a different field of study participating in a research outside his or her field for the first time.

gathering of information by individual who may be expert in the field

Which one of these is NOT one of the five major types of CATS? (Pg. 214) Diagnosis/screening Prognosis Evaluation risk and harm in a cohort study Goal setting Intervention Studies (treatment, prevention, and screening)

goal setting

Which of these is not a question that is asked when appraising systematic reviews? What are the results? Are the results valid? How did researchers complete their data analysis? Will the results help me care for my patients?

how did researchers complete their data analysis

Which of the following is not included in step 1 of Rosswurn and Larrabee's guiding practitioners through the process of EBP? a. Collect internal data about current practice b. Compare internal data with external data c. Identify potential interventions and activities d. Identify problem

identify potential interventions and activities

2. Which of the following is not feature of a systematic review? a. A specific research question is posed that drives study methodology b. Inclusion of author expertise, experience, and opinion c. The synthesis of evidence across studies can be narrative or quantitative d. Considers and communicates strength or the evidenc

inclusion of author expertise, experience and opinion

Which type of CAT deals with the strongest type of evidence being randomized control trials? Risk and harm in Cohort studies Prognosis Diagnosis/screening Intervention studies (treatment, prevention, and screening)

intervention studies (treatment/prevention and screening)

Which of the following best describes "integration and maintenance"? Plan the pilot implementation, propose outcome measures to evaluate the change Practitioners need to use a common language to define their clinical issue in order to provide common language to link with other disciplines and identify potential interventions Involve relevant stakeholders to incorporate it into daily clinical practice. Continuing education and staff in-service are useful tools to help reinforce and maintain the new evidence-based change Evaluate both the process and the outcome to determine whether the practice change has had the desired effect

involve relevant stakeholders to incorporate it into daily clinical practice

Which is NOT considered a "skill" within Corcoran's concept of practice? Familiarize yourself with the EBP resources that are available via the internet. Bookmark the sites that will help you quickly obtain the best information Learn how to use keywords Use the resources provided to you from your past education Look for services that find information for you

look for services that find information for you

What is the approach that presents findings in the graphic form of forest plots and distills each study involved down to a confidence interval? Narrative review Systematic review Meta-synthesis Meta-analysis

meta analysis

What is another name for a quantitative systematic review, which contains a statistical summary of at least one outcome in two or more trials? Metasynthesis Meta-analysis Systematic review Narrative review

meta-analysis

What type of systematic review involves a statistical summary of at least one outcome in two or more trials? Narrative review Metasynthesis Meta-analysis CAT

meta-analysis

What is the goal of systematic review? a. to find the best participants for a study b. to minimize bias and random error in a research question c. to minimize bias in selecting participants for a study d. to reduce the cost of a study

minimize bias and random error

5. Recommendations of this type of review are driven by the authors A. Narrative Review B. Systematic Review C. Meta-analysis D. All of the above

narrative

A feature of the _______ review includes recommendations driven by authors. a. Systematic b. Narrative c. Experimental d. All the above

narrative

A gathering of information by an individual who may be considered an expert in the field is - Systematic review Narrative review Comprehensive review Critical review

narrative

When it pertains to the question being addressed, which one is true about narrative and systematic review? A narrative review addresses a specific research question that is posed and drives the study methodology. A systematic review addresses a broad overview of the topic; but can focus on a particular perspective. A narrative review addresses a broad overview of the topic; but can focus on a particular perspective. None of the above are true.

narrative addresses broad overview but can focus on a particular perspective

A scoping review is a type of... A. Qualitative review B. Metasynthesis C. Narrative review D. Systematic review

narrative review

Which of the following describes a review approach that is designed to answer a research question but lacks an explicit description of an organized approach to gathering the literature? Systematic review Meta-analysis Narrative review Cochrane collaboration

narrative review

Which one of the following sets out to answers a research question but lacks the explicit description of an organized approach to gathering the literature? (Pg. 158) Systematic Review Campbell Collaboration Narrative Review Meta-Analysis

narrative review

A model proposed by Forsyth et al. (2005) stated "In order to create an EBP, there must be a research alliance with all key stakeholders." Who would NOT be considered a stakeholder, in this case? Researchers Students Administration Clinicians None of the above

none of he above

. Which is true of a meta-analysis? a. it offers the reader a variety of studies on one intervention approach b. it is free of bias c. the recommendations for intervention apply to all clients d. individual studies within the meta-analysis are not as important as the overall conclusion

offers reader a variety of studies on one intervention approach

All of the following are one of the five types of critically appraised topics (CATs), except: Diagnosis/screening Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Prognosis Outcomes

outcomes

Which of the following is NOT a major category of critically appraised topics? Diagnosis/screening Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Evaluating risk and harm in a cohort study Outcomes

outcomes

Which is not a barrier to implementing EBP? insufficient quality of evidence lack of resources lack of organizational support personal factors

personal factors

Using ________ or synonyms of terms will often reveal far more evidence than first thought. adjectives that describe plurals the singular form all of the above

plural

What does the diamond symbolize on the "forest plot?" An individual study that went into the analysis The pooled data from all studies in question The size of the confidence interval The line of no effect

pooled data from all studies in questions

3. Which one of these is not one of the five major types of CATS? A. Prevention B. Prognosis C. Intervention studies D. Diagnosis/screening

prevention

Questions for systematic review typically focus on diagnosis, etiology, treatment, prevention, or a. data b. intervention c. prognosis d. medicine

prognosis

The reading discusses different types of critically appraised topics. Which of the following is NOT one of the five major types of CATs? Diagnosis/screening Prognosis Diagnosis Evaluating the risk and harm in a case-control study Evaluating risk and harm in a cohort study Intervention studies (treatment/prevention) All of the above None of the above

prognosis

Which type of CAT assesses the ability of a symptom to forecast probable outcomes? Prognosis Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study Diagnosis/screening Intervention studies

prognosis

Why are Meta-analyses useful? (Pg. 163) They exam methodological approaches to guide intervention They provide one overall estimate of the effectiveness of an intervention They have multi-faceted approaches for intervention They show errors to determine a better solution in the future

provide one overall estimate of the effectiveness of an intervention

What is one reason that a meta-analysis is useful? provides a vague opinion provides one overall estimate of the effectiveness of an intervention it is always reliable and valid it is the most reviewed

provides overall estimate of effectiveness of an intervention

Articles with favorable results may be published more often than those with unfavorable results; hence the term ___ bias. A. result B. article C. publication D. research

publication

Which statement describes a Narrative review vs. a systematic review? Question addressed is often broad overview of the topic; but can focus on a particular perspective inclusion of author expertise, experience, and opinions are absent recommendations considers and communicates strength of the evidence appraisal of study quality or potential for bias is performed on all included papers using a standardized process and tools

question addressed is often a broad overview of the topic but can focus on a particular perspective

Dealing with weak or conflicting evidence can: Increase confidence in EBP Reduce confidence in EBP Make no impact on confidence in EBP Disprove the usefulness of EBP

reduce confidence

Which of the following is false about narrative reviews? Question addressed is usually a broad overview of the topic Search strategy is not usually specified or systematic Evidence-based practice is used to reduce costs while treating clients Synthesis of evidence across studies is usually narrative with differential emphasis on different studies

reduce cost while treating

The ratio of risk in the treated group to the risk in the control group is considered to be... A. Odds Ratio B. Confidence Interval C. Relative Risk D. Number of patients needed to treat

relative risk

Qualitative research is very different from quantitative because A. it focuses on the researchers quality of work B. it relies on language-based data rather than numerical statistics C. it relies on numerical statistics rather than language-based data D. it focuses on numerical measurements of change in the dependent variable

relies on language base rather than numbers

5. Which process should occur last when performing a systematic review? A. Critically appraising each study B. Asking a clinical question C. Synthesize findings D. Report results

report results

The completion of a systematic review is time-consuming and can be very costly. What is the final step in a general outline of the completion of a systematic review? Critically appraising each study Conducting a comprehensive search of the literature Reporting the results Synthesizing the findings

report results

Which step for conducting a systematic review is most important for the reader? Formulating a review question Synthesizing the findings Critically appraising each study Reporting the results

reporting results

Which is NOT an element present in reliable critically appraised topics a. The date of completion b. The question c. The clinical bottom line d. The researcher's opinions on the outcome e. The gold standard

researchers opinions on the outcome

Which question inspired the creation of the Cochrane Collaboration? Could the results of systematic reviews and meta-analysis from around the world somehow be brought together? Could the results of observations and randomized control trials from around the world somehow be brought together? Could the medical professionals from around the world somehow be brought together? Are systematic reviews and meta-analysis actually valid and reliable?

results of systematic reviews and meta-analysis from around the world be brought together

A metasynthensis is used for qualitative research. Which of the following steps involves searching literature? Sampling Data analysis Determining study focus Critically appraising each study

sampling

Which is NOT a type of metasynthesis? a. Theory building b. Theory explication c. Descriptive metasynthesis d. Sampling analysis

sampling analysis

Which is NOT one of the 5 major types of CATS? a. Diagnosis/screening b. Prognosis c. Screening d. Evaluating risk and harm in a case-control study e. Intervention studies (treatment, prevention, screening)

sceening

Which of the following was NOT a specific instructions for clinicians on how to overcome EBP barriers given by Bennett and Bennett? Negotiate work time to search and appraise research Participate in or establish a journal club Seek out continuing education opportunities Search for only level 1 research

search for only level 1 research

n a systematic review, a __________ is used to find all relevant research is explicitly stated in the methods. Search strategy Recommendation Question addressed Selection of studies included

search strategy

What does a forest plot show? Shows the reader information from the individuals' studies that went into the meta-analysis and an estimate of the overall results. Shows all of the variables and choices made along the article Shows methodology, population or outcome measures Shows the gathering of information by an individual who may be considered an expert in the field

shows reader information from individuals form the individuals studies that went into the meta-analysis and an estimate of the overall results

Which of the following statements about a NARRATIVE review is NOT true? It often contains author expertise, experience, and opinions The question is often a broad overview of the topic, but can focus on a particular perspective Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied in a standardized way to determine the studies included The recommendations are driven by the author

specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied in a standardized way to determine the studies

At what stage, in the narrative review, is the material sorted according to themes and key issues into a data-charting form? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4

stage 3

Critically appraised topics (CATs) are: a) the final word in a decision-making process b) subject to error and bias c) a review of research studies on a broad topic d) of three general types: diagnosis/screening, prognosis, treatment

subject to error and bias

What is a CAT? A reflection summary on personal strategies and effectiveness of interventions A summary of a search and critical appraisal of literature related to a focused clinical question A paper outlining the research process for a given type of study design A systemic review of literature related to a specific diagnosis and its prognosis

summary of search and critical appraisal of literature related to a focused clinical question

1)Which is not a barrier to practicing EBP? A) limited time to search for evidence then appraise and implement it B) limited quantity of evidence in specific area C) support from managers D) insufficient quality of evidence

support from managers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of Critically Appraised Topics (CATs)? Diagnosis/screening Prognosis Intervention studies Symptoms

symptoms