anat 15 (part 5)

In Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Violet became very plump. This resembles what syndrome?

Cushing's syndrome

over secretion of cortisol What specific effects does this produce?

Cushing's syndrome moon face buffalo hump hypertension hyperglycemia (*all excess) (*too much sugar, often mistaken 4 obesity) (*cushy skin)

clustered around small ducts secrete enzymes to the digestive tract

acinar cells

makes hormones in small quantities in BOTH genders

adrenal cortex (*adrenal cortex= small part of kidneys)(so small qty)

glands found on the upper part of kidneys they are pyramid-shaped

adrenal glands

releases hormones in response to acute, short-term stress What CNS system is this part of?

adrenal medulla hormone sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (*adrenal medulla = short term stress)(panic)(cuz adrenal medulla is short structure of kidney)(small qty) (*glucocorticoid= long term stress)

major mineral corticoid

aldosterone (*major adolff hitler) (*we talkin about adrenal gland, and coritcoid is part of it)

Pancreatic islets contain 3 main cell types, which are?

alpha cells beta cells delta cells

What's the dif between alpha, beta, delta cells?

alpha: -secrete peptide hormone -glucagon beta: -secrete protein hormone -insulin delta: -secrete peptide hormone -somatostatin

_______ can be converted to testosterone or estrogen

androgen (*sex hormone)

steroid sex hormones that affect reproductive organs

androgens (*andy got it goin)

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ____. a) abnormally low levels of cortisol b) abnormally high levels of cortisol c) abnormally low levels of aldosterone d) abnormally high levels of aldosterone

b)

Why can't target cells take in glucose? Why is there excess glucose in liver?

beta islet cells are destroyed cells can't take in glucose, so glucose is left in liver

blood sugar

blood glucose

Adrenal glands produce ______ & _______ hormones

catecholamine steroid (*adrenacorticohypophyseal=hormone that produce steroids) (*produce steroids like adrenocorticotropic hormone) (*adreno=steroids) (*catecholamine (*my cat ate my adrenal gland)

cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

chromaffin cells (*chrom=color) (*affin =next to) (*these female sex hormones are colored pink and next to each other)

The pineal gland influences the body's _______ by inc secretion in dark, and dec secretion in light

circadian rhythm

Adrenal gland is divided into 2 regions, which are?

cortex medulla (*cortex=outer) (*medulla=hollow inner part)

What's the dif between cortex and medulla?

cortex: -outer -endocrine gland medulla: -inner -neuroendocrine gland (*neuroendocrine =secondary gland)(pineal, hypothalamus, adrenal cortices) (*neuro cuz inner like brain)

What's the most important hormone in glucocorticoids? (so it's produced a lot) What's hormone is produced in a smaller amount?

cortisol corticosterone (*corticoid--> cortisol) (*both start with corti)

***If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected? a) somatostatin b) pancreatic polypeptide c) insulin d)glucagon

d)

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone? a) estrogens b) progesterone c) relaxin d) inhibin

d) (*see table) (*inhibin-> like inhibit)(prevent hormones)

Acinar cells secrete enzymes to the ______ tract

digestive

club-shaped organ in abdominal cavity behind stomach

endocrine pancreas

targets liver, muscle, and fat promotes reactions that inc levels of _____ in blood by breaking and forming ______

glucagon glucose

What hormones regulate concentration of glucose in body?

glucagon insulin

hormone that mediates body's response to stress involves regulation of blood glucose levels by ______

glucocorticoids (*gluco=sweet) (*eat sweets when stressed) (*corticOID=a type of sterOID)(so an adrenal medulla hormone)

During long-term stress,_____ inhibit tissue building while stimulating the breakdown of nutrients What's the main goal?

glucocorticoids maintain adequate fuel supplies (*eat sweets when stressed) (*have enough sweets to eat)

formation of new glucose

gluconeogenesis

breakdown of glycogen

glycogenolysis

reproductive organs

gonads

Mr. Sorgi is a type I diabetic patient who forgot to take his insulin and is now feeling faint. Will his blood glucose be high or low? Why? Will giving him glucose help his condition?

high no (*type I=high glucose) (*insulin dec glucose levels) (*he forgot to take it) (*he has hi blood sugar so taking more sugar is not gonna help)

What is teh common cause of chronic hyperglycemia

hyperglycemia

low blood sugar due to insulin levels too high high blood sugar

hypoglycemia hyperglycemia

What are the functions of adrenal medulla hormone?

inc glucose inc heart rate, pulse, BP dilates airways vasodilation (*inc glucose like glucocorticoid) (*cuz respond to short-term stress) (*dilate airway, to allow more air to go in, so can breath during short term stress) (*vasodilation=more bloodflow during panic) (*inc vitals--> during panic)

glucose is removed from blood and stored as glycogen in liver

inhibition of glycogenolysis

amino acids and free glycerol are NOT converted to glucose

inhibiton gluconeogenesis

primary antagonist of glucagon

insulin

promotes uptake of nutrients and lowers blood glucose

insulin

What hormones are regulated by negative feedback mech?

insulin glucagon

when target cells can't take in insulin w/o insulin, target cells can't increase ______ in blood

insulin resistance glucose

Why can't target cells take in insulin?

insulin's target tissues become immune to insulin

another word for pancreatic islets

islets of Langerhans

What's the dif between pancreatic islets and acinar cells?

islets: -endocrine -small islands -secrete hormones acinar: -exocrine -around small ducts -secrete enzymes

How does aldosterone maintain acid-baes homeostasis? activates hydrogen ion pumps in ______ tubules

kidney (*aldofff used acid-base chemicals on jews)(he thinks he was keeping world homeostasis) (*burn kidney)

what are some nutrients?

lipids, amino acids, glucose

Insulin synthesizes glycogen in _____ (organ) and synthesizes fat from ______ (nutrient) This promotes _____, a feeling of fullness

liver lipids satiety

What are the target cells of insulin?

liver cardiace muscle skeletal muscle brain

What are the functions of aldosterone? (*just name 2)

maintain sodium + potassium concentration regulates fluid volume outside cell maintains BP maintains acid-base homeostasis (*adolf used acid-base chem to kill jews-> false homeostasis) (*BP)

Glucagon activity is regulated thru _________ mechanism by rising blood glucose to decrease glucagon production

negative feedback

SNS hormone secretion is controlled by a _____ pathway that originates from hypothalamus

neural (*neural pathway cuz part of CNS)(sympathetic nervous sys is part of CNS)

What kind of hormone is melatonin?

neurohormone (*cuz part of adrenal medulla)

Dilating the airways raises ______ levels in the blood

oxygen

Both the endocrine and exocrine gland contain ______ islets and _____ cells

pancreatic acinar

small round islands populated by endocrine cells secrete hormones into bloodstream

pancreatic islets

part of epithalamus that secretes melatonin

pineal gland (*intermediate pituitary's menocyte-stimulaitng hormone=melanin) (*my pina cholada is dark, so has a lot of melatonin)

During initial stages of pregnancy, an organ call _______ develops within the uterus

placenta

series of interactions that maintains BP Interactions: increase _______ preserves _______ to heart, brain, kidneys

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAAS BP blood flow

Melatonin's main target tissues are ________ centers in the brainstem

sleep-regulation

Aldosterone maintains concentration of extracellular _____ and ______ ions

sodium potassium (*salty banana)

amino acids and free glycerol are converted to glucose in ER and released into blood

stimulates gluconeogenesis

glycogen in liver is borken down into glucose and release dint blood

stimulates glycogneolysis

What are the primary male & female reproductive organs?

testes ovaries

disease caused by destruction of beta islet cells

type 1 diabetes mellitus

What's the dif between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

type 1: -hypoglycemia -target cells can't take in glucose -excess glucose in liver type 2: -hyperglycemia -target cells can't take in insulin -deficient glucose in blood

insulin's target tissues become immune to insulin target cells don't initiate proper responses to increase blood glucose concentration (insulin resistance)

type 2

What process allows organs to receive oxygen such as lungs, brain, heart, skeletal muscle

vasodilation (*cuz bigger vessel, more blood w/ O2 can go thru)

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia? How about severe symptoms?

weak dizzy sweating hallucination + coma

Glucagon: breakdown of proteins in muscle tissue releases amino acids 4 gluconeogenesis release of fats from adipose tissue for gluconeogenesis and for additional cellular fuels

yuh

The cortex is subdivided into _____, all of which produce different types of hormones

zones